Treaty of Lausanne

The Treaty of Lausanne (French: Traité de Lausanne) was a peace treaty signed in
Treaty of Lausanne
the Palais de Rumine,[1][2] Lausanne, Switzerland, on 24 July 1923. It officially
settled the conflict that had originally existed between the Ottoman Empire and the Treaty of Peace with Turkey
Allied French Republic, British Empire, Kingdom of Italy, Empire of Japan, Signed at Lausanne
Kingdom of Greece, and the Kingdom of Romania since the onset of World War I.[3] Accord relatif à la restitution
The original text of the treaty is in French.[3] It was the result of a second attempt at réciproque des internés civils
peace after the failed Treaty of Sèvres, which was signed by all previous parties, et à l'échange des
except the Kingdom of Greece, but later rejected by the Turkish national movement prisonniers de guerre, signé
who fought against the previous terms and significant loss of territory. The Treaty of à Lausanne
Lausanne ended the conflict and defined the borders of the modern Turkish
Republic. In the treaty, Turkey gave up all claims to the remainder of the Ottoman
Empire and in return the Allies recognized Turkish sovereignty within its new
borders.[3]

The treaty was ratified by Turkey on 23 August 1923,[4][5] Greece on 25 August

1923,[4] Italy on 12 March 1924,[5] Japan on 15 May 1924,[5] Great Britain on 16 Borders of Turkey set by the Treaty
July 1924.[6] The treaty came into force on 6 August 1924, when the instruments of of Lausanne
ratification were officially deposited in Paris.[3] Signed 24 July 1923
Location Lausanne,
Switzerland
Contents Effective 6 August 1924

Background Condition Following ratification

Stipulations
by Turkey and any
Borders three of the British
Agreements Empire, France, Italy
Aftermath and Japan, the treaty
See also
would come into force
for those "high
Notes and references
contracting parties"
External links
and thereafter for
each additional
signatory upon deposit
Background of ratification
After the withdrawal of the Greek forces in Asia Minor and the expulsion of the Signatories France
Ottoman sultan by the Turkish army under the command of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk,
British Empire
the Ankara-based Kemalist government of the Turkish national movement rejected
the territorial losses imposed by the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres previously signed by the Italy
Ottoman Empire. Britain had sought to undermine Turkish influence in Japan
Mesopotamia and Kirkuk by seeking the division of Kurdish populated regions in Greece
Eastern Anatolia, but secular Kemalist rhetoric relieved some of the international Romania
concerns about the future of the Armenian community that had survived the 1915
Kingdom of
Armenian genocide and support for Kurdish self determination similarly declined.
Serbs, Croats and
Slovenes
Under the Treaty of Lausanne, signed in 1923, Eastern Anatolia became part of Turkey
modern day Turkey, in exchange for Turkey's relinquishing Ottoman-era claims to
Depositary French Republic
the oil-rich Arab lands.[7]
Language French
Negotiations were undertaken during the Conference of Lausanne, where İsmet Treaty of Lausanne at Wikisource
İnönü was the chief negotiator for Turkey. Lord Curzon, the British
Foreign Secretary of that time, was the chief negotiator for the Allies,
while Eleftherios Venizelos negotiated on behalf of Greece. The
negotiations took many months. On 20 November 1922, the peace
conference was opened and after strenuous debate was interrupted by
Turkish protest on 4 February 1923. After reopening on 23 April, and
following more protests by the Turks and tense debates, the treaty
was signed on 24 July as a result of eight months of arduous
negotiation. The Allied delegation included U.S. Admiral Mark L.
Bristol, who served as the United States High Commissioner and
championed Turkish efforts.[8]

Borders of Turkey according to theTreaty of

Stipulations Sèvres (1920) which was annulled and replaced by
the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) in the aftermath of
The treaty was composed of 143 articles with major sections
the Turkish War of Independence led by Mustafa
including:[9] Kemal Atatürk.

Convention on the Turkish Straits

Trade (abolition of capitulations) — Article 28 provided: "Each of the High Contracting Parties hereby accepts, in so
far as it is concerned, the complete abolition of theCapitulations in Turkey in every respect."[10]
Agreements
Binding letters.
The treaty provided for the independence of the Republic of Turkey but also for the protection of the Greek Orthodox Christian
minority in Turkey and the Muslim minority in Greece. However, most of the Christian population of Turkey and the Turkish
population of Greece had already been deported under the earlier Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish
Populations signed by Greece and Turkey. Only the Greeks of Constantinople, Imbros and Tenedos were excluded (about 270,000 at
that time),[11] and the Muslim population of Western Thrace (about 129,120 in 1923.)[12] Article 14 of the treaty granted the islands
of Gökçeada (Imbros) and Bozcaada (Tenedos) "special administrative organisation", a right that was revoked by the Turkish
government on 17 February 1926. Turkey also formally accepted the loss of Cyprus (which was leased to the British Empire
following the Congress of Berlin in 1878, but de jure remained an Ottoman territory until World War I) as well as Egypt and Anglo-
Egyptian Sudan (which were occupied by British forces with the pretext of "putting down the Urabi Revolt and restoring order" in
1882, but de jure remained Ottoman territories until World War I) to the British Empire, which had unilaterally annexed them on 5
November 1914.[3] The fate of the province ofMosul was left to be determined through the League of Nations. Turkey also explicitly
renounced all claims on the Dodecanese Islands, which Italy was obliged to return to Turkey according to Article 2 of the Treaty of
Ouchy in 1912 following theItalo-Turkish War (1911–1912).[13][14]

