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Bayyinah Institute 10 Day Arabic Intensive
Three Kinds of Words in Arabic
There are three kinds of words in Arabic:
1) Ism: The name of a person, place, thing, idea, adjective,

adverb and more.
2) Fil: A word that has a tense (past, present or future)
3) Harf : A word that makes no sense unless another word

comes after it.
Write the alternative definitions for these words below:
1) Ism:
2) Fil:
3) Harf:
Identify whether the words in the table below are isms, fils or harfs.
table cats in
Dallas of loudly
jumps peace tall
from slept soundly
on freedom red
a Makkah mother
at students rollercoaster
cake typing house
country America smiles
Bayyinah 10 Day Arabic Intensive www.bayyinah.com/10Day Page 1

Every ism has four properties.
Write the four properties of the ism here

(1) (2) (3) (4)
Three Forms of Status
(SUBJECT) Doer of the act: / Raf (R)

(OBJECT) Detail of the act: / Nasb (N)

(POSSESSIVE) Word after of: / Jarr (J)

Examples:
R N
A teacher entered the classroom.
R J N
A student of his was sleeping soundly.
R N
The teacher threw a pencil.
J R N
The teachers student woke up suddenly.

Three forms of status. Place an R, N or J over the highlighted words.
1) My teacher drinks chocolate milk regularly.
2) He doesnt like vegetables or fruits.
3) He buys his chocolate milk happily.
4) He knows his children like it, but he doesnt share.
5) My teacher also likes yummy shawarmas.
6) His students also like shawarmas.
7) He buys shawarmas for his class sometimes.
8) My teacher loses his phone often.
9) My teacher patiently explains hard concepts.
10) May Allah(swt) forgive my teachers.

How To Tell Status

Raf Recognition:

(u) or (un) ending for singular
( aa) or ( aani) ending for pair
( oo) or ( oona)

ending for plural
(aatu) or ( aatun) ending for plural feminine
Nasb Recognition:
(a) or (an) ending for singular
( ay) or ( ayni) ending for pair

(ee) or (eena) ending for plural
( aati) or ( aatin) ending for plural feminine
Jarr Recognition:

(i) or (in) ending for singular
( ay) or ( ayni) ending for pair

(ee) or (eena) ending for plural
(aati) or (aatin) ending for plural feminine

Write the status (raf, nasb or jarr) of the words below. Indicate if the status is
determined by ending sound or ending combination.
Word Status Sound/Combo? Word Status Sound/Combo?

1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

7. 8.

9. 10.

11. 12.

13. 14.

15. 16.

17. 18.

19.
20.

21. 22.

23. 24.

25. 26.

27. 28.

29. 30.

31. 32.

33. 34.

35. 36.

Status
Forms How to Tell Light v. Heavy Flexibility
MASCULINE Plural Dual Singular

FEMININE

BROKEN PLURAL

Light vs. Heavy
Normally an should be heavy. All the words in the Muslim chart are
heavy.
An ism is made light by removing the extra n sound. Do this by:
Removing the double accent (tanween) OR
Remove the extra at the end of the ism.
NOTE: doesnt like tanween, but an ism with isnt considered light.
The Muslim chart in light form:
Masculine Feminine
Identify whether the following words are light(L) or heavy(H)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

13.

11. 12. 14. 15.

16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

There are only FOUR reasons to for an ism to be light. Write them
below as we learn them:
1)
2)
3)
4)

Flexibility
There are three categories of flexibility:
1) Fully flexible
Most isms are fully flexible.
Can be heavy or light.
Can show all statuses ( , and ).

Muslim chart on page 6
2) Non Flexible
Only have one form.
Looks the same in all statuses.
Some words that are non flexible:

o Words ending in alif eg:

o All ism mowsool (listed below)

the ones who(m) the two who(m) the one who(m)
/

the ones who(f) the two who(f) the one who(f)

whoever(m) whatever(m/f)
o The singular and the plural pointing words

, , ,

,
,

3) Partly Flexible
Cannot be heavy and cannot take a kasrah at the end.

