BL [} CHAPTER 8 Fundamentals of Fluid Flow Water flows through a 3-in-diameter pipe at a velocity of 10 ft/s. Find the (a) volume flow rate in cfs and gpm, (6) weight flow rate, and (c) mass flow rate. 1@ Q = Av = [(x)(%)"/4](10) = 0.4909 cfs = 0.4909/0.002228 = 220 gpm @) W = yAv = 62.4{(22)(i3)?/4](10) = 30.6 Ib/s © M = pAv = 1.94[()(4)7/4](10) = 0.952 slug/s Benzene flows through a 100-mm-diameter pipe at a mean velocity of 3.00 m/s. Find the (a) volume flow rate in m’/s and L/min, (6) weight flow rate, and (c) mass flow rate. 1@ Q = Av = [()(i8%)"/4](3.00) = 0.0236 m’/s = 0.0236/0.00001667 = 1416 L/min O) W = yAv = 8.62{()(8B)"/4](G.00) = 0.203 kN/s © M = pAv = 879{(1)(488)"/4](3.00) = 20.7 kg/s The flow rate of air moving through a square 0.50-m by 0.50-m duct is 160 m°/min. What is the mean velocity of the air? t v= Q/A = 160/[(0.50)(0.50)] = 640 m/min or 10.7 m/s ‘Assume the conduit shown in Fig. 8-1 has (inside) diameters of 12 in and 18 in at sections 1 and 2, respectively. If water is flowing in the conduit at a velocity of 16.6 ft/s at section 2, find the (a) velocity at section 1, (©) volume flow rate at section 1, (¢) volume flow rate at section 2, (d) weight flow rate, and (e) mass flow rate. 1@ Ai = Ave [C)BY/4)(.) = [@)HY/4116.6) v= 37.3 ft/s o Q1= Aivs = [(4)(1)°/41G7.3) = 29.3 f/s (©) Q.= Awv2= Keveayialus: 6) = 29.3 ft’/s. (Since the flow in incompressible, the flow rate is the same at sections 1 and 2. @ = yA, = 62.4{()(1H)*/4](37.3) = 1828 Ib/s © M = pA,u, = 1.94[(4)(8)?/4](37.3) = 56.8 slugs/s. oO — Fig. 8-1 A gas flows through a square conduit. At one point along the conduit, the conduit sides are 0.100 m, the velocity is 7.55 m/s, and the gas’s mass density is (for its particular pressure and temperature) 1.09 kg/m’. Ata second point, the conduit sides are 0.250 m, and the velocity is 2.02 m/s. Find the mass flow rate of the gas and its mass density at the second point. ! M = p,Ayv, = 1.09{(0.100)(0.100)](7.55) = 0.0823 kg/s priv = p2Aws 1.09{(0.100)(0.100)}(7.55) = (p:)[(0.250)(0.250)](2.02) p= 0.652 kg/m? ‘Water enters the mixing device shown in Fig. 8-2 at 150 L/s through pipe A, while oil with specific gravity 0.8 is forced in at 30 L/s through pipe B. If the liquids are incompressible and form a homogeneous mixture of oil globules in water, find the average velocity and density of the mixture leaving through the 30-cm-diameter Pipe C. t M=pAv=pQ © (mass flow in unit time),, = 5, (mass flow in unit time)ou {(1000)(0.15) + {(0.8)(1000)](0.03) = (p)[(=)(0.30)'/4](v) pu = 2462 kg/m? s 157158 0 CHAPTER 8 87 ‘We can assume no chemical reaction between oil and water and its mixture is incompressible; itis clear that volume is conserved. Hence, Q = 0.15 + 0.03 = 0.18 m°/s; Q = Au, 0.18 = [()(0.30)'/4](v), ve =2.55 m/s; Pc = 2462/2.55 = 965 kg/m’. Ee Mixture Fig. 8:2 ‘Water flows into a cylindrical tank (Fig. 8-3) through pipe 1 at the rate of 25 ft/s and leaves through pipes 2 and 3at 10 ft/s and 12 ft/s, respectively. At 4 is an open air vent. Inside pipe diameters are: D, = 3 in, D,=2.in, D;=2.5in, D,=2 in. Calculate (a) dh/de; (6) the average velocity of airflow through vent 4, assuming that the flow is incompressible. F (@) With the entire volume of the tank as control volume, M=pAv=pQ > (mass flow in unit time),, = 5 (mass flow in unit time)ou (PNY 1425) = (oC) CEY?/4110) + (0)[*)2-5/12)°/4]12) + (PC*V2Y/4](dh/de) dh/dt=0.1910 ft/s (6) Consider only air in the control volume. It must be conserved. Hence, (py,){(#)(4)?/4I(v) = (au)()(2)7/4](0.1484), v = 21.4 ft/s. 4 rE ¢ SS We Fig. 83 ‘The piston of a hypodermic apparatus (Fig. 8-4) is being withdrawn at 0.30in/s; air leaks in around the piston at the rate 0.0012 in’/s. What is the average speed of blood flow in the needle? I Choose as a control volume the region between the piston and the tip of the needle. M=pAv=pQ > (mass flow in unit time),, = 5, (mass flow in unit time)ow (Pricos)[(#0.02/12)*/4]() + (Prtces)(0.0012/1728) = (Pricoa)[(36)(02/12)7/4\(0.30/12) v= 2.18 ft/sFUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW J 159 89 Air at 30°C and 110 kPa flows at 16 N/s through a rectangular duct that measures 160 mm by 320 mm. Compute the average velocity and volume flux. ' W=yAv ‘y = p/RT = (110)(1000)/{(29.3)(30 + 273)] = 12.39 N/m? 16 = 12.39{(0.160)(0.320)(v)_ v=25.2m/s Q = Av =[(0.160)(0.320)](25.2) = 1.29 m’/s 8.10 Oil (s.g. = 0.86) flows through a 30-in-diameter pipeline at 8000 gpm. Compute the (a) volume flux, (6) average velocity, and (e) mass flux. '@ = 8000/[(7.48)(60)] = 17.8 ft/s (6) Q=Au 17.8 = [(x)(BY/4\(v), uv = 3.63 ft/s © M = pAv =[(0.86)(1.94)}{(2x)(38)"/4](3.63) = 29.7 slugs/s a In the rectilinear chamber of Fig. 8-5, section 1 has a diameter of 4 in and the flow in is 2 cfs. Section 2 has a diameter of 3in and the flow out is 36 fps average velocity. Compute the average velocity and volume flux at section 3 if D, = 1 in. Is the flow at 3in or out? ' Q:=Q2+Q, (assuming Q; is out) 2= [(=)(8)7/4](36) + Qs = 0.233 cfs (out) v = Q/A =0.233/{(")(4)"/4] = 42.7 fps. ee ty Q| — ~ | fo Fig. 85 $12 The water tank in Fig. 8-6 is being filled through section 1 at v, = 5 m/s and through section 3 at Qs= 0.012 m’/s. If water level A is constant, determine exit velocity vs ' Q.+0;=O [G=)(0.040)7/4(5) + 0.012 = Q, Q, = 0.01828 m*/s ‘v2 = Q2/Az = 0.01828/{(x)(0.060)"/4] = 6.47 m/s ® @320.012m/s » |® 0 240m [som te Fig. 86 83 If the water level varies in Prob. 8.12 and v, = 8 m/s, find rate of change dh/dt. Assume d = 1.0m. Fy = Or SME I recy 744s) +0.012= [empty aN) +2 ayt.077/4 dh/dt=—5.52mm/s _(i.e., falling)160 J CHAPTER 8 8.14 15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 For the general case of the flow depicted in Fig. 8-6, derive an expression for dh/de in terms of tank size and volume flows Q,, Q;, and Q, at the three ports. had? 4 4(Q,- 02+ 25) a4 i Q1+Os=Qr+ aa? eae a Water at 20°C flows steadily through the nozzle in Fig. 8-7 at 60 kg/s. The diameters are D, = 220mm and D, = 80mm. Compute the average velocities at sections 1 and 2. i Q=M/p = & = 0.0601 m’/s 1 = Q/A, = 0.0601/[()(0.220)'/4]=1.58m/s v= Q/A,= 2, ‘The inseminator in Fig. 8-8 contains fluid of s.g. = 1.04. If the plunger is pushed in steadily at 1.0 in/s, what is exit velocity V;? Assume no leakage past the plunger. ' YAW = YaAaVs [(4.04)(62.4)][(-")(0.80/12)7/4}(1.0/12) = [(1.04)(62.4)][(a)(0.04/12)?/4](V;) V, = 33.3 ft/s (Note that the answer is independent of the fluid’s specific gravity.) 1.0601 /|(s)(0.080)*/4] = 12.0 m/s Fig. &-7 D, =0.80in os Fig. 8-8 Repeat Prob. 8.16 assuming there is leakage back past the plunger equal to 1/4 of the volume flux out of the needle. Compute V; and the average leakage velocity relative to the needle walls if the plunger diameter is 0.796 in. ' Q = Q, = A.V; = [(2x)(0.750/12)/4](1.0/12) = 0.000256 ft'/s = (3)(0.000256) = 0.000192 ft°/s Vs = Qa/Az = 0.000192/{()(0.040/12)?