aa De CaN ard Gee Grammar ~ in Steps Pra delta la ele explained and practised in context by David Bolton & Noel GoodeyEnglish Grammar in Steps English grammat presentéd, explained and practised in context by David Bolton & Noel GoodeyIntroduction 5 Verb forms The present simple: She works 6 ‘The present continuous: It’s raining 9 ‘The present continuous: He's smoking or the present simple: He smokes? iple with future meaning ‘The present continuous and the present si The past simple: He was/He arrived 18 The past continuous: He was working 22 The present perfect: I've lost my job 25 ‘The present perfect with just, yet, ever, ete. 27 ‘The present perfect: other uses 30 The past simple: He came ox the present perfect: He's come 32 ‘The present perfect continuous: He's been waiting for hours 36 The present perfect: continuous or simple? 39 The past perfect: He had come 42 ‘The future: will/won't, shall/shan'’t 45 Going to oR wil? 48 The future continuous: I'l be waiting and the future perfect: He'll have left 50 Passives 17 The passive 1: He was sacked Forms and main uses 53 18. 19 ‘The passive 2: other constructions 56 Have/get something dorie 60 Questions and answers 20 21 22, The question words Who? What? Which? Do you know who/what/if, etc? 23 24 Questions 62 Question tags: You're English, aren't you? 65 I think so, [hope so, etc. So dol, Neither dol,etc. 72 Aux Modals and auxiliary verbs Can, could, be able to 79 -y verbs used alone: Will you come?—Imight 75 Can, could, may, would in requests, offers and invitations 82 Must/mustn't Have to/don’thave to. 85 Must, can’t Must have done, can'thave done 89 May (have), might (have), could (have) 92 ‘Should/ought to, had better Should have/ought to have 95 Other verb constructions 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Have got/have 99 Phrasal verbs: He took offhis coat 102 Look, feel, etc. + adjective or like/as if 105 Used to 108 Getusedto Beusedto 111 Theverbneed 114 Verb + direct object/indirect object: /sent him a letter u7Ve ror If clauses and other conditionals 38 Ifsentences: Ist and 2nd conditional 120 39 Jfin past situations: 3rd conditional 124 40. Unless, provided (that) As long as, incase 127 41 Iwish../ifonly... 130 ‘ The infinitive and the -ing form 42. The infinitive of purpose In orderto So that, so 133 43. Verb + infinitive with to:/ want to go 136 44. Verb + object + infinitive: [want you to listen 140 45 Adjective + infinitive: It’s difficult to say 143 46 Verb +-ing: enjoy swimming 146 47 Preposition +-ing:/'m tired of waiting 148 48 Doyou mind +-ing? [don't mind +-ing_ It’s no use, there’s no point, ete. +-ing 151 49 -ing clauses: He sat listening 154 50. Like, love, hate + infinitive with to or-ing 157 51 [prefer to do/I prefer doing I'd prefer to/'d rather 161 ‘ 52. Verb + infinitive with fo or + «ing: Remember to do or remember doing 164 Reported speech 53. Reported speech: He said it was a good car 168 54. Reported questions, commands, etc.: She asked me where Iwas from 173 Articles 55 The definite article: the (1) 177 56 The definite article: the (2) 182 57 A,an,some 184 Nouns : 58 Nouns: singular and plural: book/books, child/children 187 59 Countable and uncountable nouns: cars, traffic, pollution 190 Quantifiers 60 Much, many, a lot, plenty, (very) little, (very) few Allitile, afew 194 61 Some, any, no, none 197 62. All/everything, everybody All/every/each whole 200 63 All (of), most (of), some (of), etc. Both (of), neither (of), either (of) 204 Pronouns 64 Demonstratives: this, that, these, those 207 65. Reflexive and emphatic pronouns: myself, himself, themselves, etc. 210 66 Someone, something, somewhere, anyone, anything, anywhere, etc. 214 67. Possessive forms: The man’s children, the door of the room, a friend of mine | 217 68 Possessive adjectives and pronouns: my, mine, etc. My own... Whose...? 221 69 One/ones 224Adjectives 70 The use and position of adjectives 227 71 Comparatives and superlatives (I) 230 72 Comparatives and superlatives (2) 235 73. Adjectives ending in-ed and -ing: interested/interesting 239 Adverbs 74 Adverbs of manner and degree: slowly, very 241 75 Adverbs of frequency, time and place: offen, today, there 246 76 Adverbs of degree: quite, fairly, pretty, rather So, such 250 77 Adverbs of degree: a lot, a bit, much, etc. More, most, better, best, etc. 254 78 Stil, yet Any more/any tonger/no longer 257 79 Tooandenough 260 Prepositions 80 Time prepositions: in, at, on 263 81 Prepositions of place: in, on, at 266 82 Prepositions of place: under, opposite, etc. 270 83. Prepositions of movement: up, down, etc. 274 84. Prepositions used for travel and transport: by bus, go fo, arrive at 277 Prepositions/Link words 85. For, since, ago 280 86 For, during while 283 87 When, as soon as, etc. in future sentences 286 88. By/by the time, tili/until 288 89 Like and as As if/as though 290 90 Although, though, even though In spite of Because, since, so 293 Relative clauses 91. Relative clauses with who, which, that 296 92 The relative pronouns where, whose, what 299 93. Defining and non-defining relative clauses 302 94 Clauses withing or a past participle Within identifying phrases 305 Appendices 1 American English -British English 308 2 Contractions or short forms (I'm, they're, can’t, etc.) 310 3° Spelling 311 4° Phrasal verbs 313 5 Adjectives with prepositions 315 6 Verbs with prepositions 316 7 Irregular verbs 317 8 Glossary of grammatical terms 318 Index 320 Answers to Pract 329Introduction English Grammar in Steps is for pre-intermediate and intermediate students. It covers the grammar needed by students studying for the Cambridge First Certificate examination. More advanced students will find it useful for revision and consolidation. The book covers the most important grammar topics and grammatical structures. For the student How to use the book A Ifyou want to learn or revise a grammar point: © Lookat the Contents o Index to find the grammar point you want to work on. ‘© Each Units divided into Steps, so you can work on the grammar in easy stages, bit by bit. ® The unit and many of the Steps begin with a short presentation text where you will find several examples of the grammar point used ina clear context. Read the text two or three times and note these examples. © The grammar is then explained in stages, each stage marked with a bullet (e). Study these explanations and the specific examples of the grammar point (which are taken from the presentation text that you have already read). © At the end of each Step there are some Check questions. Write your answers, then check them, by looking at Answers fo check questions at the end of the final Step. The questions confirm that ‘you have understood the explanations given in ‘the Step. If your answers are not correct, read the ‘step again and re-do the Check questions. At the end of each unit there is a page of exercises (Practice) that will test your ‘understanding of the grammar point you have just studied. Each exercise has its own context, so ‘you can use your knowledge of a grammar point ina number of realistic situations. The box at the top of the Practice page will help you to remember what you have just learned. Write your answers in the space provided in the book. B Ifyou think you know the grammar of the unit, ‘you can go straight to the Practice page, lookat the boxat the top and then do the exercises. But if ‘your answers are not correct, then it would be a ‘ood idea to work through the unit Step by Step. (See) For the teacher ‘© English Grammar in Steps teaches and practises form, meaning and use. @ It concentrates on those areas which students find most difficult. © The language of explanation is clear and simple, and, as far as possible, non-technical. To help students to understand the meaning of some grammatical terms, there is a Glossary on page 318, ‘© The book presents each grammatical structure in context. Examples are not