Has two forms: one for and one form for and


Partly Flexible: A Closer Look

Words that are partly flexible:
Proper names of places:
o Proper names of all places, whether Arab or not.
o Exception: names of places spelled with 3 letters
o Examples
How is it Treated? Jarr Nasb Raf

Arab place more than 3 letters, partly
flexible

Non Arab place, more than 3 letters,
partly flexible

Exception: place with only 3 letters,
fully flexible
Non Arab Proper names:

o Based on hadith, there are four Arab Prophets. The rest are non
Arabs. They are: (1) (2) (3) (4)
o Exception: names spelled with 3 letters
o Examples:
How is it Treated? Jarr Nasb Raf

Arab name, fully flexible

Non-Arab name, partly flexible.

Exception: Non-Arab name three
letters, fully flexible
Are the following words Fully(F), Partly(P), or Non Flexible(N)?

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6.
7.
8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13. 14. 15. 16.

17. 18.

19. 20. 21.
22.

23. 24.

25. 26. 27. 28.

29. 30.

Number
1) Normal masculine plural (Muslim chart)
2) Normal feminine plural (Muslim chart)
3) Human broken plural
4) Non human broken plural
Broken Plurals
BPs dont have plural endings like those in the Muslim chart. Broken
plurals have ending sounds. They can only be identified through
vocabulary, otherwise they look singular.
Human Broken Plurals:
BPs representing intelligent beings. eg:

Treated as she or what they really are they.
Non Human Broken Plurals:
BPs representing non intelligent beings. eg:

ALL non human plurals (broken or not) are treated as a she.
Word Meaning Treatment? Word Meaning Treatment?

the perpetual liars plural miraculous sing, fem
1.
9.
signs

the mountains a person
2. 10.

faces hellfire

3. 11.

12.
women the

4.
elephant

13.

seas the earth

5.

14.
those who deeds

6.
race/compete
the angels

the graves

7. 15.

16.
clear proof two men

8.

FEMININE BECAUSE THE ARABS SAID SO
During a , a soldier was daydreaming looking up at the

until the came up. When he snapped out of it, he realized

he was the only left on the battlefield. He was surrounded

by so he used a full of water to make a and a

all the way to safer . In the hot blowing he was

desperately looking for a to draw water from. In his search,

he found an empty inside which he finds a He
full of .

is tempted despite his fear of and
to take a sip but

wards off his temptation and uses his to strike the drink.


Gender
Masculine
Default
Feminine
Real Feminine eg: ( mother) ( cow)

Fake Feminine
o ( in some cases)
o Non Human Broken Plurals
o Places
o Body parts in pairs
o Page 12
Word Meaning Hows it Word Meaning Hows it
treated? treated?

the perpetual liars plural, masc miraculous sing, fem
signs

the mountains a person

faces hellfire

women the elephant

seas the earth

those who deeds
race/compete

the graves the angels

clear proof the easiest

messengers a fire

the one who asks the believers


Tell the Status, Number and Gender of the following words:
Word Status/Number/Gender Word Status/Number/Gender

J/S/F

1. 17.

R/S/F
2.

18.

3. 19.

4. 20.

5. 21.

6. 22.

7.

23.

8. 24.
9. 25.

10.

26.

27.

11.

28.

12.

13. 29.

14. 30.

15. 31.

16. 32.

Common vs. Proper

Common
Default
7 Kinds of Proper
1) Words with
2) Proper names
3) The one being called
4) Pronouns (page 18)
5) Ism ishaarah(pointer words) eg:
( page 30)
6) Ism Mowsool eg:

7) The word before of if the word after of is proper
For example, in the following ayaat, the hightled words are proper.

Indeed, this is in the former scriptures, (87:18)

The scriptures of Abraham and Moses. (87:19)
And you, [Muhammad], are free of restriction in this city (90:2)

And the messenger of Allah [Salih] said to them, "[Do
not harm] the she-camel of Allah or [prevent her from] her drink." (91:13)

[He] who gives [from] his wealth to purify himself (92:18)

Indicate whether the words are common(C) or proper(P).

Word C/P Reason Word C/P Reason

1. 2.
3.
4.

5. 6.
!

7. 8.
9.
10.