/4] = 22.0 ft/s Quen: = (4)(0.000256) = 0.000064 ft/s Via = Qe Atvar = 0.000064/{ (22)(0.80/12)?/4 — (2")(0.796/12)7/4] = 1.84 ft/s A 100-mm-diameter plunger (1) is being pushed at 60 mm/s into a tank filled with a fluid of s.g. = 0.68. If the fluid is incompressible, how many pounds per second is being forced out at section 2, D, = 20 mm? ' A= Ave [(2*)(0.100)7/4](0.060) = [(7)(0.020)°/4](v.) v= 1.500m/s W = yAv = [(0.68)(9.79)]{()(0.020)7/4](1.500) = 0.003137 KN/s or 3.137N/s =3.137/4.448 = 0.705 Ib/s A gasoline pump fills a 80-L tank in 1 min 15s. If the pump exit diameter is 4cm, what is the average pump-flow exit velocity? HQ =V/t = (alis)/(60 + 15) = 0.001067 m*/s__-v = Q/A = 0.001067/|()(0.04)?/4] = 0.85 m/sFUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW J 161 8.20 The tank in Fig. 8-9 is admitting water at 100 N/s and ejecting gasoline (s.g. = 0.69) at 52 N/s. If all three fluids are incompressible, how much air is passing through the vent? In which direction? ! Q1=Q2+0; (assuming airflow is out) Q1 = W,/ Yo = 100/{(9.79)(1000)} = 0.01021 m’/s Q2 = Wal Yqun = 52/{(0.69)(9.79)(1000)} = 0.007698 m*/s 0.01021 = 0.007698+ Q, Qs=0.002512m"/s (out) Your = P/RT = (1)(101.3)/[(29.3)(20 + 273)] = 0.01180 kN/m? Ws = (Yaic(Qs) = (0.01180)(0.002512) = 0.00002964 KN/s or 0.0296N/s ore Air at 20°C, atm = Gasoline 8g=0.69 4 Water ot—_————~, rg. »» 4.21 Air at 72°F and 16 psia enters a chamber at section 1 at velocity 210 fps and leaves section 2 at 1208 °F and 202 psia. What is the exit velocity if D, = 8in and D, = 3in? Assume the flow is steady. ' PAs = prAav2 e=pIRT Px = (16)(144)/[(1716)(460 + 72)] = 0.002524 slug/ft? Px = (202)(144)/[(1716)(460 + 1208)] = 0.01016 slug/ft” 0.002524 ()(44)"/4}(210) = 0.01016{(")()"/4](v2) v2 = 371 fps 822 Kerosene (s.g. = 0.88) enters the cylindrical arrangement of Fig. 8-10 at section 1, at 0.08 N/s. The 80-mm-diameter plates are 2mm apart. Assuming steady flow, compute the inlet average velocity v1, outlet average velocity v2 assuming radial flow, and outlet volume flux. ' Wi= YouAivs 0.08 = {(0.88)(9.79)(1000)]{(7)(0.004)"/4](v1)__ v1 = 0.739 m/s Qs = Av, = [(-)(0.004)?/4](0.739) = 0.00000929 m?/s, Q: =0.00000929 m?/s or 9.29mL/s U2 = Q2/-Az = 0.00000929/[(2r)(0.080)(0.003)] = 0.0123 m/s or 12.3mm/s Fig. 8-10 823 In Fig. 8-11, pipes 1 and 2 are of diameter 3 cm; D, = 4m. Alcohol (s.g. = 0.80) enters section 1 at 6m/s while water enters section 2 at 10 m/s. Assuming ideal mixing of incompressible fluids, compute the exit velocity and density of the mixture at section 3. The temperature is 20°C. ! Q1+Q2= Os — [(")(0.03)7/4](6) + [()(0.03)7/4](10)= 2, Qs = 0.01131 m/s 5 = Qs/A=0.01131/[(7)(0.04)'/4] = 9.00 m/s My + = My Pascoror Ys + PrrzoAaV2 = PraisaceA3¥3 [(0.80)(998)]{(-")(0.03)°/4](6) + 998, (*)(0.03)?/4](10) = (Pmasare)[(#)(0.04)"/4}(9.00) — Prizure = 923 kg/m?162 0 CHAPTER 8 e Ideal mixing — 2 Yep = Fig. 8-11 8.24 In the wind tunnel of Fig. 8-12, the test-section wall is porous; fluid is sucked out to provide a thin viscous ‘boundary layer. The wall contains 800 holes of 7-mm diameter per square meter of area. The suction velocity ‘out each hole is V, = 10 m/s, and the test section entrance velocity is V; = 46 m/s. Assuming incompressible flow of air at 20°C and 1 atm, compute (a) Vp, (b) the total wall suction volume flow, (c) Vz, and (d) V,. '@ AaVo=AiVi — [()(2.6)"/4](Vo) = [(2)(0.9)7/4](45) Vo 5.4m/s (6) Quuction = NrotesDrote Notes = 800{(2)(0.9)(4)] = 9048 Quote = Arete Vnote = (22) (355)°/4](10) = 0.0003848 m*/s. Quaction = (9048)(0.0003848) = 3.48 m?/s © Q1=Q2+ Qnesion —_[(#)(0.9)"/4](46) = O2+3.48 Q2= 25.78 m/s U2 = Qa/ Az = 25.78/{(x)(0.9)"/4] = 40.5 m/s @ AM, = Ae [()(2.4)/4)(V,) = [(2)(0.9)/4](40.5)V; = 5.70 m/s “Test section 7D4209m Dy22.4m iPr n Fig. 8-12 8.25 A rocket motor is operating steadily as shown in Fig. 8-13. The exhaust products may be considered an ideal gas ‘of molecular weight 26. Calculate v.. i M, = M, + M;=0.7+ 0.1 =0.8slug/s = p,Aiv, R= 49 709/26 = 1912 Ib - ft/(slug -°R) P2=PIRT = (16)(144)/{(1912)(1105 + 460)] = 0.000770 stug/t? 0.8 = 0.000770{()(6.0/12)"/4](vz) v2 = 5291 ft/s 4 ciguia oxygen: OF tugs ® 400 fin? aa D,=60in Liquid fuel: fora Fig. 8:13FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW J 163 426 For the solid-propellant rocket in Fig. 8-14, compute the rate of mass loss of the propellant, assuming the exit gas has a molecular weight of 30. ' Ma= Moa £(Mpptin) — 0% Maa 4 (papa) S (hep —Mou = — PAV, R=38=277N-m/(kg-K) 9. =p./RT. = (105)(1000)/{(277)(800)] = 0.4738 kg/m? Sh pgten) = ~0.4738)[ 2O2"| 4300) = 16.4 kg/s $27 The water-jet pump in Fig. 8-15 injects water at U; = 80 ft/s through a 4-in pipe which is surrounded by a secondary flow of water at U, = 8 ft/s. The two flows become fully mixed downstream, where U, is approximately constant. If the flow is steady and incompressible, compute Us. ' Qi+Q2= Os (C-*)(GH)?/4](80) + (C=C? — (4YV/4}(8) = [(G/AN(U;)_——_Us = 16.0 fr/s Da=2in Fig. 8-15 $28 The flow in the inlet between parallel plates in Fig. 8-16 is uniform at Us = 50 mm/s, while downstream the flow develops into the parabolic laminar profile u = az(z)— 2), where a is a constant. If z= 20 mm, compute Umax 1 Let b = width of plates (into paper). Qn= Qn bla= f ud b= [az(9~ 2b ds = 0b a=6Uj/25 ue = az (29 ~ 2) = (6Uo/26)(2)(20— 2) Uae OCCUIS at Z = Zo/2 = 0.020/2 = 0.010 m: thmes = [(6)(0.050)/(0.020)(0.01)(0.020 — 0.010) = 0.0750m/s or 75.0 mm/s. Fig. 8-16164 0 CHAPTER 8 8.29 8.30 831 8.33 8.34 Assuming the container in Fig. 8-17a is large and losses are negligible, derive an expression for the distance X where the free jet leaving horizontally will strike the floor, as a function of h and H. Sketch the three trajectories for h/H =0.25, 0.50, and 0.75. Ho w=VigH=h) — h=ghl2 t= VIhIg X= vot = V2g(H A) VIh/g = 2Vh(H— A) For h/H = 0.25, or h = 0.25H, X = 2V(0.25H)(H — 0.25H) = 0.866H. For h/H = 0.50, or h = 0.50H, X= 2V(0.50H)(H — 0.50H) = H. For h/H = 0.75, or h = 0.75H, X = 2V(0.75H)(H — 0.75) = 0.866H. These three trajectories are sketched in Fig. 8-176. ons. [ : 0.30 i a ul ots h | . a AL Fig. 8-17(a) “_ Be He Fig. 81714) In Fig. 8-18 what should the water level A be for the free jet just to clear the wall? ' vo=Vigh ‘Fall distance=gr'/2=0.40 = 0.8944/Vg Horizontal distance = vot = (V2gh)(0.8944/Vg)=0.50 = 0.156m=15.6em ‘ x“ x 40cm 80cm ers Thin wall Fig. 8-18 ‘When 500 gpm flows through a 12-in pipe which later reduces to a 6-in pipe, calculate the average velocities in the two pipes. ! Q = 