random. The context helps students to understand the meaning and use of the structure and gives them several examples of it In the same situation. The contexts are down-to-earth and relevant. @ The style used in the presentation texts and the explanations is informal and everyday. We have frequently used contracted forms in English Grammar in Steps. Nowadays contractions are normally used in spoken English and in informal written English. English Grammar in Steps can be used in class, along with the students’ course book, Students ‘can use It for quick reference to consolidate their understanding of a grammar topic. Alternatively, it can be used as a variant to their course book. The class can be asked to spend a few minutes studying a particular grammar point and doing the Practice exercises. Or the teacher can use it to present a new grammar topic, taking advantage of the presentation texts in each unit. BePaul Hart and Sarah Ford live in the same block of flats in Avonmouth. Paul's a postman. He gets up at 5.30 a.m. and goes to work at 6. He usually catches the bus. Sarah lives in the next flat. She’s a nurse. She works nights. She gets home from work at 6 a.m., at the same time as Paul leaves for work! They meet on the stairs and say hello, but that's: all. He sometimes tries to arrange a date with her, but he doesn’t find it easy. And they don’t see each other at weekends because Sarah works most weekends. Nurses don’t have an easy life. But she says she likes nursing and she doesn’t want to change her job. ‘I enjoy my job, but | don't have a very good social life. Paul and | don't spend any time together. We often try to arrange a date, but we're never free at the same time.’ Step 1 | Uses of the present simple We use the present simple to talk about: —-+ © habits or regular activities and situations. Paul gets up at 5.30a.m. They meet on the stairs. Pautl and Sarah live in Avonmouth, —> ¢ facts and attitudes that are generally or always true. (CHECK QuesTiONS ¢ . Nurses don’t have an easy life. Sarah likes nursing. © We don't use the present simple to talk about things that are in progress now, that are temporary. We don’t say: Look! It rains. We have to use the present continusus: Look It's raining. or the present continuous, see Unit 2. For the present simple used with a future meaning, see Unit 4 Step 2.) Which sentences describe a regular activity or an attitude? 1 Paul has a shower every morning. 2 He went to bed late last night. 3 Sarah's going to Spain-next summer. 4 She loves the sun. Step 2 | The present simple: affirmative/positive forms To work Iwork ‘You work He/shejit works Wework . You work They work ¢ In thé affirmative, the present simple has the same form as the infinitive in all persons except the 3rd person singular (he, it, Paul, the flat, etc.). We add -s in the 3rd person singular. Paul gets up at 5.30 a.m. Sarah likes nursing. ‘© With verbs that end in-o, -ch, sh, -88 (go, catch, watch, wash, kiss, etc.), we add -es and not just -s in the 3rd person singular. Paul goes to work at 6. He usually catches the bus.rr - rer el BECK QUESTIONS 2 Step 3 | rece questions + = © With some verbs that end in-y (cry, fy, hurry, try, etc.) the -y changes to-ies in the 3rd person singular. Paul often tries to arrange a date with her. © But with verbs with a vowel before -y (buy, play, say, etc.) we simply add -s. But she says she likes nursing. Complete the sentences, using the present simple. 1 Paul (play) football. 2 Sarah (study) Spanish in her spare time. 3 Paul sometimes (miss) the bus to work. 4 Sarah (do) her shopping on Thursdays. The present simple: negative and question forms Negative Questions Idon't work Do I work? You don’t work Do you work? He/she/it doesn't work Does he/she/it work? We don’t work Do we work? You don’t work Do you work? They don’t work Do they work? ‘To form the negative we use don’t (do not) for all persons except the 3rd person ingular. They don’t see each other at weekends. [don’t have a very good social life. Paul and I don't spend much time together. © In the 3cd person singular we use doesn’t (does not). We don't add -s to the verb that follows doesn't. ‘She doesn’t want to change her job. (Not She doesn’t wants) He doesn't find it easy. (Nov He doesn't finds it easy.) ‘© To form questions we use do for all persons except the 3rd person singular. Do + — subject + infinitive without ro ° si Do you now any nurses? Do Paul and Sarah live together? When do they see each other? © Inthe 3rd person singular we form the question with does. Does Paul work at weekends? When does Sarah get home from work? Does she like nursing? © Note the short answers. Does Sarah work nights? Yes, she does. Does Paul work nights? No, he doesn't. Do they live in the same block of flats? Yes, they do. Do they spend much time together? No, they don't. Complete the sentences, using the present simple. 1 Where (live) Paul? 2 Paul (not work) at weekends. 3 Sarah (slot want) to change her job. 4 (have) nurses a good social life? 4. Paulhas ashowerevery morning, Sheloves 3. 1 Where does Paul ve? 2 Paul doesn’t work the sun at weekends, 3 Sarah doesn't want to change 2.1 Paul plays football. 2 Sarah studies Spanish herjob. 4 Do nurses have a good social life? Inher spare time, 3 Paul sometimes misses the bus to work. 4 Sarah does her shopping on Thursdays.We use the present simple to talk abot regular, repeated activities or situations things that are generally or always true In the 3rd person singular affirmative the verb has a final -s. We form the negative with don’t (doesn’t in the 3rd person singular). We form questions with Do (Does ... 7 in the 3rd person singular). 1 Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the present simple. 1 [get up) at 7.30. 2 My sister (get up) at 745, 3 We (watch) TV every evening, ly father (watch) a lot of films. 5 He sometimes (cry) if the film's sad, 6 My sister and her friends often (go) to clubs. 7 She always (wash) her hair before she (go out). 8 She often (get) home very late. 2 These facts are not correct. Correct the sentences by changing the form of the verb. 1 Spain doesn't belong to the European Union. Sa 2 Russia and Switzerland belong to the EU. 3. They drive on the right in Britain. You don't see a lot of Japanese cars in Europe. 4 6 The president lives in New York. They don’t speak Spanish in Argentina. ‘They speak Spanish in Brazil © 3 A Spanish boy and a German girl are standing ata drinks machine on a cross-Chamnel ferry. Complete their conversation. Katrina: (1) English? Luis: Yes, alittle. Katrina: Where (2) come. all Luis: Cordoba in Spain. Bella ciudad! Katrina: What (3) that... Luis) It)... beautiful city. Katrina: How much (8)... COMA vunsnne? Luis: 80p. Katrina: (6). ..this machine. German money? Luis: No, it (7) takes English money. sitonly 4 Personal questions. Complete each question, using the correct form of the present simple, and give your short answer. 1 you/watch/much TV? 2. TVinyour country/have/many American programmes? 3 youand your friends/play/much sport? 4 the place where you live/have/a sports centre?The present continuous: It’s raining We're playing on the computer. We're just finishing this game. ¢@7 wa) La Me, a anges Cri ; EES ae if friend on the phone. She's helping me with my homework, Step 1 | The present continuous for actions in progress ‘© We use the present continuous to talk about something that's in progress now, at this moment. Dad's making supper. His wife isn't helping him. ‘She’s watching television. The children aren't helping him either. all doing? Why aren't you helping me? ?'m watching the end of this Gizck quesrios? Are these things happening now in the situation above? Answer Yes or No. 1 They're having supper. 2 Tim's playing a computer game. 3 Helen's doing her homework. 