Architectural Design Urban Design: operates at many scales, from the

* Relates to single building macro scales of the urban

* Insists on function of the building structures(planning, zoning, transport and
(residential – commercial – office…) infrastructure networks) to the micro scale of
* Form of the building (colors – street furniture and lighting
materials….)
* No focus on spaces between Urban Design is the arrangement, design of
buildings. buildings, public spaces, services.
Limited scale which giving them form, shape, and character
Micro- Scale
Urban Design
Urbanplanning *Concerns with the environmental
* Organizes the physical components issues in the scale of urban design.
of the city.
* Such as districts- neighborhoods Urban Design
* Deals with functional relationships * Deals with groups of buildings and
between the elements of the city such the urban spaces between these buildings
as uses of the buildings- streetstransportation- *Open spaces like “streets- pedestrian
infrastructure…. paths- gardens- squares……”
* Focus on function more than
aesthetics. Urban Design
Large scale *Concerns with aesthetics of physical
Macro Scale environment” landscape- furniture of
open spaces……
Urban planning Large scale
Macro Urban Design Intermediate scale Urban Design is the method by which man creates
Architectural Design Limited scale Micro a built environment that
fulfills his aspirations and represents his values
* Urban Design deals with:
1. Built environment “BuildingsSpaces” “The best urban design project involves working in
“Functional- Aesthetical” teams with groups of professionals with a wide
2. Users’ needs range of complementary
3. Environmental issues skills, knowledge and expertise.

Urban Design is The art of creating and shaping Those definitions includes
cities, towns and different themes:
Villages
1. Urban design highlights the
Urban Design: is concerned with the arrangement, value of “place”
appearance and function of our 2. Urban design is a type of art
suburbs, towns and cities and design
3. Urban design is for and about
UrbanDesign people
*Design spaces that focus on the users 4. It deals with the real world
“Design for people which is constrained by
economic (market) and
Urban Design: involves many different disciplines political (regulatory) forces
including planning, development,
architecture, landscape architecture, engineering, Urban Design had a long history related to the
economics, law and finance, among history of human settlements 7000B.C
Jericho “Ariha” Palestine
As a profession and science:
Others
After the industrial revolution and its bad effects And it can help to deliver better public services
on cities in and access.
Europe, some movements began to arise calling
for a need for more It is the challenge of creating a place that will be
human and well designed spaces in the cities . used and enjoyed by a wide range of different
As a profession and science: purposes, not only now but in the years to come.
The formal emergence of urban design as a
science happened in Urban Form
1960 as key works in the field of urban perception
and visual The term ‘urban form’ can be used simply to
studies were performed by Kevin Lynch and describe a city’s physical characteristics. At the
Gordon Cullen in 1960 and 1961. broad city or regional scale, urban
form has been defined as the spatial configuration
of fixed elements (Anderson et al., 1996).
Features of urban form at this scale would include
urban settlement type, such as a market town,
central business district or suburbs. However,
urban form is closely related to scale and has
been described as the‘morphological attributes of
an urban area at all scales’ (Williams
et al., 2000). Characteristics therefore range from,
at a verylocalized scale, features such as building
materials, façades and fenestration, to, at a
broader scale, housing type, street type and
their spatial arrangement, or layout.

Urban form: The arrangement of a built-up area.

This arrangement is made up of many
components including how close buildings and
usesare together
Urban design is a tool for making places that are :
Elements of Urban Form in Urban Design
1. Good to live and work in.
2.Conserves Heritage and Historical Urban Structure
building and Urban fabric The overall framework of a region, town or
And creates community identity. precinct, showing relationships between zones of
Every place is unique and special built form, landforms, natural environments,
Urban design is a tool for making places that are : activities and open spaces. it encompasses
3. attractive to visit. broader systems including transport and
Urban design is a tool for making places that are : infrastructure networks.
4. successful both socially and economically.
Abandoned space Livable space Urban Grain
Before developing the urban environment : It was The balance of open space to built form, and the
abandoned nature and extent of
and non attractive subdividing an area into smaller parcels or blocks.
After developing the urban environment : It For example, a fine
becomes attractive urban grain might constitute a network of small or
and usable detailed streetscapes.
5. Make places more secure It takes into consideration the hierarchy of street
Careful urban design reduce crime and anti social types, the physical
behavior. linkages and movement between locations, and
6. Effectives planning in the widest sense, modes of transport.
Density + Mix courses, flora and fauna, - whether natural or
The intensity of development and the range of introduced. It may be inthe form of rivers and
different uses( such as creeks, lakes, bushland, parks and recreational
residential, commercial, institutional or facilities, streetscapes or private gardens, and is
recreational uses). often referred to as “green infrastructure.”