500/{(7.48)(60)] = 1.114 ft/s Viz = Q/Aya = 1.114 /[()(B)/4] = 1.42 ft/s U6 = Q/Ag= 1.114/[(x)(4)'/4] = 5.67 ft/s If the velocity in a 12-in pipe is 1.65 ft/s, what is the velocity in a 3-in-diameter jet issuing from a nozzle attached to the pipe? ' Aw = Awe — (6n)(8)/410.65) = [AN v2 = 26.4 f/s Air flows in a 6-in pipe at a pressure of 30.0 psig and a temperature of 100°F. If barometric pressure is 14.7 psia and velocity is 10.5 ft/s, how many pounds of air per second are flowing? ' ¥ = p/RT = (30.0 + 14.7)(144)/{(53.3)(100 + 460)] = 0.2157 Ib/te W = yAv =0.2157[()(4)'/4](10.5) = 0.445 Ib/s Carbon dioxide passes point A in a 3-in pipe at a velocity of 15.0 ft/s. The pressure at A is 30 psig and the temperature is 70°F. At point B downstream, the pressure is 20 psig and the temperature is 90°F. For a barometric pressure reading of 14.7 psia, calculate the velocity at B and compare the flows at A and B. ' Y=PIRT ——y4= (30+ 14.7)(144)/{(35.1)(70 + 460)] = 0.3460 Ib /f° Yo = (20-4 14.7)(144)/[(35.1)(90 + 460)] =0.258816/F? —-¥4A4U4= Yoni i I i I i i : 835 Sat FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW J 165 Since A, = Ay, (0.3460)(15.0) = (0.2588)(Up), U» = 20.1 ft/s. The number of pounds per second flowing is constant, but the flow in cubic feet per second will differ because the specific weight is not constant. Qn = Aava = [(2)(8)?/4](15.0) = 0.736 f°/8; Qn = Ande = [()(%)"/4](20.1) = 0.987 f0/s. ‘What minimum diameter of pipe is necessary to carry 0.500 Ib/s of air with a maximum velocity of 18.5 ft/s? ‘The air is at 80°F and under an absolute pressure of 34.0 psi. t W=yAv ‘Yair = p/RT = (34.0)(144)/[(53.3)(80 + 460)] = 0.170 Ib/ft° 0.500 = (0.170){()(d)"/4](18.5) d=0.450ft or 5.40in In the laminar flow of a fluid in a circular pipe, the velocity profile is exactly a true parabola. The rate of discharge is then represented by the volume of a paraboloid. Prove that for this case the ratio of the mean velocity to the maximum velocity is 0.5. Ff See Fig. 8-19. For a paraboloid, u = tad 1 — (r/r)°I- ap Q = fudam [vonlt = (2) Jen dey = at 5-al 7 Vevean = QA = Uynas( 2073/2)/(s073) = Umax! 2. THUS Vinesn/ Umax = 0-5. Fig. 8-19 A gas (y = 0.05 Ib/ft?) flows at the rate of 1.6 Ib/s past section A through a long rectangular duct of uniform cross section 2 ft by 2 ft. At section B, the gas weighs 0.060 Ib/ft?. Find the average velocities of flow at sections A and B. Te W=yAv 1.6=(0.05)1(2)2)1(4) v= 8.00Ft/s 1.6 = (0.060){(2)(2)](v») vn = 6.67 ft/s The velocity of a liquid (s.g. -26) in a 6-in pipeline is 1.6 ft/s. Calculate the flow in: (a) ft’/s, (b) slug/s. '@ Q = Av =[(x)(6)°/4](1.6) = 0.314 ft'/s (6) M = pAv = [(1.26)(1.94)][()(5)"/4](1.6) = 0.768 slug/s ‘Oxygen flows in a 3-in by 3-in duct at a pressure of 42 psi and a temperature of 105 °F. If atmospheric pressure is 13.4 psia and the velocity of flow is 18 fps, calculate the weight-flow rate. ' = P/RT = (42 + 13.4)(144)/[(48.2)(460 + 105)] = 0.2929 Ib/t? W = yAv = (0.2929)[(2)(4)](18) = 0.330 Ib/s Air at 42°C and at 3 bar absolute pressure flows in a 200-mm-diameter conduit at a mean velocity of 12 m/s. Find the mass flow rate. Hp =pIRT =3 x 10°/{(287)(273 + 42)] =3.318 kg/m? M = pAv =3.318{(sx)(0.200)'/4](12) = 1.25 kg/s A 120-mm-diameter pipe enlarges to a 180-mm-diameter pipe. At section 1 of the smaller pipe, the density of a gas in steady flow is 200 kg/m’ and the velocity is 20 m/s; at section 2 of the larger pipe the velocity is 14m/s. Find the density of the gas at section 2. i PAs =PrArv2 — 200{(s)(0.120)"/4](20) = (92)[(#)(0.180)"/41014) — p2 = 127 kg/m?166 8.42 8.45 8.46 8.47 8.49 8.50 0 CHAPTER 8 ‘The Peconic River is spanned by Noyack Bridge and Smith’s Bridge. At noon on July 4, the measured flows under the two bridges were Q,, = 50 m°/s and Q, = 40 m*/s. Neglecting losses, compute the instantaneous rate of water storage between the two bridges. ! Qv-Os=dS/dt 50-40=dS/dt — dS/dt=10 m/s A worker in a children’s playground is cleaning a slide with a hose. She observes that a horizontal stream directed into the low end climbs to a point 12 ft above the nozzle. What is the nozzle velocity of the stream? vu = V2gh = V(2)(32.2)(12) = 27.8 ft/s At section 1 of a pipe system carrying water the velocity is 3.0 fps and the diameter is 2.0 ft. At section 2 the diameter is 3.0 ft. Find the discharge and velocity at section 2. i Q1= Qr= Av =[(2)(2.0)7/4]G.0) = 9.42 cfs v2 = Q2/ Aa = 9.42/{(x)(3.0)'/4] = 1.33 fps In two-dimensional flow around a circular cylinder (Fig. 8-20), the discharge between streamlines is 34.56 in'/s per foot of depth. At a great distance the streamlines are 0.25 in. apart, and at a point near the cylinder they a 0.12in. apart. Calculate the magnitudes of the velocity at these two points. 1 v= (Q/d)/w. At great distance, u = (34.56/12)/0.25 = 11.52 in/s. Near the cylinder, v = (34.56/12)/0.12= 24.0in/s. Fig. 8-20 (6.g. = 0.86) at v = 2 m/s through a 20-cm-ID pipe. At another section the diameter is Sem. Find the velocity at this section and the mass flow rate. BF Q= Av, = [()(0.20)/4](2) = 0.06283 m°/s v2= Q/Az = 0.06283/{{(2r)(0.08)7/4] = 12.5 m/s M = pAv = ((0.86)(1000)}[(7)(0.20)*/4](2) = 54.0 kg/s Hydrogen is flowing in a 3.0-in-diameter pipe at the steady rate of 0.03 Ibm/s. Calculate the average velocity over a section where the pressure is 30 psia and the temperature is 80 °F. t M=pAv p= p/RT = (30)(144)/{(765.5)(460 + 80)} = 0.01045 Ibm/fe 0.03 = (0.01045)[(7)(3.0/12)7/4](u) v= 58.5 ft/s Ifa jet is inclined upward 30° from the horizontal, what must be its velocity to reach over a 10-ft wall at a horizontal distance of 60 ft, neglecting friction? I (v,)o= v9 008 30° = 0.86600, (v.)o= Yo sin 30° = 0.5000u. From Newton's laws, x = (0.860v.)