4 Jessie's going out. Step 2 | Forms of the present continuous ©. We form the present continuous with the present of be + the -ing form of the verb. Note: The negative has two possible forms. Affirmative Negative Ym (am) working P'm not working You're (You are) working You aren't/You're not working He's (Heis) working He isn't/He's not working She's (She is) working She isn't/She's not working It’s (Itis) working Itisn't/lt’s not working We're (We are) working We aren’t/We're not working You're (You are) working You aren't/You're not working They're (They are) working They aren’t/They’re not workingQuestions Short answers .Am working? . “Yes, lain. or No, I'm not. Are you working? * Yes, you are. or No, you aren’t/you're not. Is he/she/it working? Yes, heis. or No, he's not/he isn’t. Are we working? Yes, we are. oR No, we're not/we aren't. Are you working? Yes, we are. or No, we're not/we aren't. Are they working? Yes, they are. ox No, they're not/they aren't. © Note the spelling changes before -ing. Wordsendingin: e have having m swim swimming n run running P stop stopping t get —_getting (Gee also Appendix 3.) cus ouo> Put the verb into the present continuous. 1 Dad (make) supper. 2 Jessie (help) her father? No, she... 3 She (get) ready to go out. 4 The boys (not help) their father. Step 3 | Verbs not used in the present continuous Dad: Tim, know you're busy, but | want some help. Tim: But Dad, I'm doing something important. Dad: Important? What do you mean? | don’t believe you! ‘¢ Some verbs (most of them verbs of thinking and feeling) are almost never used in the present coitinuous. The most common are: agree, be, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, own, remember, seem, suppose; understand, want, wish. (ee also Unit 3, Step 3.) swe ausyowss Which sentences are incorrect? 1 James is being in his bedroom at the moment. 2 He's playing a computer game. 3 He's loving computer games. 4 His father’s hating computer games. 5 He's thinking they're a waste of money. 6 James isn't agreeing, Step 4 | other uses of the present continuous 10 It’s 8.30 p.m. Jessie's doing her maths homework. This year she's studying maths, physics and economics. She’s going out with a boy in her class called Carl. At the moment they're spending a lot of time together, Jessie’s Dad doesn’t think she’s doing enough schoo! work. He's also worried about Tim. Tim’s always playing games on his computer. Dad: You're always wasting your time. Why don’t you do something useful? Tim: Oh, you're always saying that, Dad. You're always complaining,~ Step 5 | cHecK GuesTiONS 5 ‘© We often use the present continuous to talk about a temporary activity or situation. It may not be in progress at the moment of speaking. » ‘This year she’s studying maths, physics and economics. Carl and Jessie are going out together. Note: The only thing that is happening now (at 8.30) is that Jessie is doing her maths homework. The other things are not happening at this moment. @ We sometimes use the present continuous with always to talk about things that happen frequently and are irritating. Tim’s always playing games on his computer. You're always complaining. In these sentences, are we talking about what is happening at this moment (A), or about a temporary situation which may not be happening now (@)? Write A or B. 1 Carl's also studying maths, physics and economics. . 2 Jessie's sitting at her desk in her bedroofn. 3. She's waiting for Carl to phone. 4. She's finding physics quite difficult. Write sentences using always and the present continuous. 5. You (go) out inthe evening! 6 She (use) the phone! The present continuous with future meaning Dad: What are you doing tonight, Jessie? Jessie: I'm going out. I'm meeting Carl and we're going to a club. © We often use the present continuous to talk about arrangements we've made for the future. (ee also Unit 4.) T'm going out. I'm meeting Carl. (These are her arrangements for the future. She isn’t going out at the moment.) Complete the conversation. Dad: Where you (1 meet) Carl tonight? And what time you (2 come) home? Jessie: We (3 meet) at the town hall. Idon't know what time I (4 come) home, but not late. ANSWERS TO 4 1No. 2Yes. 3No. 4No. 3 1,3,4,5,6 CHECK QUESTIONS 2.1 Dad's making supper. 2isJessiehelpingher 4 18 2A 3A 48_5 You're always going outin 1,23, 4NO 3” father? No, she n'Y/No, she's not. 3 She's the evening. 6 She's always using the phone. getting ready to goout.' 4 The boysaren't 5 t-are youmeeting 2 are you coming 3 We're Felping their father meeting I'm coming 7Practice . You can use the present continuous: k ‘* A for something happening now, at this moment. | © B fora temporary activity or situation (which may not be happening now). € for arrangements you've made for the future, t ¢ D with always to complain or express irritation about something or someone. 1-Here are examples of four different uses of the present continuous. Look at the list in the box above and write A, B, C or D after each sentence. 1 He's writing three books about architecture. [_ ] 2 Wsraining. [ ] 3 You're always looking at yourself in the mirror! [ The phone's ringing [J I'm having German lessons at the moment. [ We're leaving on Saturday. [ ] 'm saving up to buy anew computer. [ _ } They'rearriving at 8.30. [ ] What are you doing with that knife? [| She's doing a lot of overtime this week. [ ] Bonde 2 Complete the dialogue using the present continuous where possible. A: Who (1 speals) B: It's me. Matthew. A: Where you (2 phone) from? B: From Australia. 'm here on holiday, remember? | (3 stay) in a hotel just by the beach. The sun (shine) . 1 have) a great time. But you (6 not seem) ...very pleased. ‘A: Matthew, you (7 know) what time it is here in England? It's 3 o'clock in the morning! Why you (8 phone) me now? B: Because I (9 want)... speak to you. 12 } bur some verbs are almost never used in the present continuous. A: Yes, | (10 understand)... that. But what you (11 want). to tell me? B: Nothing special. Ijust (12 wish) you were here with me, that's all. ‘A: I'm glad you (13 enjoy) .. yourself, But I (14 not car) snes really, 115 try) oo. because I (16 get up) to sleep early tomorrow. So, if you (17 not mind) w+ /1(18 go back) . to sleep. Goodnight! 3 Use the present continuous where possible to complete what the captain is saying. Good morning. This is your captain speaking. At the moment We (1 fly) ssn at a height of 12,000 metres. If you look out of the windows on your right you can see that we (cross). . the French coast just west of Cherbourg. Unfortunately a strong southerly wind (3 blow)... and this (4 slow) So right now I ( not think) ..us down, welll be in Barcelona until 14.30. The weather in Barcelona (6 be) some fine. The sun (7 shine) and the temperature (8 be) al TEB hope you (9 enjoy) vn your ;ht with us, and the cabin crew (10 look after) ou.— se me me eke 2 he CUM ™ Ab AR BD The present continuous: He’s smoking or the present simple: He smokes? Liz Rix is working fora year on a Greenpeace ship in the Mediterranean. They're checking pollution levels. Liz is writing a letter to her mother. +... 'm writing this letter in my cabin. The sea’s quite rough at the moment and I'm finding it difficult to write! | usually get about two hours’ free time a day, and | often write letters or read a book (or | sometimes don’t do anything at all -| just sleep!). I'm reading a book about the history of Greenpeace at the moment. Greenpeace workers come from all over the world, but, fortunately, everybody on this ship speaks English ...’ Step 1 | Things happening now on things happening repeatedly? ©) © Weuse the present continuous to talk about something that’s in progress at the ER QUESTIONS 7 Step 2 moment of speaking. 7'm writing this letter in my cabin. I'm finding it difficult to write. ¢ We also use the present continuous to talk about a present activity or situation that may not be in progress at the moment of speaking. 