Bones of lower limbs

Including bones of pelvic girdle (hip

bones) and lower limb
compared with upper limb
no equivalent movements to
pronation and supination in upper
limb;
more stable in lower limb, for
weight-bearing

Bone: Lower limb - 1

 Bony pelvis

Ilium
ischium
pubis

Bone: Lower limb - 2

 Ilium (lateral
surface)
 ant. sup. iliac spine:
a.s.i.s.
 post. sup. iliac spine:
p.s.i.s.
 Iliac crest: a.s.i.s. –
p.s.I.s.
 tubercle of crest
 ant. inf. iliac spine: Great sciatic notch
a.i.i.s.
 post. inf. iliac spine:
p.i.i.s.
 greater sciatic notch
 gluteal surface Obturator foramen

Bone: Lower limb - 3

 Ilium (medial
surface)-1

obturator foramen a.s.i.s.

iliac fossa
a.s.i.s.; p.s.i.s.
iliac crest: a.s.i.s. –
p.s.i.s. g.s.n.
greater sciatic
notch (g.s.n.) Obturator
foramen

Bone: Lower limb - 4

 Ilium (medial
surface)-2
ala (iliac fossa)
Body of ilium
ridge between upper
and lower part of iliac
arcuate line
articular surface for
g.s.n.
sacrum (auricular face)
attachment for Obturator
ligaments (sacroiliac foramen
joint)
iliac tuberosity

Bone: Lower limb - 5

 Ilium (medial surface)-3

arcuate line:
linea terminalis
of pelvic brim Abdominal part
below: pelvic
part; lesser/true
pelvis
above:
abdominal part;
greater/false
pelvis

Bone: Lower limb - 6

Bone: Lower limb - 7
 Ischium

body of ischium
lesser sciatic notch
ischial tuberosity
ischial spine
ischial ramus: with inf.
ramus of pubis 
ischiopubic ramus

Bone: Lower limb - 8

 Pubis: rami
sup. ramus  contribute to acetabulum
inf. ramus  join ischium (ischial ramus)

Bone: Lower limb - 9

 Pubis:1
body of pubis
pubic crest
public tubercle
sup. pubic ramus:
pectineal line on its
sup. border, continues
into arcuate line
inf. pubic ramus
obturator foramen

Bone: Lower limb - 10

 Obturator canal
obturator canal:
at the upper,
posterior angle of
obturator foramen
(obturator n.,a.,v.)

Bone: Lower limb - 11

Iliopubic
eminence

Bone: Lower limb - 12

 Pubis:
external

acetabulum:
acetabular
notch, limbus
Gluteal line
Anterior
Posterior
Inferior

Bone: Lower limb - 13

Pubic symphysis

cartilaginous joint
(fibrous cartilage)
as a landmark of
pelvic cavity

Bone: Lower limb - 14

 Pelvis
The complete pelvis:
the line (pelvic inlet)
from promontory of
sacrum -- arcuate line -
- pectineal line -- pubic
crest separates
false pelvis and true
pelvis
sacrum + linea
terminalis + pubis
symphysis

Bone: Lower limb - 15

Pelvis:
anatomical
position
a.s.i.s. and
symphysis
pubis on the
same coronal
plane

symphysis
Bone: Lower limb - 16
 Pelvis: female vs. male
Shape: circular in female (less distinct promontory,
broader alae); heart-shaped in male
Angle: larger in female; smaller in male

Bone: Lower limb - 17

 Pelvis: pelvic outlet
bounded by symphysis pubis - ischiopubic rami - ischial
tuberosity - sacrotuberous lig. - coccyx

Bone: Lower limb - 18

 Pelvic outlet
not on the same plane; line joining the ischial tuberosities
of both sides divides it into two parts

Bone: Lower limb - 19

 The sacro-iliac joint-1
synovial joint in childhood; fibrous bands in joints of adult;
> 50 years old, completely fibrous
supported by many tough ligaments including:
interosseous lig., ant.& post. sacroiliac lig., sacrospinous
lig. , sacrotuberous lig.

Bone: Lower limb - 20

 Sacro-iliac joints-2

interosseous lig., ant. and post. sacroiliac lig.