Height + Massing Social + Economic fabric

The scale of the buildings in relation to height and The non-physical aspects of the urban form which
floor area, and how include social factors( culture, participation,
they relate to surrounding land forms, building health and well-being) as well as the productive
streets. It also incorporates building envelope, site capacity and economic prosperity of a community.
coverage and solar orientation. It incorporates aspects such as demographics and
life stages, social interaction and
Height and massing create the sense of openness support networks.
or enclosure, and affect the amenity of streets,
spaces and other buildings. Scale
The size, bulk and perception of a buildings and
Streetscape + Landscape spaces. Bulk refers to the height, width and depth
The relationship of buildings to the site, street and of the building in relation to other surrounding
neighbouring buildings (alignment, setbacks, buildings, the street, setbacks and surrounding
boundary treatment) and the architectural open space. For example, a large building set
expression of their facades( projections, openings, amongst other smaller buildings may
patternsand materials). seem “out of scale”.

Details + Materials Scope and Objectives of Urban Design

The closeup appearance of objects and surfaces
and the selection of materials in terms of detail, The need for Urban Design as a discipline has
craftsmanship, texture, colour, durability, arisen as a result of the
sustainability and treatment. It includes street fundamental, cultural, political, social and
furniture, paving , lighting and signage. It economic changes.
contributes to human comfort, safety and The other issues include the impact of
enjoyment of the public domain. environmental issues and quality of
life on the nature of the city and how urban form
Public Realm can best be adopted to
Much of urban design is concerned with the our current and future needs.
design and management of
publicly used space( also referred to as the public The basis for framework defining urban design can
realm or public domain) and the way this is be grouped under six main headings according to
experienced and used. The Institute for Urban Design (IUD)’s
The public realm includes the natural and built criteria
environment used by the general public on a day
– to – day basis such as streets, plazas, 1. Historic preservation and Urban Conservation
parks, and public infrastructure. Some aspects of 2. Design for Pedestrian
privately owned 3. Vitality and variety of use
space such as the bulk and scale of buildings, or 4. The cultural environment
gardens that are visible 5. Environmental context
from the public realm, can also contribute to the 6. Architectural values
overall result. Scope and Objectives of Urban Design

