1. Hooke's law describes the elastic behavior of materials under stress or strain. It states that the strain produced is directly proportional to the stress applied, within the material's elastic limit.
2. Poisson's ratio relates the transverse strain to the axial strain when a material is stretched or compressed. It allows Hooke's law to be extended to multi-axial loading conditions like biaxial and triaxial stresses.
3. Shear stress causes shear strain, which is a distortion that changes the angles between sides of a material element. The shear strain is directly proportional to the shear stress, related by the material's shear modulus.
1. Hooke's law describes the elastic behavior of materials under stress or strain. It states that the strain produced is directly proportional to the stress applied, within the material's elastic limit.
2. Poisson's ratio relates the transverse strain to the axial strain when a material is stretched or compressed. It allows Hooke's law to be extended to multi-axial loading conditions like biaxial and triaxial stresses.
3. Shear stress causes shear strain, which is a distortion that changes the angles between sides of a material element. The shear strain is directly proportional to the shear stress, related by the material's shear modulus.
1. Hooke's law describes the elastic behavior of materials under stress or strain. It states that the strain produced is directly proportional to the stress applied, within the material's elastic limit.
2. Poisson's ratio relates the transverse strain to the axial strain when a material is stretched or compressed. It allows Hooke's law to be extended to multi-axial loading conditions like biaxial and triaxial stresses.
3. Shear stress causes shear strain, which is a distortion that changes the angles between sides of a material element. The shear strain is directly proportional to the shear stress, related by the material's shear modulus.
1. Hooke's law describes the elastic behavior of materials under stress or strain. It states that the strain produced is directly proportional to the stress applied, within the material's elastic limit.
2. Poisson's ratio relates the transverse strain to the axial strain when a material is stretched or compressed. It allows Hooke's law to be extended to multi-axial loading conditions like biaxial and triaxial stresses.
3. Shear stress causes shear strain, which is a distortion that changes the angles between sides of a material element. The shear strain is directly proportional to the shear stress, related by the material's shear modulus.
Experiments show that when a bar is stretched by an axial force, there is
a contraction in the transverse dimensions. The contraction in the transverse dimension is called transverse strain.
The ratio of the transverse strain to the axial strain is constant for stresses within the proportional limit. This constant is called Poisson’s Ratio and is denoted as (Nu), thus: t x The Poisson’s ratio is a dimensionless quantity and varies from 0.25 to 0.33 for metals.
To find the value of t , we have:
x E x
x x E from: t x t x thus, x t E Multiaxial Loading - Poisson’s ratio permits us to extend Hooke’s law for uniaxial loading to biaxial and triaxial loadings.
Biaxial Loading – Consider an element of the material that is subjected
simultaneously to normal stresses in the x- and y- directions.
The combined effect of the two normal stresses in a biaxial loading is
expressed as:
1 1 x E x y , y E y x , z E x y
Triaxial Loading – Consider an element of the material that is subjected
simultaneously to normal stresses in the x- y- and z- directions.
The combined effect of the three normal stresses in a triaxial loading is
expressed as: 1 1 x x y z , y y x z , E E 1 z z x z E
Shear Loading - Shear stress causes the deformation shown in figure below. The lengths of the sides of the element do not change, but the element undergoes a distortion from a rectangle to a parallelogram.
The shear strain, which measures the amount of distortion, is the angle (gamma), always expressed in radians.
It has been found from the experiment that within the elastic limit, the shear strain is directly proportional to the shear stress, thus:
G
where: G is the shear modulus of elasticity ( a.k.a. modulus of
1. A solid cylinder of diameter d carries an axial load P. Show that the change 4P in diameter is Ed
2. The polyethylene sheet is subjected to the biaxial loading shown.
Determine the resulting elongations of sides AB and AC. The properties of polyethylene are E = 300 ksi and v = 0.4.
3. The 50-mm-diameter rubber rod is placed in a hole with rigid, lubricated
walls. There is no clearance between the rod and the sides of the hole. Determine the change in the length of the rod when the 8-kN load is applied. Use E = 40 MPa and poisson’s ratio = 0.45 for rubber. 4. Two 1.75-in.-thick rubber pads are bonded to three steel plates to form the shear mount shown in figure below. Find the displacement of the middle plate when the 1200-lb load is applied. Consider the deformation of rubber only. Use E = 500 psi and poisson’s ratio = 0.48 for rubber.
5. An initially rectangular element of material is deformed as shown in the
figure (note that the deformation is greatly exaggerated). Calculate the normal strains x and y , and the shear strain for the element.
