International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 6, Vol.

5 (September 2016)

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Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149

A REVIEW ON TURBOCHARGER AND SUPERCHARGER

N.R.KARTHIK1, B.GAUTAM2
1
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering
College, Coimbatore, India, 641045
2
Student, Mechanical Engineering Department, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College,
Coimbatore, India, 641045

ABSTRACT
As a demand of new efficient and eco friendly engines is incrementing new
technologies are developing. Due to the rich air fuel mixture combustion emission
will increase hence by turbocharging the engine more power can be obtained with
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low emission. In this paper review on various application of turbo charging and
super charging technology is made. The behavior of IC engine with application of
turbo/super charger and need of turbo/super charger installation is studied.
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KEYPOINTS

Turbocharger, Supercharger, Exhaust gas recovery, Inter cooler.

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INTRODUCTION

The present energy need of the world is met from fossil fuel. The automobiles
mainly uses petrol and diesel as fuel. The population of automobile is increasing
rapidly due to economic development of developing countries.

Due to this, the rate of fossil fuel depletion is increasing rapidly. Based on
statistical report, if the current rate of depletion continues, the fossil fuel will get
exhausted in a span of 10 to 30 years. To solve this problem electric automobiles is
under development. Commercial proven electric automobiles will be available only
after 15 years to 20 years. So we have to economize the use of petrol and diesel
particularly in automobile sector. Till the commercialization of electric cars. We
have to attempt economizing the consumption of petrol and diesel in automobile

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International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 6, Vol. 5 (September 2016)

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sector. Under these circumstances we have to introduce systems like turbo charger
and super charger to achieve the following.

1. Increase the efficiency of an IC engine by minimizing fuel consumption.

2. To reduce the carbon di oxide emission and pollution of atmosphere.

There are several models of turbo charger fit in automobile. The methodology
adopted is to study and compare various types and advancements in turbocharger
and super charger by analyzing various article, research paper & journals.

WORKING PRINCIPLE

Both the chargers mainly increase the air pressure with the help of compressor
before it gets mixed with fuel. But when the air is compressed temperature
increases due to adiabatic compression.

WORKING OF TURBOCHARGER ED
The turbocharger system comprises of three parts.

1. Compressor.
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2. Cooling system.

3. Drive To The Compressor.

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Compressor

It is a rotary compressor which is coupled to the exhaust turbine. It increases the

pressure from 14 psi to 40 psi.

Cooling System

The heated compressed air is cooled by intercooler. An intercooler is another name

for heat exchanger that is used to cool air that has been compressed by super
charger or turbo charger. The inter cooler is placed some where in the path of air
flow that flows from turbo/ super to motor. The intercooler is a must because of the
physics of air described in the ideal gas law PV=nRT.

Drive system

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Invariably the drive to the system is got from the exhaust. The turbine is rotated
with the help of exhaust. The compressor which is coupled to the turbine is indeed
rotated.

WORKING OF SUPERCHARGER

The super charger consists of three parts.

1. Compressor

2. Cooling system

3. Drive to the Super Charger

Both the Compressor and Cooling system are same as explained in Turbo Charger.

Drive to the Supercharger

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Here in super charger the compressor is coupled to the crank shaft. So when
the engine is switched on the compressor starts compressing.

LITERATURE REVIEW
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The worlds first functional supercharged engine was made my Dugald Clerk,
which was used in two-stroke engine in 1878. Diamler received a German patent
for supercharging an IC engine in 1885. In a supercharger the loss can be up to
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15% of engine output. To reduce the loss of power, later on the compressor was
driven by a turbine using the exhaust gas energy. Then this technology became
popular by the name as Turbocharging during early 1980s.

Vidit Saxena et al [1] : There are many inventions aimed at increasing the
performance of an Internal Combustion engines. When power increases, efficiency
decreases. Presently, ethanol is prospective material for using in automobiles as an
alternate fuels. The main reason for using ethanol is that it can be produced from
natural products and waste materials, compared with gasoline, which is engendered
from non renewable resources. Some methods and components are utilizable for
incrementing performance of an IC engine. One such method is supercharging or
turbo charging an IC engine.

Super charging

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It is known fact that the potency output of an engine increases with an increase in
amount of air or amalgamation in the cylinder at the commencement of
compression stroke because it allows more quantity of fuel to burn. So in order to
give in more air we are equipping the engines with a super charger.

Advantages of super charger.

1. Due to the lower volumetric displacement of supercharged engine, frictional and

thermal losses are less.

2. Brake power will increase about 30-45 % because of increase in supercharged

pressure as more amount of fuel will be burnt within the same period as the mass
taken per stroke is increased.

3. The supercharged engines installation space requisite is more small than that of
naturally aspirated engine.

4. It is very simple for high speed engine.

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Turbocharging
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A turbocharged engine can be more efficient than an naturally aspirated engine
because the turbine forces more intake of air, proportionately more fuel, into the
combustion chamber. In turbo charging, the turbocharger is being driven by a gas
turbine utilizing exhaust gases.
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Advantages of turbocharger.