(#) = 60, z= 0.5000vot ~ 32.2H/2 = 10. From the first equation, t = 69.28/v». Substituting this into the second equation, (0.5000)(v,)(69.28/u9) — (32.2)(69.28/v5)"/2 = 10, v» = 56.0 fps. ‘Water flows at 10 m’/s in a 150-cm-diameter pipe; the head loss in a 1000-m length of this pipe is 20 m. Find the ate of energy loss due to pipe friction. t Rate of energy loss = yQH = (9.79)(10)(20) = 1958 kW Oil with specific gravity 0.750 is flowing through a 6-in pipe under a pressure of 15.0 psi. If the total energy relative to a datum plane 8.00 ft below the center of the pipe is 58.6 ft -Ib/Ib, determine the flow rate of the oil. ' Haztv'/2gtply — 58.6= 8.00 + v°/f(2)(32.2)] + (15)(144)/{(0.750)(62.4)] 92ft/s = Au = (x)()7/4](16.92) = 3.32 80/5FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW J 167 In Fig. 8-21, water flows from A, where the diameter is 12 in, to B, where the diameter is 24 in, at the rate of 13.2cfs. The pressure head at A is 22.1 ft. Considering no loss of energy from A to B, find the pressure head at B. I aly + v4/2g + 24=Paly + v5/2g + Zp a= Q/Aa=13.2/[(4)(B)/4] = 16.81 ft/s Up = Q/Ay = 13.2/{()(8)*/4] = 4.202 ft/s 22.1 + 16.817/{(2)(32.2)] + 0= pp/y + 4.2027/{(2)(32.2)] + (25.0- 10.0) pa/y = 11.2 ft of water Fig. 8:21 A pipe carrying oil with specific gravity 0.877 changes in size from 6 in at section E to 18 in at section R. Section E is 12 ft lower than R, and the pressures are 13.2 psi and 8.75 psi, respectively. If the discharge is 5.17 cfs, determine the lost head and the direction of flow. I H=z+v*/2g +p/y. Use the lower section (E) as the datum plane. up = Q/Ag = 5.17/{(«)(4)'/4] = 26.33 ft/s, Up = O/An = 5.17/[(n)(H)"/4] = 2.926 ft/s; He = 0-+ 26.33°/[(2)(32.2)] + (13.2)(144)/{(0.877)(62.4)] = 45.50 ft, Hy = 12 + 2.926%/[(2)(32.2)] + (8.75)(144)/[(0.877)(62.4)] =35.16 ft. Since the energy at E exceeds that at R, flow occurs from E to R. The lost head is 45.50 ~ 35.16, or 10.34 ft, EtoR. A horizontal air duct is reduced in cross-sectional area from 0.75 ft* to 0.20 ft®. Assuming no losses, what pressure change will occur when 1.50 Ib/s of air flows? Use y = 0.200 Ib/ft? for the pressure and temperature conditions involved. t Q =1.50/0.200 = 7.500 ft’/s Paly + val2g + 24 = Poly + V5/28 +25 al'y + (7-500/0.75)°/{(2)(32.2)] + 0 = pp/y + (7.500/0.20)/[(2)(32.2)] +0 Pal ~ poly =20.28ft of air pa — P» = (20.28)(0.200)/144 = 0.0282 psi A turbine is rated at 600 hp when the flow of water through it is 21.5 cfs. Assuming an efficiency of 87 percent, what head is acting on the turbine? i Rated horsepower = (extracted horsepower)(efficiency) = (yYQH/550)(efficiency) 600 = [(62.4)(21.5)(H)/550](0.87) H=283 ft A standpipe 20 ft in diameter and 40 t high is filled with water. Calculate the potential energy of the water if the elevation datum is taken 10 ft below the base of the standpipe. ' PE = Wz = [(62.4)(40)()(20)"/4](10 + 40/2) = .35 % 107 ft - tb How much work could be obtained from the water in Prob. 8.55 if run through a 50-percent-efficient turbine that discharged into a reservoir 30 ft below the base of the standpipe? ' Work = nPE = nWz = (0.50){(62.4)(40)()(20)?/4](30 + 49) = 1.96 x 10” ft - Ib Determine the kinetic-energy flux of 0.01 m’/s of oil (s.g. = 0.80) discharging through a 40-mm-diameter nozzle. ' v= Q/A =0.01/{(1)(0.040)"/4] = 7.96 m/s KE = rv? /2 = pQv?/2 = [(0.80)(1000)](0.01)(7.96)"/2 = 253 W Neglecting air resistance, determine the height a vertical jet of water will rise if projected with velocity 58 ft/s. ' PE=KE Wz = mv?/2 = (W/32.2)(58)"/2 2=52.2ft168 0 CHAPTER 8 8.59 8.60 8.61 8.62 8.63 8.64 8.65 I the water jet of Prob. 8.58 is directed upward 45° with the horizontal and air resistance is neglected, how high will it rise? At 45°, ug, = vy = (68)(0.7071) = 41.01 ft/s; We = mu?/2 = (W/32.2)(41.01)"/2, z = 26.1 ft. Show that the work a liquid can do by virtue of its pressure is fp dV, in which Vis the volume of liquid displaced. Ff Work = f F ds. Since F = pA, work = f pA ds. Since A ds = dV, work =f pdV. A fluid is flowing in a 6-in-diameter pipe at a pressure of 4.00 Ib/in® with a velocity of 8.00 ft/s. As shown in Fig. 8-22, the elevation of the center of the pipe above a given datum is 10.0 ft. Find the total energy head above the given datum if the fluid is (a) water, (6) oil with a specific gravity of 0.82, and (¢) gas with a specific weight of 0.042 Ib/ft’. ' H=z4+v3/2g+ply @ H = 10.0 + 8.007/{(2)(32.2)] + (4.00)(144)/62.4 = 20.22 ft @) H = 10.0 + 8.007/{(2)(32.2)] + (4.00)(144)/[(0.82)(62.4) = 22.25 ft © H = 10.0 + 8.007/{(2)(32.2)] + (4.00)(144) /(0.042) = 13 725 ft LL tee Sy ce ior Datum Fig. 822 ‘A 100-mm-diameter suction pipe leading to a pump, as shown in Fig. 8-23, carries a discharge of 0.0300 m'/s of oil (8.g. = 0.85). If the pressure at point A in the suction pipe is a vacuum of 180 mmHg, find the total energy head at point A with respect to a datum at the pump. Hv =Q/A = 0.0300/()(48)7/4] = 3.820m/s_—_p = yh = [(13.6)(9.79)](— HB) = —23.97 KN/m? H=2+0"/2g + p/y = ~1.200 + 3.8207/{(2)(9.807)] + (—23.97)/[(0.85)(9.79)] = -3.337 m Figure 8-24 shows a pump drawing water from a reservoir and discharging it into the air at point B. The pressure at point A in the suction pipe is a vacuum of 10 in mercury, and the discharge is 3.00 ft’/s. Determine the total head at point A and at point B with respect to a datum at the base of the reservoir. t H=z+v/2gtply v4 = Q/A4 = 3.00/[()(18)7/4] = 5.50 ft/s Hy = 25 + 5.50?/[(2)(32.2)] + [(13.6)(62.4)](—19)/62.4= 14.14 ft Up = Q/Ag = 3.00/{(x)()'/4]=8.59 ft/s Hy = (25 +15 + 40) + 8.59°/[(2)(32.2)] +0= 81.15 ft If the total available head of a stream flowing at a rate of 300 ft°/s is 25.0 ft, what is the theoretical horsepower available? ' P = QyH = (300)(62.4)(25.0) = 468 000 ft - Ib/s = 468 000/550 = 851 hp ‘A 150-mm-diameter jet of water is discharging from a nozzle into the air at a velocity of 36.0 m/s. Find the power in the jet with respect to a datum at the jet. ' Q = Av = [(")(88)"/4](36.0) = 0.6262 m’/s H=z+v7/2g + p/y =0 + 36.0°/[(2)(9.807)] + 0 = 66.08 m P= QyH = (0.6362)(9.79)(66.08) = 412kN-m/s or 412kWFUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW J 169 oit (sg. = 085) ~~— Discharge pipe Suction pipe ——Datum_ oil 10-in-diameter 8.in-diameter ————y suction pipe discharge pipe Mig. 8-24 466 Oil (s.g. = 0.84) is flowing in a pipe under the conditions shown in Fig. 8-25. If the total head loss (h,) from point 1 to point 2 is 3.0 ft, find the pressure at point 2. ' pil + ¥il2g + 2 = pol + vig + 22+ h, y= Q/A, = 2.08/{(a)(8)°/4] = 10.59 ft/s v= Q/A, = 2.08/[()(8)?/4] = 4.71 fe/s (65)(144)/[(0.84)(62.4)] + 10.59?/[(2)(32.2)] + 10.70 = p2/y + 4.717/{(2)(32.2)] + 4.00 + 3.00 aly = 183.67 p2= [(0.84)(62.4)](183.67) = 9627 Ib/ft? or 66.9 Ib/in*®170 J CHAPTER 8 Point 1 Di= 6a Px = 65 pot = 208 ete ' Pal + vi/2g + 2, = poly + V3/2g + 25+ hy 0+0+ 15 =0+ v3/[(2)(32.2)] +0+6.0 v2 = 24.1 ft/s Q = Awa = [()(8)"/4](24.1) = 8.41 fe'/s @ Sia diameter ig. 8-26 865 A 50-mm-diameter siphon is drawing oil (.g. = 0.82) from an oil reservoir, as shown in Fig, 827. If the head {oss from point 1 to point 2 is 1.50 and from point 2 to point 3 is 2.40 m, find the discharge of cil fom the siphon and the oil pressure at point 2. ' pily + Vig +2 = pay +U328+ 24h, O+0+5.00=0+ v3/(2)(9.807)] +04 3.90 Y= 4.645 m/s Q = Agus = [(2e)(58)/4](4.645) = 0.00912 m"/s Pily + vil2g + 21=paly + v2/2g +2 +h, 0+ 0-+5.00= paly + 4.6454/[(2)(9.807)] +7.00+1.50 paly=—4.60m ——_p, = [(0.82)(9.79)|(—4.60) or -36.9kPa 8.69 Figure 8-28 shows a siphon discharging oil (5.g. = 0.84) from a reservoir into open air. If the velocity of flow in the pipe is v, the head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 2.0v/2g, and the head loss from point 2 to point 3 isFUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW J 171 50-mm-diameter siphon \\ i \3 © Wig. 8:27 .0v?