7'm reading a book about Greenpeace at the moment. (Not I read a book) (Liz hasn't finished her book; she's still reading it, but not at this moment. At this ‘moment she’s writing her letter.) ¢ We use the present simple to talk about repeated actions and regular situations. We often use words like always, often, usually, sometimes, never with the present simple. (For always with the present continuous, see Unit 2, Step 4.) Tusually get nwo hours’ free time a day. (Not I'm getting) Toften write letters or read. [sometimes don’t do anything at all. © We also use it to talk about a situation or a general fact. Everybody on the ship speaks English. (not is speaking) Greenpeace workers come from all over the world. Choose the correct verb form. 1 Liz (writes/is writing) a letter. 2 Inher free time she (reads/is reading) a lot. 3. Greenpeace workers (come/are coming) from all over the world. Temporary situations oR more permanent situations? At the moment, I'm working with Thor Svensen, a Norwegian marine biologist. We're taking water samples and analysing them. Thor works at Oslo University, but he’s working for Greenpeace for a year...’ B+ Weusethe present continuous to talk about temporary action or situations. Atthe moment, I'm working with Thor Svensen, Liz will probably have adifferent job on the ship soon.) 37 ee ‘¢ We use the present simple to talk about more permanent situations. Compare: Thor works at Oslo University. (present simple) (That's his permanent job.) He’s working for Greenpeace for a year. (present continuous) (This is a temporary job, for only a year.) cower auesvions 2 Answer the questions. 1 What's Thor's permanent job? He... at Oslo University. 2 What's Liz’s present job on the ship? She ... Thor Svensen. Step 3 | Verbs not used in the continuous form - I think this is the best job I've ever had. | want to do it for another year. | like the people on the ship and | know we're doing a useful job. | love life at sea. I'm looking really healthy. The ship has very little fresh water and I'm being extravagant at the moment - washing three times a day! I'd like a shower, but the ship doesn’t have showers. But I'm having a great time. I'll finish my letter now because | don’t feel very well. The ship's rolling a lot. In fact, 'm feeling a bit sick. I'm thin you. Love, Liz.’ © Some verbs describe a state (a situation that stays the same) and not an action. We don’t normally use these verbs in the continuous form: believe, belong, contain, exist, forget, hate, hear, know, like, love, mean, need, own, prefer, realise, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want. Iwant to stay for another year. (Nor 'm wanting) [like the people. (Not I'm liking the people.) Tknow we're doing a useful job. (Not 'm knowing) © Some verbs (think, have, be, see, smell, taste) can describe a state or an action. When the verb is an action we can use the continuous form. I think this is a great job. (I think = [believe = a state) I'm thinking of you. (Thoughts of you are going through my mind. = an action) The ship doesn’t have showers. (= a tate. not isn’t having) I'm having a great time. (= an action. 'm doing a lot of great things.) I'm extravagant. (~ a state, describing the person's character.) I'm being extravagant. (= an action. I'm doing an extravagant thing.) © The verbs look (= someone's appearance), feel (= sensations), hurt can be used in the simple or the continuous form. The meaning is the same. T'm looking really healthy. (or look really healthy.) I don’t feel well at the moment. (oR P'm not feeling well.) cvieck Quesvions > Complete the sentences. 1 Liz (know) she's doing a useful job. 2 The ship (not have) a lot of fresh water. 3 Liz (feel) a bit sick at the moment. { ANSWERS TO 4 4 iswrting 2reads 3.come 3 1knows 2doesn'thave 3 feels/is feeling CHECK QUESTIONS 2 4 He works at Oslo university. 2 She's working 1,2 AND 3” with Thor Svensen, 4j nD hkhs, _» = a tk tk Wh Practice Present continuous: For things that are happening at the moment. For temporary situations and actions For things that happen repeatedly. For states, general facts and permanent situations. The River Thames flows | Present simple: It’s raining. I'm having Spanish lessons. I get up at 7.00 every morning. through London. 1 Put the verbs into the present continuous or the present simple, 1 The Wheeltech company (make)... bicycles and mopeds. They (be) very successful and at the moment they (build)... .. a bigger factory in Nottingham. 2 Normally they (produce) ou more mopeds than bicycles, but this year they (produce). 20% more bicycles than mopeds. 3 Customers (buy) more bicycles than mopeds at the moment. People (become) vasa more and more interested in theskind of exercise you (get) svmmmneen ON a bicycle. And bicycles (be) better for the environment. 4 They always (pay) son thelr workers well. Most of the workers (stay) ith the company for years. On average their pay (rise) by 8% every year. 5 Allover Britain companies that (make) .--. environmentally friendly products (expand)... moment, at the 2 Complete the dialogue, using the present continuous or the present simple. “Hi, Sam, What you (1 do) . to Sarah.’ ‘(2 write) ‘What she (3 do) at the moment? She (4 be). still at college?’ ‘No, she (5 spend). oath months in Israel,’ “What she (6 do) .in Israel? She (7 be)... .on holiday?” ‘No. At the moment she (8 work) .. ona chicken farm for a couple of months.’ ‘How much they (9 pay).... her every week?" “They (10 give)... enough money to live on, and she (11 get) her her food and accommodation free, 3 Complete the dialogue, using the present continuous or the present simple. “you (1 know).. . that girl over there? The one who (2 wear) the red sweater?” .-her, but | “Yes, 1 3 know) not remember) name. I (6 think) but (6 not be) ‘She (7 talk)... Bird.1 (8 think) .. her it’s Joanne, soe SUFE," to Adam smn he (9 like) her. "Well, he (10 be) sa stupid at the moment.” abit ‘Why? What you (11 mean)... ea ‘Well, he (12 realise) her boyfriend (13 stand) . behind him? ‘No, I (14 not think)... (15 know) eee that whe 15The present continuous and the present simple with future meaning ‘What are you doing for your birthday, Jake?" ‘im having a party on a boat on the Thames. About fifty people are coming. My father, who lives in Germany, is coming over specially for the party. The boat company’s providing the food, and everybody's bringing their own drink, 'm not having a disco. | prefer live music, so we're having a reggae band on the boat.’ ~ Step 1 | the present continuous for arrangements for the future CC) * Weuse the present continuous to talk about things that we've already arranged ‘CHECK QUESTIONS 1 to do in the future. We don't use the present simple here. What are you doing for your birthday? (Not What do you do for your birthday?) P'm having a party on a boat on the Thames. (Not Ihave) T'm not having a disco. (Not Idon't have a disco.) , @ It’s possible to use be going fo here. We could say: What'are you going to do for your birthday? I'm going to have « party on 4 boat on the Thames. ur be going to suggests an intention more than an arrangement. (For the use of be going to see Unit 15.) Look at the text. Complete the questions. 1 How many...? About fifty. 2 Who...? The boat company. 3... you...2 No, [prefer live music, Step 2 | The present simple for programmes and timetables v check quésmions 2 This is the timetable for Jake's party: "The boat leaves Henley at 8 p.m. Then we go down river to Sonning. We stop there for an hour. Then, at 10.30, the boat turns round and comes back to Henley. We get back at about midnight.’ ‘@ We often use the present simple when we talk about a programme of future events or a timetable. The time is often given. ‘The boat leaves at 8 p.m. We get back to Henley at about midnight. Complete the questions. 1 What time ... the boat ... Henley? About eight o'clock. 2 What time .. it... toSonning? At9.30. 3 When... they... to Henley? At about 12, ‘ANSWERS TO 1 1Howmany people are coming? 