Topography and Landscape Goals and principles describing urban design can
The natural environment includes topography of be group under eight major headings:
landforms, water 1. Place
2. Density
3. Pedestrianization and human scale a rich network in which buildings come and go: a
4. Mixed and compatible users framework of
5. Human culture transport, built fabric and other features, which
6. Public realm will create natural
7. Built environment locations for things. Urban Design structures
8. Natural environment activities.’ An urban planner was someone who
was primarily concerned with
Why Urban Design is important the allocation of resources according to
projections of future need.
1. Ecological Significance: Urban Design involves Planners tend to regard land-use as a distribution
modifying the natural of resources problem
environment. It largely deals with the quality of parceling out land for zoning purposes, without
built environment that are vital for much knowledge of its
preserving nature. It can be affected positively or three-dimensional characteristics, or the nature of
negatively; more emphasis on the building that may
pedestrian circulation; relevance of site (like be placed on it in the future. The result is that
contour site). Neighborhood concept – most zoning ordinances
everything in 10 minutes reach by walking. and official land use plans produce stereotyped
and unimaginative
2. Economic Significance: Due to competition, buildings.
quality of built environment is the
key factor that significantly affects local, regional Relation between Architecture, Urban Design and
and international image of town Planning
countries and sets the stage for all economic
activity. As Harvey points out that Architect on the other hand, designs buildings.
there is string relationship between technological Agood Architect will do
changes in the economic all he can to relate the building he is designing to
production and structural changes in the quality its surroundings, but
and production of urban spaces. he has no control over what happens off the
Here we can consider the concept of smart cities property he has been hired
(fully hi-tech designs just like in to considered.
movie Ultraviolet). There is substantial middle ground between these
professions, and each
3. Social and Cultural Significance: An important has some claim to it, but neither fills it very well
factor determining why people Land-use planning would clearly improve if it
choose to visit, invest in or relocate to a particular involved someone who
place is the “atmosphere” or the understands three-dimension design. On the
“cultural” identity (eg- Chandigarh or Goa) other hand, some one is
Relation between Architecture, Urban needed to design the city, not just the buildings.
Design and town Planning Therefore, there was a need for someone who
Urban Design lies somewhere between the broad- could be called an urban
brush abstractions designer.”
of planning and the concrete specifics of Undoubtedly urban design is an interdisciplinary
architecture. It implies a concept and should
notion of citizenships: life in the public realm. It is be considered with the other disciplines and
not just about professions such as real
space, but time as well. Much of what passes for estate development, economics, civil engineering,
urban design is law, social science
conceived only for one moment. Good urban and natural science.
design is more than just
knitting together the townscape. Urban designers
should be configuring
Ten ways in which Urban designer can work METHODS
1.Designing Public realm Huge menu of different techniques and
2. Designing Urban Context approaches
3. Responding to the contextual complexity within SCENARIOS
a precinct is a process to support decision-making that helps
4. Empowering the urban object as an active urban and rural planners
agent in the city structure navigate the uncertainty of the future in the short
5. Incorporate the safety of human networks in and long term.
the city It assists them with thinking, in advance, about
6. Mediating the expression of history the many ways the future may
7. Defining large scale architecture unfold and how they can be responsive, resilient,
8. Giving third dimension to the master plan and effective, as the future
9. Designing the development process becomes reality.
10. Coordinating all physical inputs into urban
development Principles
1. Involve all sections of the community
Four generic types of urban design work 2. Work on Location
1.Total Urban Design: where the urban designer is 3. Visualise
part of the 4. Communicate
development team that carries a scheme from 5. Spend Money
inspection to completion.
2. All-of-a piece urban design: where the urban Other Principles
design team devices a 1. Build local capacity
master plan and sets the parameters within which 2. Follow up
a number of 3. Mixed of methods
developers work on components of the overall 4. Local ownership of the process
project. 5. Plan your own process carefully
3. Piece by piece urban design: in which general
policies and Some Mobility Principles
procedures are applied to a precinct of a city in 1. Clarity over status of proposals
order to steer e.g. simple maps with text in boxes
development in specific directions. 2. Involve those on route and
4. Plug-in urban design: where the design goal is travellers
to create the 3. Timescales for full consultation
infrastructure so that subsequent developments 4. Buy space in local newspapers
can “plug in” to it or 5. Allow comment by different means
alternatively, anew element of infrastructure is 6. Take consultation to the coalface
plugged into the E.g. late night bus stops
existing fabric to enhance a location’s amenity
level as a catalyst for Methods Some Standard Methods
development. Public meetings
Politicians like them only vociferous participate –
COMMUNITY PLANNING can lead to conflict
Planning carried out with the active participation
of the end users, Questionnaires and surveys
similarly community architecture design and so Useful for getting views of a representative
on.” (Community sample of the population but
Planning Handbook) danger of uninformed comment

COMMUNITY PLANNING FRAMEWORK Suggestions Boxes

PRINCIPLES At point of service – at the bus stop for instance.
Apply to almost any situation, worldwide Method
applicability
People engaging in the issues and debate, on their Community arts projects are particularly useful for
own and in an enjoyable helping people express
way, by making additions or alterations to pre- their creativity (and develop skills, a sense of
prepared exhibits Interactive display identity and community pride.)

Street stall Method

Makes it possible to secure the views of larger A good way of stimulating creative thinking and
numbers of peoples than is generating interest and
possible indoors. Particularly useful where the momentum. They can be designed to allow
views of people using a everyone a chance to put forward
particular street or public space are wanted. their ideas.