11.
12.
13.

14.
the messenger of Allah a scourge of punishment

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.
22.

23.

24.
the fire of Allah the people of the right
25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.
rising of the sun freeing of a slave
33.

34.

35.
36.

)Write the four properties of each of the words (Status/Number/Gender/Type

Word S/N/G/T Word S/N/G/T Word S/N/G/T

1. N/S/M/P 2. J/S/M/P 3.

4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9.

10. 11. 12.

13. 14. 15.

18.

16. 17.

21.
19.
20.

22. 23. 24.

25. 26. 27.

28. 29. 30.

31. 32. 33.

34. 35. 36.

37. 38. 39.

40. 41. 42.

43. 44. 45.

46. 47. 48.

49. 50. 51.
markets plants stories

52.

53. 54.

55. 56. 57.

Pronouns
Raf They(m) Raf Both of them Raf He
3rd Person Pronouns

Nasb/Jarr (attached) Nasb/Jarr (attached) Nasb/Jarr (attached)
or or or

Raf They(f) Raf Both of them(f) Raf She

Nasb/Jarr(attached) Nasb/Jarr (attached)

Nasb/Jarr (attached)

or

or

Raf You (m. pl) Raf Both of you Raf You(m.s)
2nd Person Pronouns


Raf You (f. pl) Raf Both of you(f) Raf You(f.s)


Raf We Raf I

1st Person

Pronoun
Nasb/Jarr (attached)
nasb / jarr

(both are attached)

Write your pronoun notes here:
1) An independent pronoun is always in the __________ status
2) An attached pronoun is nasb in two cases:

i.
ii.
3) An attached pronoun is jarr in two cases:

i.
ii.

Pronoun Practice: Give the 4 properties of the pronouns below, and translate the
pronoun. Some examples have been done for you.

1. 11. 21.

R/S/M/P he/it

2. 12. 22.

NorJ/S/F/P her/it
3. 13.

23.

4. 14. 24.

5. 15.
25.

6. 16. 26.

7. 17.

27.
8. 18. 28.

9. 19. 29.

10. 20. 30.


Primary Rules for the Idhafah

1. The ( word before of) should be:

a. Light
b. No alif-laam ()
2. The ( word after of) should be

a. In status

3. No long distance relationship
4. The last property of the , type, is dictated by the

5. Both the and the should be isms.

Basic Kinds of Idafah

1. of translation eg: Imam of the masjid

2. Pronoun attached to an ism eg: His house

eg: Under the earth

3. Special Mudhafs

Special Mudhafs
(dont give an of meaning)

after below above

behind in front of before

right in behind,

between
front of beyond

especially other around,
from than surrounding

with, at,

some,

with has,
some of
by/beside

besides, each, all,

which,

other every, the
any
than whole

Idafah Practice: Tell whether each instance is an idafah or not

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

9. 10. 11. 12.

13. 14. 15. 16.

17. 18. 19. 20.

21. 22. 23. 24.

25. 26. 27. 28.

32.

29. 30. 31.

36.

33. 34. 35.

40.

37. 38. 39.

44.

41. 42. 43.

48.

45. 46. 47.

52.

49. 50. 51.

56.

53. 54. 55.

60.

57. 58. 59.

61. 62. 63. 64.

65. 66. 67. 68.

69. 70. 71. 72.

Idafah with pronouns. Fill in the blanks with the pronouns

1.

___________selves

2. ___________ rebellion

3. ___________ glitter

4. ___________ command

5.

___________ nation

6. ___________ family/people/dwellers
7.

___________ boundaries
8.

___________ place

9. With ___________ example/likeness
10. Then for ___________ mother

11.
___________ family
12.

One of ___________
13. ___________ associates
14. ___________ marriage gifts
15.

___________ action/work
16.
___________ lord

Special Mudhaf Practice. Fill in the blanks with the correct meanings

1.

______________ the right justification
2.

______________ all of you

3.
______________ them

4.

______________ two women

5. ______________ them

6. ______________ you all
7.

______________ us
8.

______________ them

9.