Bone: Lower limb - 21

 Sacroiliac joints and Sciatic foramens
greater sciatic foramen; lesser sciatic foramen
*posterior aspect of joint heavily armed with
ligaments (to counter body weight)

Bone: Lower limb - 22

Sciatic foramen

Bone: Lower limb - 23

Sciatic foramen
Bone: Lower limb - 24
 Femur: proximal
end (anterior
Surface)
head: faces upward,
medially, slightly
forward; fovea; neck:
greater trochanter;
trochanteric fossa
(obturator internus
attachment)
intertrochanteric line
lesser trochanter

Bone: Lower limb - 25

Femur: angle of inclination

Bone: Lower limb - 26

 Femur: proximal end (medial surface)

head; fovea; neck:

greater trochanter;
trochanteric fossa
lesser trochanter:
(iliopsoas inserts here): on
posterior aspect of femur;
intertrochanteric crest:
posterior surface
intertrochanteric line:
anterior surface
Bone: Lower limb - 27
 Femur: proximal
end (poeterior
surface)
head; fovea; neck:
greater trochanter
lesser trochanter:
(iliopsoas inserts here):
on posterior aspect of
femur
intertrochanteric crest:
posterior surface

Bone: Lower limb - 28

 Femur: shaft
gluteal tuberosity
linea aspera (post.
surface)

Bone: Lower limb - 29

 Femur: distal end-1
medial epicondyle; adductor tubercle (adductor magnus m.)
lateral epicondyle
intercondylar notch (fossa): deep, posteriorly located
articular cartilage: tibial surface; patellar surface

Bone: Lower limb - 30

 Femur: distal end-2
medial condyle
adductor tubercle
(adductor magnus m.)
lateral condyle
intercondylar notch
(fossa): deep,
posteriorly located
articular cartilage: tibial
surface; patellar
surface

Bone: Lower limb - 31

 Acetabulum

Acetabular fossa
Acetabular notch
Articular (lunate) surface
Ligaments
Transverse acetabular
ligament
Ligament of femroal head
Iliofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligament

Bone: Lower limb - 32

 Transverse acetabular ligament
transverse acetabular lig.: connecting the ant.& post.
ends of the articular cartilage
vessels, n. to head run deep to this lig.

Bone: Lower limb - 33

 Ligament of
femoral head
lig. of the head of
the femur:
acetabular notch 
fovea of the head
of femur
surrounded by
synovial sheath;
conveys vessels in
childhood
minimal effect for
strength
Bone: Lower limb - 34
 Acetabulum:
Ligaments-1

Iliofemoral lig.
inverted Y; aiis,
ilium 
intertrochanteric line
Pubofemoral lig.
Iliopubic eminence
 iliofemoral lig.

Bone: Lower limb - 35

 Acetabulum: ligaments-2

Ischiofemoral lig.
 ischium of
acetabulum rim 
med. aspect of
greater trochanter

Bone: Lower limb - 36

 Tibia: proximal end-1
medial condyle, lateral condyle; intercondylar area
(intercondylar tubercles) for meniscus and lig.
tibial tuberosity (tubercle): ligamentum patellae attachment

Bone: Lower limb - 37

 Tibia: proximal end-2
intercondylar area (intercondylar tubercles): medial and lateral
attachment of cruciate lig. & horns of med. and lat. menisci
articular surface for head of fibula

Med. Lateral

post. surface Bone: Lower limb - 38

 Tibia: shaft
soleal line (oblique line): on upper 1/3 of post. surface

Med. Lateral

post. surface Bone: Lower limb - 39

Tibia: shaft
(cross-section)
quadrangular in
cross section
med., lat., post.
surfaces
ant.
(subcutaneous);
interosseous,
posteromedial
borders

Bone: Lower limb - 40

 Tibia: distal end

medial malleolus: groove for tibialis posterior

(anterior view) (posterior view)

Bone: Lower limb - 41
Tibia: with Talus
inferior articular facet
for talus (trochlea)

Bone: Lower limb - 42

 Fibula: head

Surface
anatomy of
fibular head
Articular surface
with tibia
apex of head
Common fibular nerve
(styloid process)

Bone: Lower limb - 43

 Fibula: distal end

lateral malleolus
articular facet for
talus

Bone: Lower limb - 44

 Knee Joint

Weight-bearing
3 joint compartments:
1) medial compartment:
medial condyle (femur)
+ tibia
2) lateral compartment:
lateral condyle (femur) +
tibia
3) patella + femur

Bone: Lower limb - 45

 Patella

ligamentum patellae
(patellar lig.)
Continuation of
quadriceps femoris
tendon above to apex
of patella, below to tibia
tuberosity

Bone: Lower limb - 46

 Tibio-femoral joint
compartment

4 ligaments:
1) medial (tibial)
collateral lig.
2) lateral (fibular)
collateral lig.
3) ant. cruciate lig.
4) post. cruciate lig.