1. It produces more power than the same size naturally aspirated engine.

2. Better thermal efficiency than naturally aspirated and supercharged engine,

because exhaust is being used to do the work which otherwise would have been
wasted.

3. Better fuel economy.

4. Better volumetric efficiency.

5. High speed obtained.

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Anirudh H et al [2] : Over the years, raising man kinds standard of life has
incremented the concentration of co2, one of the major contributors of green house
effect, by 36% globally since the industrial revolution, which has emerged with
wide usage of fossil fuel. The major contributors are automobiles. In this paper we
will concentrate on reducing the number of cylinder and displacement what an
engine uses, so as to lower the emission of co2. All these can be done by pressure
boosting using a turbocharger or twin turbocharger.

Single stage Vs Dual stage

The most common problem associated with single stage turbo charged
engine is that it has poor transient response. A recent development in single stage
turbo charging is to look for an variable geometry turbine. Its main objective is to
reduce the turbo lag. The variable geometry systems are useful in both petrol and
diesel engines. Petrol engines having high exhaust temperature, variable geometry
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solution is not much suitable. If the single stage turbine has been replaced with
dual stage turbine results in enhanced transient response due to the lower inertia if
we compare to the single stage turbocharged system of same volume.
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Jose Manuel Lujan et al [3] : In this paper the aim of improving the performance
of IC engines working at low ambient temperatures. Pollution and fuel
consumption are one of the important topic. In this, we use exhaust heat recovery
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system for a diesel engine during cold operation. We use the energy obtained from
the exhaust to heat the intake air temperature.

In this project the ordinary intercooler is replaced water/ air heat exchanger known
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as Water charge air cooler. During cold condition the Water charge air cooler
comes into play, which uses the exhaust gas from engine. The exhaust gas enters
the charger and heat exchange takes place with the ambient air so as to heat the
cold ambient air and is fed into the engine.

Jianqin Fu et al [4] : Now we are going to see various types of turbo charging ,
their principle, working and advantages. Due to the increasingly sever problems of
energy and environment, especially the petrol shortage and air pollution ,more
attention has to be paid on energy saving and environmental protection. Under this
circumstances higher energy utilization efficiency and lower emission are the
major development for an IC engine. There are several kind of approaches to
improve the IC engine energy utilization they are turbo charging and super
charging.

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Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149

Types of turbo charging

1. Exhaust turbocharging

2. Steam turbocharging

Exhaust turbocahrging:

The system consists of turbine, compressor and intercooler etc. Among the turbine
and compressor are connected by a transmission shaft. Since the IC engine exhaust
gas has high temperature and pressure, it still contains lots of energy which could
be recovered by exhaust turbine. In exhaust turbine the exhaust from the engine is
used as the working medium of turbine. The useful work is used to drive the
compressor.
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Steam turbocharging

In steam turbocharging a set of steam power cycle system is coupled to IC engine

exhaust pipe, which uses the high temperature exhaust gas as the heat source of
steam power cycle. The system consists of pump, heat exchanger, valve, turbine,
condenser, compressor. The heat exchanger is used to heat and evaporate the
water. The steam makes the turbine to run which in turn runs the compressor.

Jenelle Pope [5] : The purpose of this is to analyze turbocharged diesel engine. In
this project Chevrolet suburban was used, it comes with a stock turbo charger. In
order to extract more power from the engine, a new larger turbo was used. The

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International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 6, Vol. 5 (September 2016)

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new turbo is coupled with air water inter cooling system to decrease the inlet air
temperature. Thus the upgradation of turbo along with the intercooler produces
better results than the stock turbo.

Qijun Tang et al [6] : In this paper, various kinds of improved modes of exhaust
gas turbocharging has been investigated on the performance, including steam
assisted turbocharging, electronically controlled turbocharging.

Steam assisted turbocharging

A steam generating plant is coupled to the exhaust pipe so as to utilize the engine
exhaust gas energy to generate high-temperature steam. The high temperature
steam which has been produced is injected into the turbine. Thus it can be used as
the working medium for turbine. By this means the turbocharger working
performance can be improved under low-speed and low-load engine operating
condition. ED
Electronically controlled turbocharging

This system consist of a motor, the motor is used as the generator to recover the
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exhaust gas energy or else it acts as the prime mover for the compressor. When the
engine operates under low speed or under acceleration, the exhaust gas mass flow
rate is very low to drive the compressor, and the intake pressure is also lower than
the target boost pressure. So under these circumstances, the charger switch begins
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to open the compressor will be driven by motor along the turbine. When working
under high speed or high acceleration the exhaust gas is enough to run the
compressor so the discharger switch begins to open then the drive to the
compressor changes from prime mover to generator.