______________ two sisters.
10.

______________ that for all of you
11.

______________ behalf
12.

______________ the obligation
13.
______________ that

14. ______________ have
15. ______________ her/it

16.

______________ the tree.
17.

______________ both of them.

Primary Rules for Mowsoof + Sifah

1. Mowsoof ( ) must be

a. First
b. Only one
2. Sifah( )
a. Has the same 4 properties as the Mowsoof
b. Is after the Mowsoof
c. May be more than one
d. Can tolerate a long distance relationship
Note:
The mowsoof is never a pronoun, pointer word, or ism mowsool
The sifah is never a proper name, pronoun, or pointer word.
Look out for non human plurals and their feminine sifahs. For example:

the small books

beautiful bags

Examples of Mowsoof Sifah. Write the 4 properties of the highlighted word.

a heavy word

the greatest calamity

purified scriptures

a great test from your Lord

elevated beds

like eaten straw

the great attainment

an intensely hot fire

for two orphan boys

abundant gains

Primary Rules for Harf of Jarr

1. The harf of jarr makes its ism jarr.
2. No long distance relationship.
3. There are 17 harf of jarr. We will learn 11 that are in the Quran.

4. The harf of jarr is called the and the ism it makes jarr is the

for/have like swear by Allah with
(pronoun all else )
(comparison) only
about/away from

in/about

from/because of

oath

)
(not (Not the forand)

to/towards until (2) on/upon/against

Additional notes:
When attached to a pronoun, the is pronounced otherwise it is .
For example:
vs.
Dont confuse the harf of jarr lam with the lam for emphasis. The lam for
emphasis does not make isms jarr. For example:

Most certainly, I swear to it, we. For us (harf of jarr).

Dont confuse the harf of jarr (for oaths only) with the connector

which means and
When and
are attached to they are written as and .

When attached to a pronoun, and are pronounced with a . For
example: or

Identify if the following are harf of jarr fragments

1. 2.

3.

4.

5.
6.
7. 8.
9.

10. 11. 12.

13. 14.
15.

16.

Primary Rules for Harf of Nasb

1. The harf of nasb makes its ism nasb.
2. Can tolerate a long distance relationship.
however

certainly, for sure

so that, hopefully, maybe that

alas (express regret) as though, as if
because
Note:
The nasb form of the pronoun is and the nasb form of is . When attached
to a harf of nasb, these pronouns can be written fully, or the can be dropped.
or and and . For example:
Those who say, "Our Lord, indeed we have believed." (3:16)

Indeed, We sent it down during the Night of Decree. (97:1)

Indeed, I am your Lord (20:12)

Indeed, I am Allah. There is no deity except Me (20:14)
Determine if the following contains a harf of nasb fragment.

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

9. 10. 11. 12.

13. 14. 15. 16.

17. 18. 19. 20.

Harf of Jarr: Examples from the Quran

With the believers (with, because of, by, at, in, etc)

They said, By Allah!

Like eaten straw

And for you(pl).

(I swear) By the fleeting passage of time!

From amongst yourselves.

In just retribution there is life

They ask you regarding the spoils of war

And upon Allah the believers should place their trust.

Until the rise of dawn(1).

Until a time(2).

It (the Quran) guides towards what is right.

Harf of Nasb: Examples from the Quran

Certainly Allah is

That they are/ that certainly they are

As though there is a deafness in his ear (literally barrier)

That is because they said.

Woe is me! I only I didnt take so-and-so for a friend.

On the contrary, righteousness is

So that you may be grateful.


Pointing Words

Near
Masculine
or

Feminine

or

Far

Masculine

or

Feminine

or

Using pointers:
1. To make a fragment:
a. The pointer must be followed immediately by
b. 4 properties of the pointer ( ) and pointed at ()

must match
2. To make a sentence:
a. Pointer should not have after it

fragment this house

fragment in this worldly/lowest life

fragment this Quran

sentence Those are the boundaries of Allah.

sentence Those are the companions of the fire

sentence This is the she-camel of Allah
Determine if the following are sentences or fragments

1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9.

10. 11. 12.

13. 14. 15.

16. 17. 18.


