27 July 2009
human
DIMENSIONS
The study of human body measurements on a
comparative basis is known as anthropometrics. Its
applicability to the design process is seen in the
physical fit, or interface, between the human body
and the various components of space
Ar Mohd Najib Salleh
Some theories already exist -
proportion theory which is :
1. Golden Section
2. Greek and Roman Order
3. Renaissance Theory
4. Modulor System
5. Ken System
6. Anthropometric
Golden Section
The Golden Section is a Law of
Proportionality. It is a Law that occurs
frequently in nature and its use is
particularly useful in Art. First
developed by Vitruvius, it is most
famously known from Leonardo Da
Vinci's 1509 drawing 'The Divine
Proportion' (see above).
Essentially the law states that two
unequal parts of a whole must be in
relationship to each other to create a
satisfactory image to the eye.
Numerically Golden Section is
approx. 1.618034 or 38% to 62%.
This proportion reoccurs throughout
our lives and can be said to create an
ideal proportion between two objects
or two parts of a whole.
Greek Order
Greek life was dominated by religion and so it is not surprising that
the temples of ancient Greece were the biggest and most beautiful.
The Greeks developed three architectural systems, called orders,
each with their own distinctive proportions and detailing. The Greek
orders are: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
The Doric style is rather The Ionic style is thinner The Corinthian style is
sturdy and its top (the and more elegant. Its seldom used in the Greek
capital), is plain. This style capital is decorated with a world, but often seen on
was used in mainland scroll-like design (a Roman temples. Its capital
Greece and the colonies in volute). This style was is very elaborate and
southern Italy and Sicily. found in eastern Greece decorated with acanthus
and the islands. leaves.
Renaissance Theory
The word "Renaissance" derived from the
term "la rinascita" ("rebirth")
Renaissance architecture is the
architecture of the period between the
early 15th and early 17th centuries in
different regions of Europe.
This theory influence by Special Order or
Ideal Order.
Ideal Order - pioneered by Vitruvius. Its
based on human dimension for produce
architecture creation to harmony and
beautiful for human and nature.
The theory divided by 2 :
Theory on 7 type of plan for design a
room.
Theory to determining the height for a
room.
Sistem Modulor
Le Corbusier developed the Modular in the long tradition of Vitruvius,
Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man, the work of Leone Battista Alberti,
and other attempts to discover mathematical proportions in the human
body, also known as Golden Ratio and then to use that knowledge to
improve both the appearance and function of architecture.
The system is based on human measurements, the double unit, the
Fibonacci numbers, and the golden ratio. Le Corbusier described it as a
"range of harmonious measurements to suit the human scale,
universally applicable to architecture and to mechanical things."
Le Corbusier published Le Modular in 1948, followed
by Modulor 2 in 1955. These works were first
published in English as The Modular in 1954 and
Modular 2 in 1958.
Le Corbusier used his Modular scale in the design of
many buildings, including Notre Dame du Haute and
buildings in Chandigarh. In the construction of the first
Unit d'Habitation apartment building, in Marseilles, a
version was cast in concrete near the entrance.
Ken System
This measurement unit used in Japan
Same measurement based on human body
Main function distance determination between 2 column
Its based on rectangle measure ratio 1:2
This system have 2 measurement :
Kyo-ma method
Inaka-ma method
In the kyo-ma system all the structural
members are designed around the
one standardized unit, the tatami floor
mat (6.3 x 3.15 shaku, or 1,909 x
954.5 mm).
The use of the tatami mat brings a
more intimate human scale to the
Japanese home, because its
dimensions are roughly that
of a human body lying down.
Conversely, in the inaka-ma method,
the tatami mat is subordinate to the
ken grid (6x 6 shaku or 6x 6 feet) that
determines the placement of the
internal columns.
If we compare two houses of the
same design but each under the
different modular systems, we can
see that there is a significant amount
of difference in terms of the square
footage, spaces under the inaka-ma
method are on average 15% smaller
than spaces created under the kyo-
ma method.
Anthropometric
The term anthropometric refers to comparative measurements of
the body.
Anthropometric measurements are used in nutritional assessments.
Those that are used to assess growth and development in infants,
children, and adolescents include length, height, weight, weight-for-
length,and head circumference (length is used in infants and
toddlers, rather than height, because they are unable to stand).
Individual measurements are usually compared to reference
standards on a growth chart.
Anthropometric measurements used for adults usually include height,
weight, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, and percentage of
body fat.
These measures are then compared to reference standards to
assess weight status and the risk for various diseases.
Anthropometric measurements require precise measuring techniques
to be valid.
Anthropometric
Anthropometric measurements also used to develop standards for human clearances and
maneuvering space between pieces of furniture or equipment.
Ergonomics is the science of adapting the job and/or the equipment and the human to each
other for optimal safety and productivity