P.Spring et al [7] : In this paper we are going to discuss about the exhaust gas
recovery using pressure-wave supercharger. In pressure-wave supercharger energy
is transferred between two gaseous fluid streams by bringing them together for a
short time in a narrow channel. Pressure-wave mechanism uses the physical that if
two fluids of different pressures are brought into contact, pressure equalization is
faster than mixing. This device uses unsteady waves to produce a steady flow of
gas to the engine.

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Wladyslaw et al [8] : In this paper we are going to discuss the main problem in the
charged spark ignition engine was to control the air-fuel ratio near stoichiometric
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values at various boost pressure in order to extract more torque at the same level of
specific fuel consumption and engine exhaust gas emission. Charging such engine
was related with the problem of knock in the medium and high values of load at
lower speeds. Higher boost pressure will lead to abnormal combustion and
knocking. So we give a boost pressure control algorithm which prevents the knock,
so the engine can work near the knock boundary. Toyota Yaris 1300cc SI engine
was used for this experiment was equipped with variable turbine geometry
turbocharger with the possibility to control mass flow rate in the turbine by using
an additional waste gas system. Computer control programs in lab view
environment was given in order to analyze knock signals produced and to regulate
the opening signal was fed to the engine control unit, where it was transformed by
fourier transforms. This gave a distribution of knock signals in the range of 2000-
8000 hertz. Control signal for the knock was obtained in the range of 0-0.1 Volts
and was transferred to the engine control unit for regulating the mass flow rate of
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Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149

exhaust gases through the variable geometry turbine. When the value is greater
than 0.01 Volts then the valve in waste gas was opened much more to reduce mass
flow rate of the engine exhaust gas through the turbine which in turn decreases the
rotational speed of the turbocharger and thus compressor pressure ratio falls.

Muqeem [9] : The main objective of a turbocharger is to improve the efficiency of

an engine by increasing the density of intake air. When the pressure of the intake
air is increased, the temperature will also increase. The turbocharger unit makes
use of intercooler to cool down the inlet air temperature near to the ambient
temperature. The inter cooling of intake air was increased by installing a specially
designed inter cooler in which the inlet air runs as a hot fluid and the refrigerant of
the air conditioning system from cooling coil fitted in the dash board runs as a cold
fluid. The intake air is cooled by the intake air flowing through the fins of the
intercooler and the refrigerant coming from the evaporator. When an normal air is
cooled by an intercooler the mass of the oxygen becomes 1.43 times but when
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refrigerated the mass of oxygen becomes 2.618 times. Increase in the oxygen leads
to faster burning rates and can control the exhaust emission.

CONCLUSION
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It is observed that the exsisting study on turbo and super chargers shows positive
influence of turbo and super charger on IC engine power characteristic and
emission characteristic. The air fuel ratio is always constant. So there is scope to
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vary the air fuel ratio and obtain the best suited air fuel ratio and that can be
optimized.

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International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 6, Vol. 5 (September 2016)

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REFERENCE

[1] Vidit Saxena, Shivpratap Singh Hada, Sourabh Jain (2016 ) Performance
Analysis of Super Charger and Turbo-Charger using Ethanol Gasoline Blend

International Journal of Advanced Technology in Engineering and Science

Vol.No.4,Issue No.04,April 2016.

[2] Aniruddh H, Bulbule, Dr.Abhay A Pawar**(2014), Two Stage Turbo-

Charger, Its Matching and subsequent emission control of Diesel Engine

International Journal of Advanced Technology in Engineering and

Science/III/IV/July-Sept 2014/55-58.

[3] Jose Manuel Lujan, Hector Climent, Vicente Dolz, Ausias Moratal, Jose
Borges-Alejo, Zoulikha Soukeur (2016). Potential of Exhaust Heat Recovery for
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Intake Charges Heating in a Diesel Engine Transient Operation at Cold
Conditions

[4] Jianqin Fu, Jingping Liu, Yong Wang, Banglin Deng, Yanping Yang, Renhua
Feng, Jing Yang (2013) A Comparative Study on various Turbo Charging
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Approaches based on IC Engine Exhaust gas Energy Recovery,

[5] Jenelle Pope (2009) Analysis of a Turbo-Charger System for a diesel Engine
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Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Hartford, Connecticut December 18 2009.

[6] Quijun Tang, Jianqin Fu, Jing Ping Liu, Benoit Boulet, Ligang Tan, Zhichao
Zhao (2015) Comparison and Analysis of the Effects of various Improved Turbo-
Charging Approaches on Gasoline Engine transient performances

[7] P.Spring, C.H. Onder, L. Guzzella (2007) EGR control of pressure wave
supercharged IC engine

[8] Wladyslaw Mitianiec and Lukasz Rodak, Control Problems in a Turbocharged

Spark-Ignition Engine Journals of KONES Powertrain and Transport, 2011

[9] Mohd Muqeem, Turbocharging With Air Conditioner Assisted Intercooler,

ISRO Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSRJMCE), 2012

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