Jumlah Ismiyyah

Finding the Invisible IS:
1) Independent pronouns are usually followed by IS

I am a Muslim.

2) Pointer word followed by other than .

This is a house
3) Harf of nasb and its ism is usually followed by IS

Indeed, Allah is

4) Proper followed by common

The books are small.

5) A break in the chain

The man is in the house.
Additional examples from the Quran:


Past Tense
Plural Pair Singular
They (2) helped.

Masculine 3rd
They helped. He helped.
person

They (2f) helped
Feminine 3rd
They(f) helped. She helped.

person

You (2) helped.
Masculine 2nd
You all helped. You helped.
person

You all(f) helped. You helped(f).

Feminine 2nd
You (2f) helped person

1st Person

We helped. I helped.

?What is the pronoun behind each past tense

1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

7. 8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.
16.

17. 18.

19. 20.

21.
22.
23. 24.

25.

26.
27. 28.


Attaching Pronouns to Fils

Recall that pronouns attached to fils are nasb because they are details.
To translate fils with attached pronouns. Eg:

1) Identify and ignore the attached pronoun: is the attached pronoun.
2) Translate the fil by itself: means he helped.

3) Translate the attached pronoun by itself: means me
4) Put it all together:

He helped me
Examples:

He helped He helped her

I helped
I helped him

She helped me

She helped

We taught We taught all of you(f)

Both of you taught Both of you taught both of them

All of you taught us
All of you taught

They said They said it
Circle the attached pronoun:

2.
4.

1. 3.

6.

5. 7. 8.

11.

9. 10. 12.

Translate based on the English clues

1. ( to destroy)
2. ( to come)

3. ( to become heavy)

4. ( to settle someone/something)

5.
( to forbid)

6. ( to put in error)

7. ( to follow)
8.

(to whisper evil suggestions)
9.

(to swear to someone)
10. ( to taste)

11. (to wrong)

12. ( to expel)

13. ( to do)

14. ( to command)

15. ( to make illegal/forbid)

16. ( to come)

17.

(to deny/to be arrogant)

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate pronouns.

1.
___________ created ___________.

2. __________ came to __________.

3.

_________ provided comforts for ____________.

4.

_________ made ____________.

5.

and ___________ came to ___________.

6.

Then __________ made ___________.
7.

__________ understood ____________.
8.
Then ___________ slaughtered _____________.

9.

___________ touched _____________.
10.

___________ gave _____________.
11. __________ wronged ____________.

12.
___________ seized _____________.
13. __________ rescued ____________.

14. _________ favored ______________.

15.

__________ expelled __________________.

16.

___________ taught ____________.

17.

______________ brought before _____________.

18.

_____________ raised ______________.


19. ____________ forced _____________.
20.
____________ hamstrung _____________.

21. ____________ warned _________________.

22. ___________ sent ___________ down.

23. _____________ obey _____________.

24. ____________ made ____________ immortal.

25. _____________ made ________________.

26. ____________ gave ______________.

27. ___________ gave _______________.

28.
____________ hated ________________.

29. ______________ killed ________________.
30.

__________ helped ____________.
31.

__________ accepted ____________.
32.

and ___________ caused __________ to grow.
33.
___________ purified ___________.

34.
__________ came to ____________.
35.

___________ lied against _____________.

Present Tense

Plural Pair Singular
They (2) help .

Masculine 3rd person
They help. He helps.

They (2f) help
They(f) help. Feminine 3rd person
She helps.

You (2) help. You help.
You all help. Masculine 2nd person

You (2f) help. You help(f).
You all(f) help. Feminine 2nd person

1st Person
We help. I help.

Present Tense Tips

Remember a present tense will start with a
.