/2g, determine the volume flow rate in the siphon pipe and the absolute pressure at point 2. Assume an atmospheric pressure of 14.70 psia. Topsy + vi/2g + = ply t+ vi2gt mth, 0+0+10=0 + v3/{(2)(32.2)] + 0 + 5{v5/{(2)(32.2)]} Dil + vil2g +2 = pil y + V3/2g + 22+ hy, ¥s=10.36ft/s — Q = Asus=[(")(4)"/4](10.36) = 0.509 ft/s 0+0+ 10=pu/y + 10.367/{(2)(32.2)] + 15 + 2(10.367/[(2)(32.2)]) P2= [(0.84)(62.4)|(—10.0) = —524 lb/ft? or —3.64Ib/in* P2= 14,70 — 3.64 = 11.06 Ib/in® abs Paly = ~10.0 ft of oil ® iste Ol Gs. = 084) 3-in-diameter pipe 2® é E é Fig. 8-28 £70 Once it has been started by sufficient suction, the siphon in Fig. 8-29 will run continuously as long as reservoir fluid is available. Using Bernoulli's equation with no losses, show (a) that the exit velocity v2 depends only ‘upon gravity and the distance H and (6) that the lowest (vacuum) pressure occurs at point 3 and depends on the distance L +H. WF pily + v8l2g + 21 = paly + v3/2g + 22+ hy, OF 0+ 2, = 0+ vi/2g + 240, v2= VIE — %) = V2RH- For any point B in the tube, ps/y + v35/2g + 2» = p2/y + v3/2g + z+ hz. Since vp = Paems Pe = Pan — ¥(Ze — 2). The lowest pressure occurs at the highest zp, OF Pain = Ps = Pum — Y(L +H). Fig. 8-29172 0 CHAPTER 8 8.71 The siphon of Fig. 8-30 is filled with water and discharging at 150 L/s. Find the losses from point 1 to point 3 in terms of velocity head v/2g. Find the pressure at point 2 if two-thirds of the losses occur between points 1 and 2. ' Paly + vi/2g + 21 = poly + V3/2g + 25+ hy, 040415 =0+ 03/2g +0 + (K)(U3/28) U3 = Q/As = (15)/[(«)(#4)/4] = 4.775 m/s 1.5 = 4.775?/[(2)(9.807)] + K{4.7757/[(2)(9.807)]} K=0.2904 ‘hz, = (0.2904) {4.7757/[(2)(9.807)]} = 0.338 m ply + v3/2g +2, =paly + Vi/2g +z +h 0+0+0=p,/y + 4.7757/[(2)(9.807)] + (3)(0.338) aly = ~3.388m of water p= (—3.388)(9.79) = 33.2 kN/m? Control volume boundary 1:2 15m Control volume ‘boundary Fig. 8:30 8.72, For the water shooting out of the pipe and nozzle under the conditions shown in Fig. 8-31, find the height above the nozzle to which the water jet will “shoot” (i.e., distance h in Fig. 8-31). Assume negligible head loss. i aly + V9/28 + 24 = Propl Y + Viog/ 28 + Zop + he 55.0/9.19 + v3/2g+0=040+(L.0+h)+0 h=4.518+ 09/28 Daly + 05/28 + 24 =Pooeel ¥ + Vaorate!28 + Zone +h, —_55.0/9.79 + v3/2g +0 = 0+ Uroane/2g + 1.100+0 AAVa= AsoeteUnoee — (()(F85)°/41¥4 = [(4)G@RRY/4] Proce Yaoeae = 4.0004 $5.0/9.79 + va/l(2)(9.807)] + 0= 0 + (4.00v,)?/[(2)(9.807)] + 1.100-+ 0 U4 = 2.431 m/s A=4,518 +2.4317/[(2)(9.807)] = 4.82 m 8.73 Water flows from section 1 to section 2 in the pipe shown in Fig. 8-32. Determine the velocity of flow and the fluid pressure at section 2. Assume the total head loss from section 1 to section 2 is 3.00 m. i Q=Ayus= Arve [()(3H65)°/4](2-0) = [a )HB6)"/4](02) v2 = 8.00 m/s. ily + vi/2g + 2, = poly + 03/28 + 2+ hy, 300/9.79 + 2.0°/{(2)(9.807)] + 2 = p2/9.79 + 8.007/{(2)(9.807)] +0+3.00 p= 260kPa 8.74 A nozzle is attached to a pipe-as shown in Fig. 8-33. The inside diameter of the pipe is 100 mm, while the water jet exiting from the nozzle has a diameter of 50 mm. If the pressure at section 1 is 500 kPa, determine the water jet’s velocity. Assume head loss in the jet is negligible. ' Q= Aw = Avs [(#)(1R)/4] (01) = [)G)"/41(02) 0, = 0.25002 ily + Vi/2g + 2, = poly + V3/2g + 22+ hy, 500/9.79 + (0.250v.)*/[(2)(9.807)] + 0=0 + v3/{(2)(9.807)]+0+0 — v,=32.7m/sFUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW J 173 T¥ | a Nome D100 mm 1100 @| Poinca D | Pe 0mm 72 380uPe a ———> Water. ——e Fig. 8-31 wan diameter Pere SS? 7, = 300kPa Fig. 8-32 © Py = S00 KPe ® ne? oo | oO @ Fig. 8-33174 0 8.75 8.76 8.77 CHAPTER 8 Oil flows from a tank through 500 ft of 6-in-diameter pipe and then discharges into the air, as shown in Fig. 8-34. If the head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 1.95 ft of oil, determine the pressure needed at point 1 to cause 0.60 ft of oil to flow. ' ¥2= Q/A = 0.60/[()(5)'/4] = 3.06 ft/s ily + vi/2g + 21 = pal y + vi/2g + at hy Pily + 0+ 80=0+ 3.067/{(2)(32.2)] +100+1.95 pi/y = 22.10ft of oil Px = [(0.84)(62.4)](22.10)/144 = 8.04 Ib/in® ® Se. Elev. 1008 —— 500 ft of Elev. 80ft 6-in-diameter pipe Fig. 8:34 ‘Water is to be delivered from a reservoir through a pipe to a lower level and discharged into the air, as shown in Fig. 8-35. If head loss in the entire system is 11.58 m, determine the vertical distance between the point of water discharge and the water surface in the reservoir. 1 ‘2 = Q/A; = 0.00631/[()(r50)"/4] = 3.214 m/s Pily + vi/2g + 2, = poly + v3/2g + 2+ hy 040+ 2 =0+3,2147/{(2)(9.807)] +04 11.58 z= 12.11m 50-mm-diameter pipe —— | 'Q = 0.00631 m? s Fig. 8:35 Determine the velocity and pressure at section 2 and section 3 if water flows steadily through the pipe system shown in Fig. 8-36. Assume a head loss of 6.0 ft from section 1 to section 2 and of 15.0 ft from section 2 to section 3. ' Awi= Ave [(#)()"/416.0) = [@)GH)/4](U2)_—_ v2 = 20.0 ft/s ily + 03/28 + 21 =paly + VY2g + 24h, (25)(144)/62.4 + 5.07/(2)(32.2)] + 20 = (p2)(144)/62.4 + 20.07/[(2)(32.2)] + 15 + 6.0 P2=22.0lb/in? Ayu = Asvs {)GHY/416.0) = [(2)(BY/4]@:) vs = 8.9/8 Pil + vil2g + 21 = poly + 03/28 + 25+ hy, (25)(144)/62.4 + 5.0°/{(2)(32.2)] + 20 = (p3)(144)/62.4 + 8.89°/[(2)(32.2)] + 10 + (15.0 + 6.0) ps= 19.9 b/in?FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW J 175 | Dy = 16ia 25 pot on | | Datum Fig, 8.36 8.78 — Compute the ideal flow rate through the pipe system shown in Fig. 8-37. F pily + vi/2g +24 =paly + v3/2g + 22th, — pily + v3/{(2)(9.807)] + 0.6 sin 30° = p2/y +040 +0 vi/{(2)(9.807)] = pal y ~ ply ~ 0.300 From the manometer reading, py ~ 9.79(1.2 sin 60°) = p2, py - p2= 10.17 kN/m*; v7/{(2)(9.807)] = 10.17/9.79 ~ 0.300, v; = 3.807 m/s; Q = Ay = [(7)(b)?/4](3.807) = 0.120 m/s. Fig. 8:37 879 A large tank with a well-rounded, small opening as an outlet is shown in Fig. 8-38. What is the velocity of a jet issuing from the tank? ' Ply + vi/2g+z,=pily t+ vil2gt uth, OF0+h=0+v3/2¢+0+0 v2. =Vigh Fig. 8:38 $80 Neglecting friction, find the velocity and volumetric discharge at the exit 2 in Fig. 8-39. Epil y+ viltg +2 =pily +32 tnth, 04+0+(3.0+0.6 +1.5) =0+ v3/[(2)(9.807)] +0+0 v2=10.0m/s —— Q= Av ={(x)(76)?