Gaming Ideas Competition

A good way to help people understand the Electronic map
planning process and other eople’s The internet provides huge scope of new
viewpoints . Also an enjoyable way to get people participation methods. e.g. allowing
work together people to explore an area and make comments at
- Role play the computer terminals.
- Street theatre
- Board games Video Soapbox
A slightly bizarre tech way of allowing members of
Method the public to broadcast
The inspection of the environment being dealt their opinions about local public open spaces on
with by mixed teams of local video screens erected in
people and technical experts. Used to familiarize public places.
everyone with the physical
environment and key issues at the start of a Carefully structured collaborative event at which
project and to review progress at all stakeholders, including
intervals. the local community, work closely with specialist
Reconnaissance trip from all relevant disciplines
to make plans for the future of that community or
Briefing Workshop some aspects of it.
Simple, easy-to-organize working sessions where Community Planning event
people work in small groups Planning days
to identify key issues and possible solutions. - Introductions and briefing
- Briefing workshops
Design Workshop Issues and opportunities
Hands-on sessions allowing small groups of - Plenary session
professionals and nonprofessionals to work - Design workshop
creatively together developing proposals. Option and proposals
Method Very effective for getting people involved. - Plenary sessions
Particularly useful for generating - Next step
interest, presenting ideas and helping people - Presentation / reception
think in three dimensions. Lots of Method : Planning weekend
different kinds. - Team Arrivals
Models Thursday
Friday
Art Workshop - Launch and introductions
A workshop programme in which local people - Reconnaissance
work with artists and crafts - Briefings
people to design- and often construct- - Social event
environmental artworks. This can b an Saturday
end in itself or part of a wider regeneration effort. - Briefing workshops
- Design wrkshops Brochure with questionnaire
- Brainstorm dinner Scenarios
Sunday - An involvement strategy for every development
- Team working situation
Monday Scenario: Local Neighbourhood initiative
- Team working Local people in a rundown neighbourhood and
- Public Presentation agencies working with them
take the initiative to speed up the regeneration
PresentinDesign ideas to the public and securing process.
reactions in an informal - Process planning session
manner. - Steering group
- Co-ordinator appointed
Open house event - Planning weekend
User groups - Development forum
The creation or strengthening of user groups is a - Neighbourhood office
key element of most - Review session
community planning. They act as clients in - Development
championing the views of those
who will use end product and keep the
momentum going.
Architecture and planning centres
Places set up to help people understand, and
engage in, the design of local
buildings and the built environment.
Method
- Brochure with information about project and
involvement process.
- Main proposals in words and graphics
- Tear off questionnaire with tick box and open -
ended questions. Free postage
Brochure with questionnaire
Scenarios
- An involvement strategy for every development
situation
Scenario: Local Neighbourhood initiative
Local people in a rundown neighbourhood and
agencies working with them
take the initiative to speed up the regeneration
process.
- Process planning session
- Steering group
- Coordinator appointed
- Planning weekend
- Development forum
- Neighbourhood office
- Review session
- Development trust
Method
- Brochure with information bout project and
involvement process.
- Main proposals in words and graphics
- Tear off questionnaire with tick box and open -
ended questions. Free postage
 Ancient Athens
TOWN PLANNING AND URBAN ANCIENT ROME
PLANNING HISTORY URBAN DESIGN
THE BEGINNINGS • Greek : sense of the finite
SETTLEMENT DESIGN • Romans : political power and organization
USE OF SCALE
• Agricultural Societies
• Greek use of scale is based on human