Below are the present tense tips, along with two example words and translation.
he teaches he helps
= /

they(2,m) teach they(2,m) help )m(
= + /

they(pl, m) teach they(pl,m) help = + /

they(pl,f) teach they(pl,f) help

= + /

she teaches she helps or =
/

you(m, s) teach you(m, s) help

they(2,f) teach they(2,f) help or (f)
= +
/

you(2) teach you(2) help

you(pl, m) teach you(pl, m) help
= +
/

you(f, s) teach you(f, s) help = +
/

you(pl, f) teach you(pl, f) help
= +
/

= /

I teach I help
we teach we help = /


Translate based on the English clues
1. to remember

2. to wrong/do injustice

3.

to live and to die
4.

to lean
5.
to say
6. to take a reminder

7.
to fear
8. to want

9. to put together

10. to walk

11. to say

12. to know

13. to create

14.

to explain
15.

to wait
16. to teach

17.

to learn

Present tense and pronouns. Translate based on the English cues

1. to bring 2.

fight

3. to advise 4. to impress

5.
to take 6.
to want

7. ask 8. to criticize

9. converse with 10. to carry

11. to help 12.
to know

13.

to take 14. to afflict

15.

to hold 16. to seek

accountable permission from

to gather
to place in

17. 18.

19. to sadden
20.
obey

to teach reach

21. 22.

23.
to eat
24. to ask

25.
to inform 26. to harm
to give good news to warn
27.

28.
to warn to cause to

29. 30.
die
to inform
hurt

31. 32.

to harm to command

33. 34.
to love
to distort

35. 36.

to spend

argue

37. 38.

Inside Doer vs. Outside Doer

If the doer of the fil is a pronoun, then it is an inside doer. Eg: I wrote .

If the doer is NOT a pronoun, it is an outside doer. Muhammed wrote.

Rules for the Outside Doer:
The outside doer must be:

After the ( doesnt have to be directly after)

In status

The should be in the or form ONLY.

Examples:

A Muslim said. A Muslim woman said.

Two Muslims said. Two Muslim women said.

Muslims said. Muslims(f) said.

What is the doer (), if any, in the following sentences? The fil is highlighted.

1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

7. 8.
9.

10.

11. 12.

13.
15.

14.

16.

17.
18.

19. 21.

20.

22. 24.

23.

Making Present Tense Light
To make the present tense light:

1) The
and
versions do not change.

2) If the present tense ends in a then change the to a .

3) If the present tense ends in a then remove the .
Light Present Tense Chart

Light Present Tense Harf

The following harfs make the present tense light
Word Meaning/Notes

to
Used as a connector. Eg: I want to read.

will not

so that
This word has three forms:

in that case

until
Examples of light harf in the Quran

Indeed, Allah is not timid to present any
example

Indeed, Allah commands you to slaughter
a cow.

We will not associate anyone with our
Master.

So that we may exalt You much

So that he may be to the nations a
warner

Until the Messenger says

And do not marry polytheistic women
until they believe


Making Present Tense Lightest ()

To make the present tense lightest:

1) The

and
versions do not change.

2) If the present tense ends in a then change the to a .

3) If the present tense ends in a then remove the .
Lightest Present Tense Chart

Lightest Present Tense Harf

The following harfs make the present tense lightest
Word Meaning/Notes

if
Can be used with past and present tense.

did not.
Only used with present tense, pushes meaning to past tense

not yet.
If used with present tense it means not yet
If used with past tense it means when
should
Examples of lightest harf in the Quran

Indeed, if You leave them, (then)
they will mislead Your servants

All of you didnt find a scribe

Rather, they have not yet tasted My
punishment
Then (as a result) they should

respond to Me and they should
believe in Me that they may be
[rightly] guided.

)Determine if the present tense is Normal(N), Light(L) or Lightest(T

1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9.

10. 11. 12.

13. 14. 15.

16. 17.
18.

19.

20. 21.

22.
23. 24.

25. 26. 27.

28. 29. 30.

31.

32. 33.

36.

34. 35.

39.

37. 38.

40. 41. 42.

43. 44. 45.

46. 47. 48.

49. 50. 51.

52. 53. 54.

55. 56. 57.

Common Sense Observations about Commanding and Forbidding:

1) You cant command/forbid in the past tense.
2) You cant command yourself.
3) You cant command/forbid someone whos not there.
4) Its easier to forbid than to command.
5) A grammatical command isnt always really a command. It could be a
suggestion, motivation, permission, advice, request, imperative or sarcasm.
Forbidding
+ lightest present tense 2nd person.
Examples:
Dont go! (you sing. Masc)

1) 2nd person present tense.