/4](10.0) = 0.177 m/s176 0 CHAPTER 8 8.81 8.82 ~ tL 2 Fig. 8:39 One end of a U-tube is oriented directly into the flow (Fig. 8-40) so that the velocity of the stream is zero at this point. The pressure at a point in the flow that has been stopped in this way is called the stagnation pressure. The other end of the U-tube measures the undisturbed pressure at that section in the flow. Neglecting friction, determine the volume flow of water in the pipe. WF pily + vi/2g + 2, = pal y + vil2g + z2+ hi, pily + 0-+0= poly + vi/2g + 0+ 0, vi/2g =ps/y — pay. From the manometer reading, p; + (62.4)(48) — [(13.6)(62.4)](8) = pa» ps ~ Pa= 163.8 lb/ft; v3/[(2)(32.2)] = 163.8/62.4, v2 = 13.00 ft/s; Q = Av = [(x)(73)"/4](13.00) = 4.54 ft?/s. Fig. 8-40 A cylindrical tank contains air, oil, and water, as shown in Fig. 8-41; the air is under gage pressure p = 4 1b/in’. Find the exit velocity at 2, neglecting any friction and the kinetic energy of the fluid above elevation A. The jet of water leaving has a diameter of 1 ft. ' Paly + vi/2g + 21=paly + vi/2g + z+ h, pr = (4)(144) + [(0.8)(62.4)](2) = 675.8 1b/fe 675.8/62.4+ 0+ 8 =0+ vi/[(2)(32.2)] +0+0 v.=34.8ft/s Air oi specific gravity =08 Water Fig. 8-41 A large tank contains compressed air, gasoline at specific gravity 0.68, light oil at specific gravity 0.80, and water, as shown in Fig. 8-42. The pressure p of the air is 120kPa gage. If we neglect friction, what is the mass flow of oil from a 20-mm-diameter jet? U pil + vil2g + 2,=paly + 03/2¢ + 22+, ps = 120+ {(0.68)(9.79)](2) = 133.3 KN/m? 133.3/[(0.80)(9.79)] + 0 + 0 =0 + v3/[(2)(9.807)]+4+0 v= 15.98 m/s M = pAv = [(0.80)(1000)]f(*)(1880)"/4](15.98) = 4.02 ke/s.FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW J 177 Oil specific gravity = 0.80 Gasoline specific gravity = 0.68 Water Fig. 8-42 A flow nozzle is a device inserted into a pipe as shown in Fig. 8-43. If Az is the exit area of the flow nozzle, show that for incompressible flow we get for Q, o- cl am tizay VelP5*)] where C, is the coeficient of discharge, which takes into account frictional effects and is determined experimentally. Bh lea tte en, a tteoe y % y % Y But py — Pa = Po — Pi and v2 = (v1)(Ar/Az); hence, vie) 26252) m= Viazag eC) 2-402 CA aay 8S) Coma VG") Multiplying by A3/A? in the numerator and denominator of the radical gives onc] gm tirag PS") Fig. 8-43 In Prob. 8.84, express Q in terms of h, the height of the mercury column (Fig. 8-43), and the diameters of the pipe and flow nozzle. I From Prob. 8.84, on cl pmtirag VHPS®)]178 0 CHAPTER & From the manometer, ps ~ P2 = (Ysig— Yu,0)(h). e=c, [ di/4 ‘Yes — Yex,0)| a] ‘Wi- Gay Yano 8.86 A hump of height 4 is placed on the channel bed in a rectangular channel of uniform width over its entire width (sce Fig. 8-44). The free surface has a dip d as shown. If we neglect friction, we can consider that we have one-dimensional flow. Compute the flow q for the channel per unit width. This system is called a venturi flume. i Ply + V3/2g + =pily t+ vi/2g+ mth, OF vi/2g +h =0+v3/2g +(h—d)+0 VievE-2ed A= Avs [CDCH)Io.) = [0-4 - ay) viz co'(goteg) -¢ uit - (Gh) = =,/—_—4_ ete “Vind op 1 Via OP 2 © Fig. 8-44 8.87 Inthe fountain of Fig. 8-45, water flows steadily up the vertical pipe, enters the annular region between the circular plates, and emerges as a free sheet. Find the volume flow of water through the pipe, if the pressure at A is 70 kPa gage and friction is negligible. i Paly + Va/2g + 24 = poly + vE/2g + ze + hy 70/9.79 + v3/{(2)(9.807)] + 0 = 0 + vez/{(2)(9.807)] +1.5+0 Agva=Anve —[()(0.200)'/4](v4) = [(0.013)(#)(0.3+0.3)](ve) U4 = 0.7802 70/9.79 + (0.7800)? /{(2)(9.807)] + 0= 0+ vE/[(2)(9.807)] +2.0+0 vp = 16.06 m/s Q = Agve = [(0.015)(1)(0.5 + 0.5)](16.06) = 0.757 m*/sFUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW J 179 888 Ifthe velocity at point A in Fig. 8-46 is 18 m/s, what is the pressure at point B if we neglect friction? ' Pol + Vol2g + 20 = Daly + V9/28 +24 the Pal9.79 + v5/{(2)(9.807)] + 0 = 0 + 18/[(2)(9.807)] + (0.5 + 15) +0 Po = - 0.499105 + 313.5 ely + ve/2g + 2c = pal ¥ + Val2g + 24+ hy, 0+ ve/{(2)(9.807)] +0 = 0+ 187/[(2)9.807)] +15+0 — ve=24.86m/s Andy = Ace [-®)EBBY?/41(v2) = [()(abia)?/4](24.86) yp = 3.496 m/s Pa = (-0.4991)(3.496)? + 313.5 = 319.6 kN/m? 15m D= 75 mm ~D= 200 mm eles 49 A rocket-powered sled is used in the training of astronauts (Fig. 8-47). For braking, scoops are lowered to deflect water from a stationary tank of water. To what height h does a sled traveling at 100 km/h deflect water? I In an inertial frame fixed to the sled, apply Bernoulli’s equation between the scoop (point 1) and the highest point in the trajectory (point 2); p;/y + vi/2g + z, = p2/y + v3/2g + 2% + hz, 0+ v3/[(2)(9.807)] +0=0+ (v, cos 20°/{(2)(9.807)] + (k — 0.150) + 0. From the data, v, = (100)(1000)/3600 = 27.78 m/s, 27.18? [(2)(9.807)] = (27.78 cos 20°)?/[(2)(9.807)] + (ht — 0.150), h = 4.80m. Fig. 8-47 ‘A venturi meter is a device which is inserted into a pipe line to measure incompressible flow rates. As shown in Fig. 8-48, it consists of a convergent section which reduces the diameter to between one-half and one-fourth the pipe diameter. This is followed by a divergent section. The pressure difference between the position just before the ventusi and at the throat of the venturi is measured by a differential manometer as shown. Show that o- ol trap VS")180 0 CHAPTER 8 where C, is the coefficient of discharge, which takes into account frictional effects and is determined experimentally. t ah, Bat eonPatteora vf—-ufar—(2Z2t y 2g y “2g 7% y % y % 2e( Y ) rncan oeo(t) [oo(S)l-aaa(@2) [(2)sfon=al@s Fig. 8-48, 891 Anecked-down, or venturi, section of a pipe flow develops a low pressure which can be used to aspirate fluid ‘upward from a reservoir, as shown in Fig. 8-49. Using Bernoulli's equation with no losses, derive an expression for the exit velocity v, that is just sufficient to cause the reservoir fluid to rise in the tube up to section 1. 1 pily + vi/2g +2 =paly + vH/2g +22 +h, ily + Vi/2g +0=Pun/y + Vi/28 +0+0 A= Avr, — (d3/4)(0,) = (Ha) v= (02) al Pal + ((v2)(da/di)°P/28 = Pal Y + VH28 Pum — Pr=(y/28)(VI{(da/as)* — 1) For fluid to rise in the tube, Psa — Pr yh; hence, (y/2g)(v3){(da/d,)*— 1] = yh, v= @lay | &:92 Neglecting losses, find the discharge through the venturi meter of Fig. 8-50. i 1 pil + vileg +215 poly + Alas + 2,+ hz. From the manometer, pi/y — (k + 0.200) + (z)—-2+K)=p/¥s | AiWy = Avr, [()(0.300)'/4](v,) = (ao. 150)°/4](v2), vs = 0.250v25 pil 7 + (0.25002)"/[(2)(9.807)] + 21 = [pay ~ k + 0.250) + (2, — 22 + a fr. 807)] + 22 +0, v2 = 2.287 m/s; Q = Arv2= [(28)(0.150)?/4}(2.287) = 0.0404 m’893 8.94 896 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW J 181 With losses of 0.207/2g between sections 1 and 2 of Fig. 8-50, calculate the flow in gallons per minute. I From Prob. 8.92, v, = 0.250v, = (0.250)(2.287) = 0.5718 m/s; p,/y + (0.250v2)7/[(2)(9.807)] + 2, = [ps/y ~ (k + 0.250) + (2, — 2, + k)] + v3/[(2)(9.807)] + z, + 0. For Prob. 8.93, add a term 0.2v3/2g to the previous equation, giving p,/y + (0.250v,)"/[(2)(9.807)] + 21 = [px/ — (k + 0.250) + (2, ~ 22+ k)] + v3/{(2)(9.807)] + 22 + (0.2){0.57187/[(2)(9.807)]}, v2 = 2.272 m/s; Q = Azv. = [(#)(0.150)7/4](2.272) = 0.0401 m?