• Rectilinear Plotting
measurements
LAYOUT
• Romans used proportions that would relateparts
1. Grid (or Rectilinear) – product of the farmer
of building instead of human measure
2. Circular (Fencing)
**
• product of the herdsman
ANCIENT ROME
• defensive role
MODULE
3. Radiocentric – when circular settlements
• Greek use of house as module for town planning
enlarge
• Roman use of street pattern as module
– fortress cities (i.e. Paris)
✓ to achieve a sense of overpowering grandeur
**
✓ made for military government
“And when we saw all those cities and villages
THE STREET
built in
• Greeks : as a leftover space for circulation
the water and other great towns on dry land, and
• Romans: street are built first; buildings came
that
later
straight and level causeway leading to
PLACE OF ASSEMBLY
Tenochtitlan, we
• Greeks: market (agora)
were amazed…Indeed, some of our soldiers asked
• Romans: market, theater, and arena
if it
**
was not all a dream” (Spanish chronicler, Bernal
Roman Forum
Diaz
I Maeelłum ct
del Castillo) – describing Aztec Chinampa
Forum Piacar.
agriculture
Imperial fora overlapping other sites
Circular Layout
Trajan Forum
Radio-centric Layout
MEDIEVAL ERA
Radio-centric Layout
DECLINE OF ROME
ANCIENT GREECE
• “Dark Ages”, but not for urban design
LANDSCAPE – powerfully assertive
URBAN SETTINGS
HIGH PLACES – fortified hilltop
• Military strongholds, castles, monasteries,towns
– sacred precinct
MILITARY STRONGHOLDS
TOWN DESIGN = SENSE OF THE FINITE
• Acropolis and Capitoline Hill
• Aristotle’s ideal size of city = 10,000 – 20,000
CASTLES
people
• Built atop hills, enclosed by circular walls
• Never attempted to overwhelm nature
• Radiocentric growth
• Buildings give a sense of human measure to
**
landscape
MEDIEVAL ERA
THE STREET – not a principal element but as a
MONASTERIES
leftoverspace
• Citadels of learning
for circulation
• Laid out in rectilinear pattern
PLACE OF ASSEMBLY – market (agora)
MEDIEVAL TOWNS
Acropolis
• Like Greek towns, small and finite in size
Acropolis
• Lacks geometry
The agora was a central spot in ancient Greek city-
• Became parts of larger territorial states
states. The literal meaning of the word is
• Growth and population created the need
"gathering place" or
for marketplaces
"assembly". The agora was the center of athletic,
**
artistic, spiritual and political life of the city.
MEDIEVAL ERA TOWN DESIGN
VISIBLE EXTERIORS Arrival
• Suit the viewing conditions ofsmall Basic Design Structure
spaces TodiPerugia
VISTA considerations and HUMAN SCALE Basic Design Structure
• Fine accents in landscape FlorenceVenice
STREET LAYOUT FROM MEDIEVAL ERA TO RENAISSANCE ERA
• Functional MEDIEVAL URBAN DESIGN were to be discarded
• But with no logical form • Sense of scale
** • Intimate relation between house and street
MEDIEVAL ERA TOWN DESIGN MEDIEVAL SYSTEM OF TOWN DESIGN
MEDIEVAL ERA sets the stage for RENAISSANCE • Truly livable
• Skill of builders • Humanist basis
• Wealth of bourgeoisie and nobility RENAISSANCE SYSTEM OF TOWN DESIGN
• Organization of the military and new force in • Role of the individual as builder of his town
gunpowder was lost
• Development of political powers and expertise **
• New organizations RENAISSANCE – EARLY DEVELOPMENTS
• Scholarly knowledge of the church REBUILDING FERRARA
** • Palazzo Diamanti
MEDIEVAL ERA TOWN DESIGN ✓ Most famous structure
3 MAJOR EVENTS MARKING TRANSITION • Biaggio Rossetti
FROM MEDIEVAL TIMES ✓ Architect and town planner
• Dawn of science ✓ Regarded as one of the world’s earliest modern
• Fall of Constantinople urban designers
• Discovery of the New World Rossetti’s plan
** • Street widening, new buildings, wall
Lucca, Tuscany improvement
Carcassonne, Languedoc-Roussillon, France • Enlarge the town
Medieval Design • Carry on with the plan o build upon
• An urban square is an **
open public space commonly RENAISSANCE – EARLY DEVELOPMENTS
found in the heart of a city used LESSONS FROM ROSSETTI’S EFFORT
for community gatherings. • Repair an existing city
• a forum for exchange, both • Plan for enlargement
social and economic ideas • Decide which to concentrate effort
• Their significance and intensity • Lay down a plan that is logical and realizable