2Who's 2. 11 What time does the boat leave Henley? CHECK QUESTIONS "providing the food? 3 Are youhaving adisco? _-_-2 What ime does it get to Sonning? 3 When 1 AND 2 16 do they get (back) to Henley?mm mm ALi hh . ame HH we tl, Practice bs ‘© We use the present continuous to talk about things we've already arranged for the future. ‘© We use the present simple to talk about a programme of future events ora timetable. 1 Look at Anna’s diary for next week. ‘2. Look at this timetable for a British Airways. flight to Grenada in the West Indies. ‘Monday Y Cinema 7 pm ee Tuesd2Y Andy's party &pm London Heathrow Checkin time: 8.00 Departure: 10.15, Stop-over in Antigua: 1 hour Flight time to Grenada: 9¥hours Arrival time: 15.45 local time Wednesday Meet mum 7.30 pmbus station Thursday soanish lesson 8 pm | Fridey Toppis with Jack at 7 30 pm Saturday Free evening eel Paul wants to go out with Anna one evening next week. It is not easy because Anna has already made a lot of arrangements. Complete the conversation. ‘Are you free on Monday evening?” ‘No, (1). “What are you doing on Tuesday?” ‘@. : i ‘Are you doing anything on Wednesday?” “Yes, (3). bus-station.” tothe cinema.’ ..mumat the “What about Thursday evening” ‘@-- s-vwsenen Spanish lesson.” “Friday? “6) oe : “What are you doing on Saturday?” © ‘What about you?” .. anything, ‘You are travelling on the flight. Complete the sentences with details of the flight. Example: [check in at 8 o'clock. 1 The plane at 10.15. 2 We ..for an hour. 3. The flight 9¥%hours. at quarter to four, local time. 3 Complete the text, using the present continuous or the present simple. 11 g0) sn London next Thursday. ‘Burning Spear’, my favourite reggae band, (give)... wa concert at Wembley. I Gg0).. .. with Beth, We (4 not go) by train; it's much cheaper by coach. The coach (5 leave) ... Plymouth at 12.30 p.m. It (6 stop) at Exeter and Taunton to pick up more passengers and (7 arrive) London at 5.30'p.m. We don't want to spend any money on food, so we (8 take) . some sandwiches to eat on the coach. The concert @ start). sone at 7.30 P.M. Our coach back to Plymouth (10 leave) London at 11.30 p.m. and we (1 get back)...... about four o’clock on Friday morning! . to Plymouth at 7The past sim le: He was/he arrived Ruben Kleinsteuber (62) from Cleveland, Ohio, was on a Mediterranean cruise. His wife wasn’t with him. She was back home in the States. His children weren't with him either. They were too old to go on holiday with their father and they weren't interested in Mediterranean cruises. i Step 1 | Past simple of the verb be i i i _ Step 2] ‘¢ We use the past simple of the verb to be to talk about a past situation. Ruben was on a Mediterranean cruise. His children weren’t with him. © We form the affirmative with was or were. Iwas we were you were you were he/she/itwas they were His wife was back home in the States. His two children were too old to go on holiday with him. ¢ We form the negative with wasn’t (was not) or weren't (were not). His wife wasn’t with him. His children weren't interested in Mediterranean cruises. © We form questions and short answers like this: Was he on his own? Yes, he was. Were his children with him? No, they weren't. Complete these questions and answers, using was/wasn’t, were/weren't, 1... Ruben on a Caribbean cruise? No, .. 2 Where...he from? He ... from Cleveland, Ohio. 3... his two children with him? No, ... Past simple of regular and irregular verbs Last Monday Mr Kleinsteuber's ship arrived in Mallorca. He decided to visit the town of Palma. But he didn’t want to go sight-seeing with the other passengers. They always visited churches and museums. He didn’t like looking at old churches. So he stopped at a bar and then went to a restaurant. There he ate a large paella and drank several glasses of wine. When he looked at his watch, he saw that it was already 3.55 p.m. He didn’t have much time. He only had five minutes! He ran back to the port and got there at 4.02 p.m. His ship was already three metres from the quay. He tried to jump aboard, but he didn’t reach the ship. He fell into the water below. ‘Why did you do that?’ a man on the quay said. ‘That wasn't your ship. Your ship's over there!’ That evening the other passengers asked him, ‘Why didn’t you come with us to the cathedral this afternoon? Where did you go?’ Mr Kleinsteuber replied, ‘Oh, | just went for a swim.”eS Hee QUESTIONS 2 ~ Step3 ‘CHECK QUESTIONS + ‘© We use the past simple of regular and irregular verbs to talk about something that happened and finished in the past, a completed action. We usually say or know when the action happened. The moment in the past is clearly defined. Last Monday Ruben’s ship arrived in Mallorca. He got there at 4.02 p.m. © Often we don’t need to say when something happened. It is understood. He went to a restaurant instead. (We know that this happened in the past when he was in Palma.) © Wealso use the past simple to describe: something that happened regularly or continually in the past. They always visited churches and museums. asituation that existed in the past over a period of time, not just at one fixed moment. ‘He didn’t like looking at old churches. Which sentences refer to the past? 1 Ruben goes on a cruise every year. 2 Last year he went on a Caribbean cruise. 3. He enjoyed it 4. His wife doesn''t like cruises. Forms of the past simple © We form the past simple of most regular verbs by adding-ed to the infinitive. It is. the same for all persons. look He looked visit They visited # Note the spelling changes: like liked try tried stop stopped (See also Appendix3.) @ The-ed ending can be pronounced in three different ways: [id] after the sounds [4] and [t] decided visited [t] after unvoiced sounds (except [t]) looked asked [d] after voiced sounds (except [4]) arrived tried © Many common verbs are irregular. We don’t form the past simple with-ed. (A full table of irregular verbs is on page 317.) He went to a restaurant. (irregular verb go) There he ate a large paella. (irregular verb eat) He drank a lot of wine. (irregular verb drink) ‘What is the past simple of these verbs, and how do you pronounce the final -ed? Iwait 2stop 3move 4want Swatch 6 reply ‘What is the past simple form of these verbs? Tget come Shave 10sayStep 4 |. the past simp cece questions # (check Questions 5 : negative © We form the negative of the past simple with didn’t (did not) « th without fo, Affirmative Negative Heliked He didn’t like old churches. (Nor didn't liked) Hereached He didn’t reach the ship. (Not didn’t reached) Hehad He didn’t have much time. (Nor didn't had) Hewent He didn’t go with the others. (wor didn't went) finitive Make these sentences negative. 1 Ruben’s family came on the cruise with him, 2 Ruben liked sight-seeing. 3. The other passengers went to the restaurant, 4 Ruben missed his boat. Step 5 | The past simple: questions and short answers ¢ We form questions in the past simple with did or didn't + the infinitive without 10. We form short answers with did or didn't. Did Ruben go to the cathedral? No, he didn’t. (sor Did Ruben went to the cathedral?) Did he fall into the water? Yes, he dia. Where did you go? Why did you do that? Why didn’t you come with us? What questions give these answers? 1 What...? He ate a large paella. 2 Howmuch...? He drank several glasses of wine. 3 When...? Heleft the restaurant at 3.55 p.m. 4 What time ...? He got to the port at 4.02 p.m. ANSWERS TO CHECK QUESTIONS 1,2, 3,4 AND $ 20 1 1'Was No, he wasn't 2was was 3 Were 44 Ruben's family didn't come on the eruise with No, they weren't him. 2 Ruben didn’t like sight-seeing. 3 The 223 other passengers didn't go to the restaurant. 3-1 waited [id] 2 stopped [t)_ 3 maved [a 4 Ruben didn't miss his boat. wanted fid] 5 watched (1) 6 replied [d) 5 1 What did he eat? 2 How much did he drink? 7 got Bcame Ohad 10said 3 When did he leave the restaurant? 4 What time cid he get to the port?