/s = [0.0401 /(0.3048)°](7.48)(60) = 636 gpm. ‘The device shown in Fig. 8-51 is used to determine the velocity of liquid at point 1. It is a tube with its lower ‘end directed upstream and its other leg vertical and open to the atmosphere. The impact of liquid against ‘opening 2 forces liquid to rise in the vertical leg to the height z above the free surface. Determine the velocity at 1. Fo pily+vil2g+2=plytvigt nth, k+vi/2g+0=0+(k+A2)+04+0 vu, = V2g Az Fig. 8-51 In Fig. 8-52 the losses in the exit pipe equal Kv*/2g, where K = 5.0. The tank reservoir is large. Compute the flow rate in cubic feet per minute. ' pily + vil2g +2) =paly + vi/2g + 24+ he (15)(144)/{(0.86)(62.4)] + 0 + 6 = (14.7)(144)/{(0.86)(62.4)] + v3/{(2)(32.2)] + 0 + (5.0){v3/{(2)(32.2)]} v2 = 8.54 ft/s Q = Au = [(2)(45)'/4](8.54) = 0.0466 ft’/s or 2.80 ft°/min Air 4 P= 15 1b fin? abs L uz 14.7 Ib in? abs Alcohol $90.86 ore D=1in {Laas oto t Fig. 8-52 ‘The manometer fluid in Fig. 8-53 is mercury. Neglecting losses, calculate the flow rate in the tube if the flowing fluid is (a) water, (6) air. Use 60°F as the fluid temperature. B pily + vi/2g + 2 = pal y + V3/2g + 22 he, pyly + Vil2g + 0= pal y + 0+ 040, pr~ Pr = (y)(v9/2g). From Gn eee Pi + (62-4)(y/12) + [(13.6)(62.4)](is) — (62.4)(i3) — (62.4)( 9/12) = pa» P2— Pi = 65.52 lb/ft; 'y)(V7/2g) = 65.52. (a) (62.4) {v7/{(2)(32.2)]} = 65.52 vy. = 8.223 ft/s Q = A.yy = [(x)(4)?/4](8.223) = 0.718 7/s (6) (0.0763){v3/[(2)(32.2)])} = 65.52 vy =235.2ft/s — Q = Ayu, = [(x)(4)?/4](235.2) = 20.5 fe'/s182 0 CHAPTER 8 8.97 In Fig. 8-54 the fluid is air (y = 12 N/m’), and the manometer fluid has s.g. compute the flow rate in L/s. BF psy + vil2g + 2, = paly + vil2g + 2+ hi, pil y + 0+0=pa/y + vi/2g +040, py — pam From the manometer, p, + (12 x 10-°)(y + 0.080) — [(0.827)(9.79)](0.080) — (12 x 10->)y = p2, py — 0.6467 KN/m?; (y)(v3/2g) = 0.6467, (12 x 10-°){v3/[(2)(9.807)]} = 0.6467, v2 = 32.51 m/s; Q= Sante {(_)(0.050)?/4](32.51) = 0.0638 m’/s = 63.8 L/s. Dy 100mm Dy =SOmm ).827. Assuming no losses, Trg. 88s ‘The flow from two reservoirs mixes together and flows through a common pipe. The elevations and pipe diameters are indicated in Fig. 8-55. Both reservoirs contain the same liquid and are open to the atmosphere. ‘The common pipe empties to the atmosphere. Neglecting any frictional effects, find the flow rate through the common pipe. i ily + vi/2g + 21= poly +¥3/28 + 22+h: — Pum ¥ + 0+hy = prly + v3/2g +040 Pam + Yhy = pa + yu/2g () Pol'y + U3/2g + 25= pal + VU2g + 24th, — Pamly + 0+ h2= pal y + Vi/2g +040 Pum + Yh2= pat yurl2g @ Pal + V3/28 + 25= poly + V8l2g+ 2 +h, pal + V3/2¢-+0=Pamn/y + v2/28 + (—hy) +0 Since v5 = v6, P5™ Pam — Yh @) Assume p= Ps = Ps. Substituting this common value of pressure back into Eqs. (1) and (2) and solving forthe velocity in each branch, ws ae (hy + hs), Ug = V2g(ha + hs) Q = Av = (di/4)V2g (hy + ha) + (dif V2 (h + hs) = renee) (hy + hs) + dV2g(h2 + hs). A steady jet of water comes from a hydrant and hits the ground some distance away, as shown in Fig. 8-56. If the water outlet is 1m above the ground and the hydrant water pressure is 862 kPa, what distance from the hydrant does the jet hit the ground? Atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa. I The magnitude of v, can be obtained by noting that at the hydrant outlet the flow is entirely in the x direction, v, = V;- Applying the Bernoulli equation between the interior of the hydrant and the outlet gives Pi + pays + 4pVi=p2 + pays + }pV3. The pressure in the hydrant p, is given, and the outlet is open to the atmosphere, 22 Paum- The elevation of points 1 and 2 is the same, y, = y2. We assume that the outlet area is small enough compared with the hydrant cross-sectional area for the hydrant to be essentially a reservoir, Vi« V3, Neglecting V;, we get v, = V(2/p)(P: — Pam)- Since v, is constant, it can be brought outside the integral for I, giving != v,T. To find the time T required for a fluid particle to hit the ground, we apply the Bernoulli equation between point 1 and some arbitrary point on the jet having elevation y and velocity V: p, + pgh Now V?=v? + vj. When we use the previously determined value of v, and note that v, ‘equation becomes (dy/dt)” = 2g(h — y). We take the square root (the negative root is the appropriate one since —Vig(h= y). Then we separate variables and integrate between the limits of lato « Integrating and solving for T gives T = V2h/g. The y component of the fluid motion is that of a body freely falling under the influence of gravity. Finally, we substitute numerical values to get v, = Vidl(862 — 101)(1000)] = 39.0 (m - N/kg)", or 39.0m/s; = V(2)(1.0)/9.807 = 0.452 s; L = ut = (39.0)(0.452) = 17.6m.FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW J 183 3 Reservoir 2 Reservoir 1 Datum for potential energy 4.190 Water flows between the two reservoirs in Fig. 8-57 at the rate of 16 L/s. What is the head loss in the pipe? If atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa and the vapor pressure is 8 kPa, for what constriction diameter d will cavitation occur? Assume no additional losses.due to changes in the constriction. © ply + v3/2g + 21 = pal y + vi/2g + 22+ he, 0F0420=04+045 +h, hy = 15 m5 Vaeon = Q/ Adon = 0.016/(xd?/4). Assume a central constriction, with 4f, or 7.5-m head loss on each side. Apply Bernoulli's ‘equation between point 1 and the constriction, with P= Pam ~ 100 kPa and p, = 8 kPa at the constriction. Fig. 8-55 Fig. 8-56184 0 CHAPTER 8 100/9.79 + 0 +20 = 8/9.79 + v2a/{(2)(9.807)] +0-+7.5, Umax = 20.7 m/s; 20.7 = 0.016/ (xd?