2) Make it lightest.

3) Put in front: !
Additional examples:
English Command Normal Verb Lightest Verb Forbidding

Dont eat!(you f.)

Dont learn (all of you)

Dont write (all you fem)

Note: The difference between a statement and a command

Statement/Observation: You dont write books.

Dont (you sing masc) write books!
Forbidding:

Commanding
Creating a command:
1) Start with the lightest 2nd person.
2) Remove the first .
3) If the word can be read, leave it alone.
4) If the word cant be read, add a helper alif.
5) Harakaat for the helper alif:
a. If the second to last letter in the present tense has a then the
helper alif gets a .
b. Otherwise the helper alif gets a
Examples:
1) Go! (you masc).

Start with normal 2nd person present tense:

Make Remove Determine
first
Add helper
lightest alif harakah for alif
2) Help! (all of you fem)

Normal 2nd person present tense:

Add helper
lightest first
Make Remove Determine
alif harakah for alif

3) Learn! (you fem)

Normal 2nd person present tense:

lightest first ( no helper alif needed)
Make Remove


Label each as Commanding(C), Forbidding(F) or Observation(O). Then translate.

Can you retrace the commanding and forbidding to the original fil?

C Go!(you masc)
1.
2.

to go to taste

3. 4.
to congratulate mention

5. 6.
Obey waste

7.

8.
leave out prostrate

9. 10.
to call to ask

11. 12.
hold accountable Write

13.
14.
bring a witness say

15. 16.
to protect to stand

17. 18.
fight Know

19. 20.
to be afraid to send

21. 22.
to say to make firm

23. 24.
help to take

Cummulative Practice. Grammatically label the parts of these ayaat

Then let mankind look at his food 80:24

But when there comes the Deafening Blast 80:33

Verily this is the word of a noble messenger 81:19

And indeed, the wicked will be in Hellfire. 82:14

So give them tidings of a painful punishment, 84:24

Verily, it is a conclusive word, 86:13

Indeed, they are planning a plan, 86:15

But I am planning a plan. 86:16

Bayyinah Institute Fundamentals of Classical Arabic - Class Map
Ism Studies Fragments Fils
4 Properties of the Ism: 1. Idafah pg21 1. Fils are not verbs. Every fil
Mudhaf: ism before of contains an in-built doer.
1. Status Mudhaf Ilayh: ism after of
a. Forms pg2 2. 2 kinds:
No distance i. past tense
Raf(doer) MIL determines type of Mudhaf ii. present/future tense.
Nasb(detail) Three kinds:
Jarr(after of) i. Of translation 3. Past Tense Chart pg 33
b. How to Tell pg4 ii. Attached pronoun pg 18
Ending sounds 4. Present Tense Chart pg 39
iii. Special Mudhafs pg22 Pg 39 words are normal
Ending Combination
Pronouns are weird pg 18 Light Present Tense pg44
2. Mowsoof Sifah (Noun Adjective) pg26
o Raf: Independent pronouns and dont change
Mowsoof(noun):
o Nasb/Jarr: attached pronouns If ends in change to
o Only one
Nasb: attached to HoN or fil. Else, remove last

o Always first

Jarr: attached to HoJ or ism.
c. Light vs. Heavy pg7
o never a pronoun, pointer
word, or ism mowsool Lightest Present Tense p46
Heavy: Default, page 6 Sifah(adj): and dont change
Light: Remove extra n sound. o 4 properties match mowsoof If ends in change to .
Only 4 reasons for light. o Can be more than one Else, remove last

d. Flexibility pg9 o Long distance ok.
Fully Flexible (page 6) o never a proper name,
Non Flexible: Only 1 form can only tell R, pronoun, or pointer word Forbidding: pg49
N or J by context. + lightest 2nd person.
Partly Flexible: No Kasrah, always light. 3. Harf of Jarr pg 27 Commanding pg49
Location names , non-Arab names. HoJ makes ism after it jarr Start with lightest 2nd
2. Number pg11 No distance. person
a. Singular/Pair/Plural 17 HoJ, 11 in Quran Remove first
Masculine/Fem page 6
Add helper alif if
Brkn Plural pg 6 needed.
b. Brkn Plurals 4. Harf of Nasb pg 28 5. Attaching Pronouns to Fils p35
NHBP treated as she grammatically HoN makes its ism nasb. Pronouns attached to fils
HBP treated as she or reality. Distance ok. are nasb because they are