of meaning is expressed through • Provide framework for others to build upon
“harder” intensively used **
landscaping. RENAISSANCE – REBUILDING ROME
• They tend to be formal and PROBLEMS
urban in nature in contrast to ✓ Circulation
parks and open space, whichare ✓ Defense
typically soft landscaped, larger ✓ Water supply
and less intensively used. ✓ Sanitation
Piazza Grande - Roman SOLUTION
Piazza del Campo,Siena, Italy ✓ Popes have to undertake civic improvement
Structure of a Square projects
Structure of a Square PILGRIMAGE
Approach • St. Peter’s Cathedral improved
Arrival • Campidoglio (Rome’s city hall) improved
123 **
Approach RENAISSANCE – REBUILDING ROME
54 DOMENICO FONTANA
• Architect commissioned by Pope Sixtus V RENAISSANCE – URBAN PLAZAS: FRANCE &
FONTANA’S PLAN ENGLAND
• Streets were visually accented using OBELISKS OTHER PLAZAS IN LONDON
OBELISKS – Leicester Square – started in 1635
• As “stakes”, as GUIDEPOSTS for the whole city – Bloomsbury Square – 1665
• as SCALE REFERENCE POINTS for successive – Six more plazas were built before 1700
designers RENAISSANCE PLAZA
DESIGN PRINCIPLE – one of the elements of urban design par
• Architecture of ancient Rome excellence
• New design of early Renaissance – but did not tie whole city together
** – Rossetti’s Ferrara (street system); Fontana’s
Renaissance Rome Rome
In a classic example of Baroque planning, the (guidepost system)
encircling arms of the colonnade of Bernini’s St **
Peter’s basilica, crowned with sculptures by the Louis XIV’s Palace of Versailles (built 1668–74),
same artist, reach out into the wider vista with its famous gardens by André le Notre, had
towards the Tiber river. (Thomas Mawson, Civic bisecting
Art, 1911, p107) land and water axes that created impressive
Renaissance Rome vistas. It inspired Pierre L’Enfant when he
RENAISSANCE – THE CAMPIDOGLIO designed
• Piazza del Campidoglio Washington DC as the new capital of the United
– One of MICHELANGELO’s finest works States of America in 1791.
• Seen at a distance as a whole composition Versailles, France
• EQUESTRIAN STATUE of Marcus Aurelius
– Serves as Centerpiece or Guidepost RENAISSANCE – REBUILDING LONDON
• ENTRANCE RAMPS The GREAT PLAGUE (1664–1666) was the last
– widen toward the top major
– perspective effect and stairs appear shorter epidemic of the bubonic plague to occur in the
– similarly, SIDE BUILDINGS are not parallel Kingdom of England (modern day United
• Significance of a REMODELLING JOB Kingdom). It
** happened within the centuries-long time period of
il Campidoglio or Monte Capitolino the
il Campidoglio or Monte Capitolino Second Pandemic, an extended period of
il Campidoglio or Monte Capitolino intermittent
bubonic plague epidemics which began in Europe
il Campidoglio or Monte Capitolino in
il Campidoglio or Monte Capitolino 1347, the first year of the "Black Death" and
Campidoglio lasted
il Campidoglio or Monte Capitolino until 1750.
il Campidoglio or Monte Capitolino **
il Campidoglio or Monte Capitolino http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Lo
RENAISSANCE – URBAN PLAZAS: FRANCE & ndon
ENGLAND Th Great Plague of London 1664-1666
JACQUES ANDROUET DU CERCEAU (520 -1586) Th Great Plague of London 1664-1666
– French architect who visited Rome THE GREAT FIRE OF LONDON was a major
– Brought plaza idea to Paris,France conflagration that
INIGO JONES swept through the central parts of the English city
– First significant English architect, brought the of London,
Renaissance plaza to London from Sunday, 2 September to Wednesday, 5
– Bedford Square – started in 1631 September 1666. The
– Covent Garden – modeled after Livorno fire gutted the medieval City of London inside the
** old Roman City
Wall. It threatened, but did not reach, the One of his achievements came in with the Building
aristocratic district of Act of 1774, which graded houses both in
Westminster, Charles II's Palace of Whitehall, and measurements and materials. The first triumph
most of the was Bedford Square, with 'first-rate'
suburban slums.[2] It consumed 13,200 houses, materials being used. It thus became desirable
87 parish quarters for lawyers and other professionals.
churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and most of the Bedford Square is a square in the Bloomsbury
buildings of the district of the Borough of Camden in London,
City authorities. It is estimated to have destroyed England. Built between 1775 and 1783 as an
the homes of upper middle class residential area, the square
70,000 of the City's 80,000 inhabitants. has had many distinguished residents, including
**http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Lord Eldon, one of Britain's longest serving
Great_Fire_of_London and most celebrated Lord Chancellors, who lived
Th Great Plague of London 1966 in the largest house in the square for many
Moorfields years. The square takes its name from the main
Burnt area title of the Russell family, the Dukes of
Crigplegate Bedford, who were the main landlords in
Bishopsgate Bloomsbury.
AldersgaLe RENAISSANCE – REBUILDING LONDON
Aldgate GOLDEN AGE : encompassed a 30-year period
Pattern • ADELPHI TERRACE
Bankside ✓ work of the Adam brothers; built along the
Southwark River Thames
Th Great Fire of London 1666 • BATH
RENAISSANCE – REBUILDING LONDON ✓ created by architects John Wood, Sr. and Jr.
SEVERAL DESIGNERS PROPOSED PLANS ✓ 1702, discovered by the aristocrats
• Christopher Wren > Robert Hooke > John Evelyn ✓ 1727, rectangular plaza (Queens Square)
> Valentine Knight ✓ 1754, great circle (King’s Circus)
1707-1709 ✓ 1767, Royal Crescent
• laws banning use of combustible materials, led ✓ EDINBURGH – 1767, Scottish architect James
to extensive use of bricks Craig
JOHN GWYNN END OF LONDON PLAZA ERA : coming of industrial
• produced plan for London 1766 “London & era
Westminster Improved” **
• heralded the “Golden Age” of building Adelphi is a district of London, England in the City
• key figure in the introduction of the Building Act of Westminster. The small district includes the
1774 which improved streets
standards of materials and workmanship of Adelphi Terrace, Robert Street and John Adam
** Street. Picture shows the main terrace of Aldelphi
John Gwynn believed that the Great Fire of the Terrace raised high above the noise and smell of
previous century had created a great opportunity the river on an arcade of warehouses.
to RENAISSANCE – REBUILDING LONDON
plan and improve London. This volume includes GOLDEN AGE : encompassed a 30-year period
four engraved and hand-colored maps showing • ADELPHI TERRACE
the ✓ work of the Adam brothers; built along the
proposed improvements to Westminster and River Thames
London. • BATH
Gwynn wanted a scenic London, with boulevards ✓ created by architects John Wood, Sr. and Jr.
pointing to noble buildings. Looking at ✓ 1702, discovered by the aristocrats
congested bottlenecks like Charing Cross and ✓ 1727, rectangular plaza (Queens Square)
Temple Bar, the refuse piling up at street ✓ 1754, great circle (King’s Circus)
corners, and open sewers like the Fleet, Gwynn ✓ 1767, Royal Crescent
asked: 'Where is the taste andelegance?'
✓ EDINBURGH – 1767, Scottish architect James
Craig
END OF LONDON PLAZA ERA : coming of industrial
era
**
Bath is a city in the ceremonial county of
Somerset in the south west of England.The City of
Bath was
inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1987.
The city was first established as a spa with the
Latin name, Aquae Sulis ("the waters of Sulis") by
the
Romans sometime in the AD 60s about 20 years
after they had arrived in Britain (AD43), although
verbal
tradition suggests that Bath was known before
then.
Much later, it became popular as a spa town
during the Georgian era,which led to a major
expansion thatleft
a heritage of exemplary Georgian architecture
crafted from Bath Stone. The Circus is a perfect
circle of
Georgian houses constructed out of the startlingly
white Somersetstone that cloaksthe entire city.
The Royal Crescent is a residential road of 30
houses laid out in a crescent in the city of Bath,
England.
Designed by the architect John Wood the Younger
and built between 1767 and 1774, it is among the
greatest examples of Georgian architecture to be
found in the United Kingdom.
The Royal Crescent, Bath, Somerset, England.
The Circus and the Royal Crescent, Bath,
Somerset, England.
BAROQUE Design over Time – Piazza Del Popolo
Plaza del Popolo