Borders
The treaty delimited the boundaries of Greece, Bulgaria, and Turkey; formally ceded all Turkish claims on the Dodecanese Islands
(Article 15); Cyprus (Article 20);[16] Egypt and Sudan (Article 17); Syria and Iraq (Article 3); and (along with the Treaty of Ankara)
settled the boundaries of the latter two nations.[3]

The territories to the south of Syria and Iraq on the Arabian Peninsula which still remained under Turkish control when the Armistice
of Mudros was signed on 30 October 1918 were not explicitly identified in the text of the treaty. However, the definition of Turkey's
southern border in Article 3 also meant that Turkey officially ceded them. These territories included Yemen, Asir and parts of Hejaz
like the city of Medina. They were held by Turkish forces until 23 January 1919.[17][18]
Turkey officially ceded Adakale Island in River Danube to Romania with
Articles 25 and 26 of the Treaty of Lausanne; by formally recognizing the
related provisions in the Treaty of Trianon of 1920.[3][15] Due to a diplomatic
irregularity at the 1878Congress of Berlin, the island had technically remained
part of the Ottoman Empire.

Turkey also renounced its privileges in Libya which were defined by Article
10 of the Treaty of Ouchy in 1912 (per Article 22 of the Treaty of Lausanne in
1923.)[3]

Adakale Island in River Danube was

Agreements forgotten during the peace talks at the
Among many agreements, there was a separate agreement with the United Congress of Berlin in 1878, which allowed
it to remain a de jure Turkish territory and
States: the Chester concession. The United States Senate refused to ratify the
the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II's
treaty, and consequently Turkey annulled the concession.[9] private possession until the Treaty of
Lausanne in 1923 (de facto until Romania
Aftermath unilaterally declared its sovereignty on the
island in 1919 and further strengthened
The Treaty of Lausanne led to the international recognition of the sovereignty this claim with the Treaty of Trianon in
of the new Republic of Turkey as the successor state of the defunct Ottoman 1920.)[15] The island was submerged
during the construction of theIron Gates
Empire.[3] The Convention on the Straits lasted only thirteen years and was
hydroelectric plant in 1970, which also
replaced with the Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits in
removed the possibility of a potential legal
1936. The customs limitations in the treaty were shortly reworked. claim by the descendants ofAbdul Hamid
II.
Hatay Province remained a part of the French Mandate of Syria according to
the Treaty of Lausanne, but in 1938 gained its independence as the Hatay
State, which later joined Turkey after a referendum in 1939. Political amnesty was
applied to the 150 personae non gratae of Turkey (mostly descendants of the Ottoman
dynasty) who slowly acquired citizenship — the last one was in 1974.

See also
Aftermath of World War I
İsmet İnönü Turkish delegation after having
Minority Treaties signed the Treaty of Lausanne.
Greeks in Turkey The delegation was led byİsmet
Greek refugees İnönü (in the middle)
Muslim minority of Greece
Population exchange between Greece and T
urkey
Turks of Western Thrace
Turks of the Dodecanese
Italo-Turkish War
Treaty of Lausanne Monument and Museumin Karaağaç, Edirne, Turkey

Notes and references

1. https://www.lonelyplanet.com/switzerland/lausanne/attractions/palais-de-rumine/a/poi-sig/1439510/360822
2. http://www.myswitzerland.com/en-us/mice/palais-de-rumine-musee-cantonal-des-beaux-arts.html
3. Treaty of Peace with Turkey signed at Lausanne(http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne), Lausanne,
Switzerland, 24 July 1923, retrieved 28 November 2012
4. "League of Nations, Official Journal". 4. October 1924: 1292.
 5. Martin Lawrence (1924).Treaties of Peace, 1919–1923. I. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. lxxvii.
6. Hansard, House of Commons (http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1924/jul/16/treaty-of-lausanne-ratificati
on#S5CV0176P0_19240716_HOC_53), 16 July 1924.
7. Darren L. Logan (2009). "Thoughts on Iraqi Kurdistan: Present Realities, Future Hope".
Iran & the Caucasus. 13 (1):
161–186. JSTOR 25597401 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/25597401).
8. Morgenthau, Henry, Ambassador Morgenthau's Story,(Detroit: Wayne State University, 2003), 303.
9. Mango, Andrew (2002).Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern u
Trkey. Overlook Press. p. 388. ISBN 1-
58567-334-X.
10. In addition to Turkey, the British Empire, France, Italy, Japan, Greece, Romania and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia were
parties to the Treaty.
11. The Greek minority of Turkey (http://www.hri.org/MFA/foreign/bilateral/minority.htm) - Hellenic Resources Network
12. Öksüz 2004, 255
13. Treaty of Ouchy (1912), also known as the First Treaty of Lausanne (http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/boshtml/b
os142.htm)
14. James Barros, The Corfu Incident of 1923: Mussolini and The League of Nations
, Princeton University Press, 1965
(reprinted 2015), ISBN 1400874610, p. 69
15. Adakale Island in River Danube(http://alexisphoenix.org/adakaleh.php)
16. Xypolia, Ilia (2011). "Cypriot Muslims among Ottomans, Turks and British" (http://www.bujournal.boun.edu.tr/docs/13
330942935.pdf) (PDF). Bogazici Journal. 25 (2): 109–120. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
17. Ottoman Web Site: "Arabia (Yemen-Hejaz) Front" (http://www.osmanli700.gen.tr/english/affairs/affairs_a1.html)
18. Osmanlı Web Sitesi: "Arabistan Cephesi"(http://www.osmanli700.gen.tr/olaylar/olaya1.html)

External links
Full text of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
Newspaper clippings aboutTreaty of Lausanne in the 20th Century Press Archivesof the German National Library of
Economics (ZBW)

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