Bone: Lower limb - 47

 Cruciate ligaments (anterior view)

ant. cruciate: ant.

intercondylar area of
tibia to lateral wall of
intercondylar fossa of
femur
post. intercondylar area
of tibia to medial wall of
intercondylar fossa of
femur
(前外後內)

Bone: Lower limb - 48

Knee: cruciate liagaments
interconnect femur and tibia
ant. cruciate: ant.
intercondylar area of tibia to
lateral wall of intercondylar
fossa of femur
post. intercondylar area of
tibia to medial wall of
intercondylar fossa of femur
limitations of extreme
anterior and posterior
displacements of tibia on
fixed femur

Bone: Lower limb - 49

Knee: collateral ligaments

Bone: Lower limb - 50

 Meniscus

Medial meniscus:
fibrocartilage; wide-
C shaped;
periphery attaches
to joint capsule
Lateral meniscus:
more circular in
shape

Bone: Lower limb - 51

Bones of the foot
Tarsal bones
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges (pl. of phalax)

Bone: Lower limb - 52

 Tarsal bones: proximal row
Proximal row: Talus, Calcaneus (Calcaneum), Navicular

Bone: Lower limb - 53

 Talus-1
Head: articulate with
Navicular
Body
superior articular
facet (trochlear) 
tibia
medial facet:
Anterior Posterior
smaller, comma-
shaped  medial
malleolus
lateral facet: larger,
triangular shape 
lateral malleolus Medial view

Bone: Lower limb - 54

 Talus-2
Inferior surface: divided
by sulcus tali (for
interosseous lig.) into
ant. & post. parts
anterior part: 2 smaller
facet  Calcaneum
posterior part: 1 large
facet  Calcaneus
(post. talocalcaneal
joint)

Bone: Lower limb - 55

 Talus-3
 transfers body weight
 postero-inferiorly to calcaneum which relays it to ground
 antero-inferiorly to calcaneum and navicular, through which to distal
row of tarsus and metatarsus

Bone: Lower limb - 56

Calcaneus (Calcaneum)-1

heel of foot, transfer weight to

ground
Talar shelf (sustentaculum tali):
projection on medial side
superior surface:
 posteriorly: large facet for post.
talocalcaneal joint
 middle and anterior facets for
talus (in front of sulcus
calcanei)
ant. surface for Cuboid
insertion of calcaneal tendon
(Achilles tendon)
groove for tendon of flexor
hallucis longus on its undersurface
Bone: Lower limb - 57
Calcaneus (Calcaneum)-2

calcaneal tuberosity:
touch ground
ant. surface for Cuboid
insertion of calcaneal
tendon (Achilles
tendon)
groove for tendon of
flexor hallucis longus
on its undersurface

Bone: Lower limb - 58

 Calcaneus-3
Calcaneal sulcus
ant. surface for Cuboid
insertion of calcaneal
tendon (Achilles
tendon)

Bone: Lower limb - 59

 Navicular bone

between head of
talus and distal
row of 3 cuneiform
bones
tuberosity:
attachment of
Tibialis posterior

Bone: Lower limb - 60

Metatarsus: distal row-1
Distal row: Cuboid + 3 Cuneiform bones

Bone: Lower limb - 61

 Cuboid

ant. surface: for 4th,

5th metatarsals
proximal: articulate
with calcaneum
medial: with navicular
& lateral cuneiform

Bone: Lower limb - 62

 Cuboid-2
Lateral surface: tuberosity
groove for fibularis (peroneus) longus tendon on underside

Bone: Lower limb - 63

 Cuneiforms (Latin: wedge)

cuneiforms:
med.
Intermediate
lat.
medial: largest
proximal:
navicular bone
distal:
metatarsus 1-3

Bone: Lower limb - 64

 Metatarsus-1
 all metatarsals in
the same plane
(different from
hand)?
 Base
 Body
 Head (distal end)

Bone: Lower limb - 65

 Metatarsus-2
(deep) transverse
(inter)metatarsal lig.
links heads (distal end)
of metatarsals

Bone: Lower limb - 66

 Phalanges

Big toe:
proximal and
distal phalanx
2nd-5th toe:
proximal,
middle, distal
phalanx

Bone: Lower limb - 67

 The arches of the foot: longitudinal arch
medial view:
ant.: head of
metatarsals on the
ground
post.: calcaneal
tuberosity (tuber
calcanei) on the
ground
lateral view: lower
longitudinal arch; apex
at the ant. part of
calcaneum
Bone: Lower limb - 68
 The arches of the foot: transverse arch
obvious at the distal row of
tarsal bones,
cuboid (laterally) close to
ground; medially, medial
cuneiform off the ground
movement (of foot at ankle):
dorsiflexion/plantar flexion;
inversion/eversion

Bone: Lower limb - 69

Bone: Lower limb - 70