~~ oe oe oe os mee Practice Past simple Affirmative Negative Question be he was he wasn't was he Regular verbs he visited ——hedlidn't visit did he visit Irregular verbs he went hedidn’tgo did hego (Lcomplete the conversation between a boy 'No,1(2).. - My parents (3)... and his girlfriend, using was/wasn’t, forit. were/weren't. ‘What did you wear?" Rob: Where (1) 14) a special suit and a helmet.’ Hannah: (2) ‘Did you go with anybody?” Rob: No, you (3) -.s..s...-I phoned you and “Yes,1(5) .. with two friends.” YOU (A) vnenenee there, WhO (5) ennenen YOU 1h ‘How high were you when you jumped?" wi “We (6) ... at about 1000 metres.” Hannah: 1 (6) with anybody. I ‘How did you feel?” D eenones O MY OWN, 10). .. very scared.” Rob: No, you (8)... You (9)... ‘Where did you come down?" with Jason. 1). .. down ina tree.” Hannah: No, 1 (10) sesnrenne! 2 You are asking a friend about his holiday. Complete the questions. ‘Did (1)... “Yes, we liked the food alot.” ‘When (2) .. ‘We arrived back yesterday.’ ‘Where (8) ‘We stayed on an island called Naxos.” ‘How often (4). ‘itdidn’t rain at al.” ‘Did 6) “Yes, we hired a Fiat.” ‘How much Greek (6) ... “We learned a few words.’ 3 Complete this interview with a girl who has just done a parachute jump. “Did it cost much?” “Yes, it ().. $1200 ‘Did you pay for it yourself?” id you break anything?’ “Yes, 1) . my ankle. 4 Complete this story using verbs in the past simple. Use each of the following verbs only once: read, run, put, go, hide, get, say, give, have, be, not have. Abank robber (1) Sacramento, California. He (2)... into a bank in .. the cashier a note on the back of an envelope. The note (3) ... This is a hold-up. Give me $100,000.’ The cashier (4)... the note. The bank 6) -snnennnsne $100,000, $0 she © $10,000 in a bag. The robber then @ . the bag under his coat and ® out of the bank, When he @.. home two hours later, there (0)... two policemen in a car outside his home. Brilliant detective work ? No, not really. The envelope (11) .-vmmu his name and address on the other side! 24\ Step 1 The past continuous: He was working A detective is interviewing Mrs Jane Garfield about a bank robbery. Detective: | What were you doing at 10.30, at the time of the robbery? Mrs Garfield: | was walking along King Street. Detective: Were you going to the bank? ‘ Mrs Garfield: No, | wasn’t. | was going to the post office. There were a lot of other people in the street. They were just doing their shopping, quite normally. What were the robbers wearing? ‘Mrs Garfield: They were both wearing jeans and dark sweaters. Use of the past continuous = © Weuse the past continuous to talk about something that started before a certain Cee BUESTIONS F Step HER OUETIONS? time in the past and was still in progress at that time. At 10.30 [was walking along King Street. Iwas going to the post office. We often use the past continuous to describe a situation, to give the background toa scene that happened in the past. What were they wearing? They were wearing jeans. People were just doing their shopping, quite normally. ‘© We don't use the past continuous with verbs not normally used in the continuows form. (know, want, etc. See Unit’3, Step 3.) ‘© We don't normally use the past continuous to talk about a repeated action in the past. (See used to, Unit 34.) ‘Which two actions were in progress near the bank at 10.30? Forms of the past continuous ‘© We form the past continuous with was/were + the -ing form of the verb. Affirmative Negative Questions 1+ wasworking I wasn't working Was working? You - wereworking © You —— weren'tworking Were you working? He — wasworking He wasn’t working Was he working? She wasworking © She wasn't working Was she working? It was working It wasn’t working . Was it working? We — wereworking © We weren't working Were we working? You * wereworking You —_weren'tworking Were you working? They wereworking They __weren'tworking Were they working? © Note the short answers. Were you working? Yes, Iwas./No, | wasn't. Were they working? Yes, they were./No, they weren't, Complete these sentences. 1 At10.30 Mrs Garfield/not go/to the bank. 2 Where/she/go? 3. She/go/to the post office.Step 3 | The past continuous or the past simple? Detective: What were you doing when you saw them? Mrs Garfield: | was standing outside the post office. | was looking in my bag for my letters when I heard a shout. Then | saw them run out of the bank. ‘And what did you do when you saw them? just stopped. | didn’t try to do anything, because one of ‘them was carrying a gun. They ran past me and jumped into a car that was waiting near the bus-stop. People were shouting and screaming. The manager rushed out of the bank and ran towards the car, but it was too late. He couldn't stop them. © The past continuous and the past simple don't mean the same. We use the past continuous to talk about an action or a situation that was in progress. We use the past simple to talk about a completed action. ‘People were shouting and screaming. (past continuous) (That was the situation before and after the robbers ran past Mrs Garfield.) ‘They ran past me and jumped into a car. (past simple) (Two completed actions that started and finished while she was watching.) ‘© We often use the past continuous and the past simple in the same sentence. The action in the past simple is short and usually unexpected. It interrupts the ‘longer’ action in the past continuous. = What were you doing wiien you saw them? Iwas standing outside the post office when [saw them. Iwas looking in my bag for my letters when I heard a shout. They jumped into a car that was waiting near the bux-stop. © Note the difference: i | a) Past continuous + past simple What were you doing when you sawthem? Iwas standing outside the post office when I saw them. ) Past simple + past simple What did you do when you saw them? ‘When I saw them stopped. Ina) she saw them when she was ‘in the middle of standing outside the post office. (One action “inside” another) Inb) she saw them and then, after that, she stopped. (Two separate actions.) cocccosvou> Complete the sentences with the past continuous or the past simple. “1 1 (walk) past the bank wien the door suddenly (open), <2 While I (watch) they (throw) a bag of money into the car. “3. As they (drive) away, the manager (run) out of the bank, NSWERS TO 4 1 MvsGarfield was walking along King Street. bank, 2. Where was shé going? 3 She was ck QUES 2 People were daing their shopping, going tothe post oie. 24ND 2 7 At1030 Mrs Garfield wasa'tgoingtothe 3. T waswalking opened 2 was watching threw 3 were driving ranPractice Iwas walking along King Street. (past continuous) T Theard a shout. (past simple) 1 Look at these details of Andrew Hill's journey to Paris. 9.10 He rang for a taxi 9.20. The taxi arrived. 9.45 He arrived at London Airport. 10.00 He went to the Departure lounge. 10.50 The flight was announced. 11.00 Hearrived at Gate 36. 11.10 He got on the plane. 11.20 The plane took off, 12.45 He arrived in Paris. Write what Andrew was doing at these times. Example: 9.15 (wait) At9.15 he was waiting for the taxi 1 9.25 (go) 2 Itwas Saturday morning. Zoe decided to ring her friend Katy. Put the verbs in brackets into the past continuous or the past simple. 1 Zoe (finish) her breakfast and (ring)... her friend Katy. 2. Katy (listen) wm to the radio when Zoe (phone). . her. 3 She (turn) 3 down the radio when the phone (ring) 4 They (t1Y) eonnne to decide what to do when Katy (suggest) a game of tennis. 5 Zoe (come)... round in her car and they (drive) snes to the tennis courts. 