c. Note: All non human plurals are treated as details.
a she. Page 6 masc pair and plural Steps to translate:
include fem also. Fem pair and plural fem 5. Ism Isharah pg30 Identify and ignore
only.
Either a sentence or a fragment: attached pronoun
3. Gender pg12-13 o Sentence: no after pointer. Translate the fil
a. Feminine o Fragment: Translate attached
Real fem (biological) right after pointer. pronoun
Fake Fem 4 properties of pointer Put it all together
o Words ending in match 4 properties of
6. Inside vs. Outside Doer pg43
o Body parts in pairs pointed-at (musharun ilyahi)
Inside doer: doer is a
o Broken plurals
pronoun.
o Arabs said so pg12
Finding the Invisible IS pg32 Outside doer: doer is not a
4. Type pg15 pronoun.
a. Proper. Seven reasons for proper: 1. Independent pronouns usually Outside doer rules:
1. Words with followed by IS o Fil is in or
2. proper names 2. Pointer word followed by other than form only.
3. the one being called o Doer is after fil and
4. pronouns 3. HoN and its ism raf. 53
Bayyinah 10 Day Arabic Intensive www.bayyinah.com/10Day Page
5. pointing words 4. Proper followed by common o Doer does not have
6. words 5. Break in the chain to be right after the
7. The mudahf if the MIL is proper. fil.

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Bayyinah Institute 10 Day Arabic Intensive

Three Kinds of Words in Arabic

There are three kinds of words in Arabic:

1) Ism: The name of a person, place, thing, idea, adjective,

2) Fil: A word that has a tense (past, present or future)

3) Harf : A word that makes no sense unless another word

Write the alternative definitions for these words below:

Bayyinah 10 Day Arabic Intensive www.bayyinah.com/10Day Page 1

Every ism has four properties.

Write the four properties of the ism here

Three Forms of Status

(SUBJECT) Doer of the act: / Raf (R)

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Three forms of status. Place an R, N or J over the highlighted words.

1) My teacher drinks chocolate milk regularly.

2) He doesnt like vegetables or fruits.

3) He buys his chocolate milk happily.

4) He knows his children like it, but he doesnt share.

5) My teacher also likes yummy shawarmas.

6) His students also like shawarmas.

7) He buys shawarmas for his class sometimes.

8) My teacher loses his phone often.

9) My teacher patiently explains hard concepts.

10) May Allah(swt) forgive my teachers.

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How To Tell Status

( aa) or ( aani) ending for pair

(aatu) or ( aatun) ending for plural feminine

( ay) or ( ayni) ending for pair

( aati) or ( aatin) ending for plural feminine

( ay) or ( ayni) ending for pair

(aati) or (aatin) ending for plural feminine

Bayyinah 10 Day Arabic Intensive www.bayyinah.com/10Day Page 4

Word Status Sound/Combo? Word Status Sound/Combo?

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Forms How to Tell Light v. Heavy Flexibility

MASCULINE Plural Dual Singular

Light vs. Heavy

Removing the double accent (tanween) OR

Remove the extra at the end of the ism.

The Muslim chart in light form:

Identify whether the following words are light(L) or heavy(H)

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o The singular and the plural pointing words

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Partly Flexible: A Closer Look

Non Arab Proper names:

Are the following words Fully(F), Partly(P), or Non Flexible(N)?

Bayyinah 10 Day Arabic Intensive www.bayyinah.com/10Day Page 10

Word Meaning Treatment? Word Meaning Treatment?

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FEMININE BECAUSE THE ARABS SAID SO

During a , a soldier was daydreaming looking up at the

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Tell the Status, Number and Gender of the following words:

Word Status/Number/Gender Word Status/Number/Gender

11. wronged __.

13. rescued __.