/4), d = 0.0314 m, or 2.98.cm. Fig. 8.57 8.101 The horizontal wye fitting in Fig. 8-58 splits Q, into two equal flow rates. At section 1, Q, = 4 ft'/s and P1=20 psig. Neglecting losses, compute pressures p2 and ps. i Pily + vi/2g +2 = poly + vil2g + nth, — vi= QA, =4/{(x)B)/4] = 20.37 ft/s v2 Q2/A2= $/{(x)(&)'/4] = 22.92 ft/s (20)(144)/62.4 + 20.37°/{(2)(32.2)] + 0 = (p3)(144)/62.4 + 22.927/[(2)(32.2)] +0+0 Pr=19.3psig pil + vi/2g +2, =psly + vil2g + mth, — vs= Qs/Ay= 4/[(H)(AY/4] = 40.74 ft/s (20)(144)/62.4 + 20.37°/{(2)(32.2)] + 0 = (p3)(144)/62.4-+ 40.747/[(2)(32.2)] +040 py =11.6 psig 4, 24in 2 TA, =3in Hig. 858 8.102 A cylindrical tank of diameter do contains liquid to an initial height hy. At time ¢ = 0 a small stopper of diameter dis removed from the bottom. Using Bernoull’s equation with no losses, derive a differential equation for the free-surface height k during draining and an expression for the time f to drain the entire tank. IF Letting point 1 be the liquid surface and point 2 at the exit, p,/y + vi/2g + 2, = pal y + v3/2g +22 +h., 0+ vi/2g + h = 0 + v3/2g + 0+0, vj = v3 —2gh; Av; = Azv2, (wd9/4)(v,) = (xd*/4)(v2), v2 = (do/d (v1); Welded (oP Sah n= Vig Gia), Or = VE where Kg /Iu/d) 1). But ao, v= —dh/dt, dh/dt = -VKh dh va 12 = = (nue VEY [3j-[-vRe rn =-vRI @ynrr—aey=-vRe n= (ne -E9) Or, h= (hi? ~ [g/(2y asia — )"H)* 8.103 In the water flow over the spillway in Fig. 8-59, the velocity is uniform at sections 1 and 2 and the pressure approximately hydrostatic. Neglecting losses, compute u, and v;. Assume unit width. ' Ply +vi/2g +2 = ply +vi2g+ nth, 0+ vi/2g+6=0+ vi/2g+1+0 Am=Ar: [OMIKD=HWIe) v= 6, vi/[(2)(9.807)] + 6 = (60,)7/[(2)(9.807)] +1 4, = 1.67 m/s ‘v, = (6)(1.67) = 10.02 m/s8.106 8.105 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW J 185 Fig. 8-59 For the water channel flow down the sloping ramp of Fig. 8-60, h, = 1m, H=3 m, and v, = 4 m/s. The flow is uniform at 1 and 2. Neglecting losses, find the downstream depth h, and show that three solutions are possible, ‘of which only two are realistic. Neglect friction. FE pidy + vi/2g+z=paly + vig t nth, — 0+47/{(2)(9.807)] + (3+ 1)=0+ v3/[(2)(9.807)] +h, +0 Am=Aw2 [014 =[6)0)e2) v2 = Ah #/{(2)(9.807)] + 4 = (4/h2)"/[(2)(9.807)] +h, hh} — 4.816h} + 0.8157 =0 ‘There are three mathematical solutions to this equation: h,=4.78m (subcritical) .432m (supercritical) 0.396 m (impossible) Fig. 8-60 For water flow up the sloping channel in Fig. 8-61, hy = 0.5 ft, v: = 15 ft/s, and H =2 ft. Neglect losses and assume uniform flow at 1 and 2. Find the downstream depth h, and show that three solutions are possible, of which only two are realistic. T opily + vil2g +2,=paly + 022g + zh, 0+ 157/{(2)(32.2)] +05 = 0+ v3/[(2)(32.2)] + (2+h2) +0 Avi = Av, [(0-5)(1)}05) = [(42) 2) v2 = 7-5/ha 157/{(2)(32.2)] + 0.5 = (7.5/hz)?/[(2)(32.2)] + (2+ ha) hh} - 1.9943 + 0.8734 =0 ‘There are three mathematical solutions to this equation: h,=1.69ft (subcritical) +h, =0.887ft (supercritical) hz= 0.582 ft (impossible)186 0 CHAPTER 8 8.106 A constant 12-Ib force is applied to the piston in Fig. 8-62, and flow losses are negligible. Compute the water-jet exit velocity v2. Wf pily + vi/2g + 2: = Pum/Y + 3/28 + 22+ h,. Considering the force acting on the piston, 12 = (Pi ~ Pawn) {(*)(E)7/4], Ps ~ Puan = 34.38 Ib/fEs Avy = Azv2, [(()G)/4] (11) = [(2)G3)"/4] (v2), v1 = 0.250025 (Ps ~ Puan)! y + (0.25002)"/[(2)(32.2)] + 0 = v3/[(2)(32.2)] + 0+ 0, 34,38/62.4 + (0.250v.)"/[(2)(32.2)] + 0= v¥[2)G2.2)] + 0 +0, v2 = 6.15 ft/s. 428in 8.107 The horizontal lawn sprinkler of Fig. 8-63 is fed water through the center at 1.2L/s. If collar friction is negligible, what is the steady rotation rate for (a) = 0° and (6) = 30°? A (1.2.x 10-/3, A” (W007 /4 Choose an inertial (nonrotating) frame with origin at the center of the sprinkler; let (p, ) be polar coordinates relative to this frame. ‘An emergent water jet has velocity components o= = 10.39 m/s v,=usin@ vg = ¥9cos @~ ro For zero reactive torque—the criterion for the steady state—v, = 0, or @ = (vp cos 8)/r. (@ @ = (10.39)(cos 0°)/0.20= 51.95 rad/s or 496 rpm. @) @ = (10.39)(cos 30°)/0.20 = 44.99 rad/s or 430 rpm 8.108 Water flows at 6 ft/s through a pipe 500 ft long with diameter 1 in. The inlet pressure p, = 200 psig, and the exit section is 100 ft higher than the inlet. What is the exit pressure p, if the friction head loss is 350 ft? ! pily + vi/2g +2, = paly + vi/2g + +h, (200)(144)/62.4 + v3/2g +0 = (p2)(144)/62.4 + v3/2g +100+ 350 vi/2g=vi/2g p= 5.00 psig 8.109 A 30-in-diameter pipeline carries oil (s.g. = 0.86) at 6000000 barrels per day. The friction head loss is 10 ft per 1000 ft of pipe. Compute the pressure drop per mile. i aly + vi/2g + 21 = pal y + U3/2g + Zot he Pil{(0.86)(62.4)] + vi/2g + 0 = p2/{(0.86)(62.4)] + v3/2g + 0 + (10/1000)(5280) vj/2g = v3/2g Pi ~ P2= 2833 Ib/ft? or 19.7 Ib/in® 8.110 The long pipe in Fig. 8-64 is filled with water. When valve A is closed, p2— p, = 12 psi. When the valve is open and water flows at 10 ft"/s, p; ~ p= 25 psi. What is the friction head loss between 1 and 2 for the flowing condition? ' pilytvil2gt+2=pilytvilegtnth, vig =vi/2gFUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW J 187 ‘Valve closed: (Pa ~ ps)(144)/62.4 =z 22 24 — Za = (12)(144)/62.4 = 27.69 ft Valve open: (Ps —P2)(144)/62.4 + (21 z2) =A, (25)(144)/62.4+27.69=h, hy = 85.4 ft Constant diameter pipe Fig. 8-64 S411 Find the manometer reading in the lossless system of Fig. 8-65. ' ily + vi/2g + 2, = poly + vig + 2 thy Aw = Ave (()(8)/4)2)= [a )AY/A(U) v2 = 18.0ft/s Pal y + 2/{(2)(32.2)] + 0 =O + 18.0°/[(2)(32.2)]+8+0 psy =12.97 ft For the manometer, 12.97 + 2.5 —13.6h =0, h=1.14ft. Mercury Fig. 8-65 4112 In Fig. 8-66 on p. 188 the pipe exit losses are (1.5)v?/2g, where v is the exit velocity. What is the exit weight flux of water? ' ily + Vi/2g + 21 = pal y + V3/2g + 22+ Ae Px = (20)(144) + [(0.68)(62.4)](4) = 3050 Ib/ft? 3050/62.4 + 0+5=0 + v3/{(2)(32.2)] +0 + (1.5){v3/[2)32.2))} v.=37.25 ft/s W = yAv = (62.4){(")(8)?/4](37.25) = 50.7 Ib/s $113 In Fig. 8-67 the fluid is water, and the pressure gage reads p, = 180 kPa gage. If the mass flux is 15 kg/s, what is the head loss between 1 and 2? ' pil + vil2g + z= poly + vi/2g + 2+ hy, M=pAv 15 = 1000{()(0.08)'/4](v,) vy =2.984m/s 15 = 1000{(2)(0.05)7/4](v2) v2 = 7.639 m/s 180/9.79 + 2.984"/[(2)(9.807)] + 0 = 0 + 7.6397/{(2)(9.807)} + 12+h, —h, =3.86m188 0 CHAPTER 8 8.114 8.115 fir: 20 tb fin? gage Gasoline il at specific gravity 0.761 flows from tank A to tank E, as shown in Fig. 8-68. Lost head items may be assumed to be as follows: A to B = 0.60v3,/2g; B to C = 9.0v%,/2g; C to D = 0.40v2/2g; D to E =9.0u2/2g. Find the flow rate and the pressure at C. ! Paly + Val2g +24 = poly + UE/28 + Ze +h 040-4 40.0=0+0+0+ (0.600% + 9.002, + 0.40u + 9.0v2)/{(2)(32-2)] 9.60u}, + 9.40U5 = 2576 Awi= Awe — [(2)(8)/4ee) = (8) 6 = 4.0002 9.60v}, + (9.40)(4.00052)* = 2576 2 = 4.012 ft/s Q = Av = {(x)(H)*/4](4.012) = 3.15 ft/s Paly + val2g+ 24=pely + vel2g + 20+ hy, 0+ 0+ 40.0 = (pc)(144)/[(0.761)(62.4)] + 4.0127/[(2)(32.2)] + (40.0+ 2) + [(0.60)(4.012)? + (9.0)(4.012)°1/[(2)(32.2)] Pc=~1.53 Ib/in® Fig. 8-68 (a) What is the pressure on the nose of a torpedo moving in salt water at 100 ft/s at a depth of 30.0 ft? (b) If the pressure at point Con the side of the torpedo at the same elevation as the nose is 10.0 psig, what is the relative velocity at that point? I G@) In this case, greater clarity in the application of the Bernoulli equation may be attained by considering the relative motion of a stream of water past the stationary torpedo. The velocity of the nose of the torpedo will