6 Two other people (use) their court when they (arrive) T They (buy) san ice-creams while they (wait) toplay, 8 They (play). when it (BAF) eons 1 to rain, 9 They (stop). .». when the rain Gtart) as 10 When the rain (stop)... they (BOOM) crn with their game. 3 Put the verbs in brackets into the past continuous or the past simple. Police yesterday (1 stop)... arrest)... and a 105-kilo rugby player, Jason Carter. Mr Carter (3 stand) “wns by the side of a motorway outside Bristol. Police Officer Sharon Willis tell). Garive).. when she first (6 seé) ... the court that she north along the M32 ve Carter, At the time Carter (7 wear)... eens ALON blond wig, a mini-skirt and a pair of high-heeled shoes. Carter, a student at Bristol University, @say).. win court: ‘I 9 not do) anything wrong. | (10 try) only to get allt as quickly as possible. i ba~~ ep ew we = oe ~ Step 1 ‘cheek QuesTions Mick: You look miserable. What's the matter? Have you lost your job? ‘No, | haven‘ : Well, what's happened? Dave: I've cut myfinger. : “Mick: You've cut your finger! Is that all? “Dave: It's serious. can’t play the guitar. Our band's playing at a big concert tomorrow night. And they've asked Rick to play instead of me. The present perfect: the past and the present connected D © The present perfect connects the past and the present. It refers to a past action, but we're more interested in the present effects or results of the action. Toe cut my finger. (Dave cut his finger in the past, but it hurts now.) © We often use the present perfect to give people some new information or (in the ‘question form) to ask for information. What's the matter? Have you lost your job? (Mick's first question shows that he's interested in the situation now. In his second question he asks for information that will explain the present situation.) They've asked Rick to play instead of me. (it doesn't matter when the band asked Rick. Dave is only interested in the present result - he can’t play with the band.) : ) Answer the questions. 1 Is Dave miserable because of his job? No, he hasn't... job. 2 What's the problem with his finger? He... It. 3 Can he play at the concert? No, they ... Rick instead. Step 2 | the forms of the present perfect CHECK Cuesrions ANSWERS CHECK QUES: ‘© We form the present perfect with have/has + the past participle, Affirmative Negative ‘Question T've (have) started Ihaven't started Have I started? You've started You haven't started Have you started? He/she’s (has) started He/she hasn't started Has he/she started? ‘We've started We haven't started Have we started? They've started They haven't started Have they started? ¢ Note the short answers: Have you started? Yes, I have./No, I haven't. Has the film started? Yes, it has,/No, it hasn't. 2 Which sentences have a verb in the present perfect? 1 Dave's miserable. 2 Has he lost his Job? 3 He's cut his finger. 4 His band’s playing tomorrow. TO 4 1No,hehasn'tlost hisjob. 2 He's cut it. 223 INS 3 No, they've asked Rick to play instead. 7 AND 2 reyPractice © The present perfect connects the past and the present. We use the present perfect when we talk about the present results or effects of a past action © We form the present perfect with forms of the verb have + a past participle. The clock has stopped. Contracted form: The clock’s stopped. 1 Caroline has come home after work. Someone has broken into her flat. She is looking round the flat now. Complete her sentences, using the present perfect. Example: Oh, no. Someone (break into) my flat! Someone's (has) broken into my flat! 1 They (take). my television and my video. 2 And my CD player (go) to0. 3. They (make) aterrible mess. 4 They (throw) ....... all over the floor, wall my clothes 5 I (not phone) the police. I must do that now. 2 A couple are going on holiday. They are going to drive to the airport. They are checking things. Put the verbs into the present perfect and complete the short answers. Example: You (fill up). ot the car with petrol? Yes, worm Have you filled up the car with petrol? - Yes, Ihave. 1 You (find) the passports? - Yes, I 2 Where you (put) and the travellers’ cheques? I (put). 3. You (leave). the neighbours? - Yes, 4 You (give). neighbours our holiday address? =No,1 You (pack) and masks? ~ Yes, I } | the tickets . ther in my bag. he key with 26 3 You have met an old friend in the street. She | is asking you about your family. Complete the / sentences, using the present perfect. ‘How's your brother?" ' ‘He's fine. He (1 not change)... on He \ leave) .. college now. He’s in London.’ | ‘How are your mother and father.’ “They're OK. They don't live in the village now. They (3 move)... house on the coast.’ ‘How's your sister?” “She isn't very happy. She (4 have) alot of problems.” ~ ‘And what about you?” ‘Tm fine. I G finish) . exams now and I (6 apply) for a few jobs. But I (7 not have) any replies.” 4 You are listening to the main points of the news on the radio. Complete the sentences, using the present perfect. Use these verbs: vote, damage, be, climb, fly, not find. 1 There fire at Buckingham Palace. 2 TheUS President .. to Moscow for talks with the Russians 3. The European Parliament ...... against the legalisation of marijuana. 4 TwoBritish women. . Everest. 5 Rescuers any survivors from the boat that sank in the Channel 6 Strong winds... Canterbury Cathedral the roof of,zz», ee BB WH BW BW ii A ah hm — »#@ The present perfect with just, yet, ever, ' Lucy wants a job. She started looking for work two months ago. She's looked in the newspaper every day. She's visited the job centre in town every week. But she hasn't found anything so far. Step 1 | The present perfect: past time up to now Gece GisTONs + ™e The present perfect connects the past and the present. We use it to talk about ‘what has happened (or hastr't happened) in the period up to the present. ‘She's (has) looked in the newspaper every day. (Lucy has done this during the last two months and today too.) } But she hasn’t found anything so far (s0 far = up to now) (Ghe hasn't found a job in the two months up to today.) 1 1 Ask Lucy: What/you/do/so far? 2, 3 Give her answers. Step 2 | the present perfect with already, yet and just _ 4 Dee, a friend, has just met Lucy in town. Dee: Hi, Lucy. How are you? Have you found a job yet? Lucy: No, not yet. I've written to four companies so far, but | haven't had any replies yet. Dee: I've just seen an advert in the newsagent's. They're looking for a shop assistant. q Lucy: | know. I've already phoned them. They've already found i someone. i ‘¢ We use already with the present perfect to emphasise that the action has happened before the moment of speaking. We normally use it only in affirmative sentences and questions. ‘We usually put it between have, has, etc. and the main verb. Tve already phoned them. (Lucy emphasises that she's phoned them before now.) se We use yet with the present perfect to say that something has not happened up ‘to now, but we expect it to happen some time in the future. We use it only in questions and negative sentences. We put it at the end of the sentence. Have you found a job yet? Ihaven't had any replies yet. (Lucy expects to have some replies in the future.) ‘® We often use just (a very short time ago) with the present perfect. We put it between have, has, ete. and the main verb. ‘Dee has just met Lucy in town. (= afew moments ago) Tve just seen an advert in the newsagents Note: American English. Americans often use just, already, yet with the simple past: Dee just met Lucy in town. | already phoned them. Did you find a job yet? (See Appendix 1.) 7Step 3 | the present perfect with ever, never, before (CHECK QUESTIONS 3 Answer the questions. 1 Has Lucy found a job? No, she... one... 2 Why doesn’t Lucy contact the newsagent’s? She's... them. 3. How does Dee know about the job at the newsagent’s? She The manager of the local newspaper is interviewing Lucy for a job. Manager: Have you always lived in Billingham? Lucy: Yes, I've lived here all my life. | know the town very well. Manager: Where have | seen you before? I'm sure I've seen you before somewhere. Lucy: “Probably in the Red Lion in King Street. I've often worked behind the bar there. Manager: Ah, yes. | remember now. Er ... Have you ever worked ona newspaper? Lucy: No. I've done a few part-time jobs so far, but I've never worked on a newspaper. Manager: Have you ever worked in an office? No. I've had jobs in shops and restaurants, but I've never worked in an office before, : Have you travelled much? Have you ever lived abroad? Well, I've been abroad on holiday, but I've never lived abroad. + ¢ We often use ever with the present perfect to ask if something has happened at any time up to the present. Wé normally use it only in questions. Have you ever worked on a newspaper? © We use never with the present perfect to say that something hasn't happened at any time up to the present. We put ever and never between have, has, etc, and the main verb. T've never lived abroad. We often use before (= before now) with the present perfect. We usually put it at the end of the sentence. ve seen you before. Where have Iseen you before? Note: We sometimes use never and before in the same sentence. Tve never worked in an office before. Has Lucy worked in an office? 1 Add everto this question. 2. Add before to the same question. 3. Answer the question using never. No, she... ANSWERS TO CHECK QUESTIONS 28 11 1. What have you done so far? 2I'velooked in 3 1 Has Lucy ever worked in an office? 2 Has the newspaper every day. 31've visited thejob "Lucy worked in an office before? 3 No, she's centre every week (has) never worked in an offic. 2 1'No, she hasn't found one yet. 2 She's already phoned them, 3 She's just seen the advert.mh mh ke mh hh wD a ~ At ih at Practice _..alreadylyetleverinever... We use the present perfect to talk about what has or hasn't happened in the period of time up to now. | Poses eee Questions: yet, ever just NOW (PRESENT) Affirmative verb: already, never 1 You have just come back after 15 years to the village where you were born. Things are different there now. Make sentences using the present perfect. Example: The village/changé alot The village hhas changed a lot 1 They/build/a lot more houses. 2 The population/increase/to 5,000 3 The railway station/close 4 They/cut down/the trees in the square 5. But the people/not change. They're still friendly. 2 You are redecorating your flat and a friend has come to see you. Make sentences with the words in brackets, using just or yet. Example: Don't touch that door! (paint) I've just painted it. 1 Take your shoes off, (clean the carpets) * 2 Don't sit on that chair! (not mend) 3 Don't use the toilet. (not turn the water on) 4 Would you like some tea? (make some) 5 We'll sit here. (not finish the livingroom) 3 Jack Knight has had a lot of problems recently. His mother is angry with him, Make sentences, using the present perfect with already or yet. Example: You must get up earlier. You/miss the bus/three times/this week. You've already missed the bus three times this week 1 P'mnot giving you any more money. ligive you/$70 this month 2 Tasked you to tidy your room two days ago, You/not do 3 Tbought you a jacket last week. You/lose it 4 told you to phone your grandfather. You/not ring 4 Alison Brymon (18) has won a competition. ‘The prize is a luxury week in London. Make sentences with never... before. Example: Try these oysters. Mmm! I/eat oysters Mmm! 've never eaten oysters before. 1 Do you like the car? - Yes, I/be in a Rolls Royce 2 Try this wateh on. Wow! I/have a gold watch 3. Do you like the hotel? — Yes, I/stay at the Ritz 4. Champagne? — Yes, please. I/drink real champagne nol i/be on 5. Smile at the cameral ~' television 29 aThe present perfect: other uses Sally Hardwick’s an American anthropologist from Los Angeles. She's been all over the world. She’s been to Africa, she’s been to South ‘America and she’s been to India. Now she’s gone to Australia. She's gone to live with a group of Australian aboriginal people. Step 7 | she's gone to on She's been to? +@ Gone to and been to don't mean the same. A She's gone to Australia. B She’s been to Africa. @ Sally isn't in LA now. She’sin, or on the way to, Australia.) B She isn't in Africa now, but she went there in the past.) Guo cusvoues Which questions (Where's Sally gone? Where's Sally been?) give these answers? 1 ToSouth America and India. 2 To Australia. Step 2 | Words and phrases often used with the present perfect Pp Sally's boyfriend has only seerher for two months this year. She's 2 written to him once this month, She's tried to phone him four times this week; but he hasn‘t answered. She's tried to phone him twice today. Ace We often use the present perfect with: today, this morning, this evening, this week, this year, etc. when these periods aren't completed at the moment of speaking. ‘He's only seen her for two months this year. (The year isn't finished.) ‘She's tried to phone him twice today. (Today isn't finished.) % coo cosvous® Complete these questions. 1 How many times (she/write) to him this month? a 2 How many times (she/phone) him today? Step 3 | it's the first time .../the best ... + the present perfect Sally's now in Western Australia. It's the first time she's lived in a desert. It hasn't rained in this region for five years. It’s the longest drought they've ever had, Sally's eating with some aboriginals. it’s the first time she’s eaten kangaroo meat. It's the best meat she's ever tasted, “A ¢ We use the present perfect (Nor the simple present) after It's/This is the first (second, third, etc.) time .. and often after superlatives. It the first time she’s lived in a desert. (Not she lives ) the longest drought they've ever had cucccustons® Answer the questions. | Has she eaten kangaroo before? No, it's... it. 2 Does she like it? Yes, it's ANSWERS TO 4 4 Where's Sally been? 2Where'sSally gone? 3 1 the frst time she's eaten it, 2 the best meat CK QUESTIONS 2. 1 hasshe written 2 has she phoned she's ever tasted. 1,2 AND 30Practice He's gone to X. = He's there now. ——— * 6 ; a——— | He's been to X. = He isn't there now. <__—=—S X © We often use the present perfect with today, this morning, this week, this year, etc. © We use the present perfect after it’s the first time 1 Zoe's boss is angry because she is often away from work. Complete the sentences. Example: Zoe (not come to work/today) Zoe hasn't come to work today. 1 I(not see her/this morning). 2 She (only come twice/this week). lave ten days off/this month). 4, She (miss two months’ work/this year). 5 She (phone/this morning) 2 A lot of things are happening in the Grey family! Marion Grey wants to know what her family are doing. She asks: “Where ... been?” and “Where ... gone?” Write her questions. 1 Ican't find Henry. he 2 2. Megan and John have just come home. “ they ... am? 3. Jack’s just left on his motorbike. + = che snotatiall 4 Ah, Henry, here you are at last! you 3 Complete this text with gone or been. .to Dean isn't at home, He's (1)... America. His wife Joanne has (2) to America with him several times, but she hasn't @) aren't with Joanne, They've (4) with him this time. The children to stay with their grandparents. and often after superlatives A George is on a plane going to Mallorca. He is talking to the person next to him. They are having lunch. Complete the dialogue. A: That's the third glass of whisky (1 you/have) sou Ae You nervous? B: Yes, very. It's the first time (2 I/fly) A: Ah, Isee. So (3 you/not be)... to Mallorca before. B: No, this is the A: (4you/be) before? B: No, this the first foreign holiday (5 I/have) abroad A: Really. So this the first time (6 you/éat) . plastic ham and salad? B: Yes, itis. (7 /not eat) airline food before. 5 Complete the answers in this dialogue. Example: Did you enjoy the concert last night? = Yes, it was (good concert/I/be) for a long time. Itwas the best concert 've been to for a long time. 1 Have you read ‘The Fixer’ by John Rix? ~Yes, it’s (Interesting book//read) for a long time. 2. Have you seen Spielberg's new film? — Yes, I thinkit's (bad illm/he/make). 3. Did you watch the Liverpool-inter Milan match? — Yes, it was (exciting game/l/watch) this season, 31