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t14ACharactersAndStringVariables Pps

This document provides an overview of strings and characters in C, including: 1) Characters are the basic building blocks of programs and character constants are represented with single quotes. Strings are series of characters treated as a single unit. 2) Strings are arrays of characters that end with a null character '\0'. String literals are written with double quotes. 3) Functions like scanf can be used to input strings, remembering to allocate enough space for the null terminator. 4) Pointer variables can point to strings. String constants act like character pointers that cannot be changed.

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37 views8 pages

t14ACharactersAndStringVariables Pps

This document provides an overview of strings and characters in C, including: 1) Characters are the basic building blocks of programs and character constants are represented with single quotes. Strings are series of characters treated as a single unit. 2) Strings are arrays of characters that end with a null character '\0'. String literals are written with double quotes. 3) Functions like scanf can be used to input strings, remembering to allocate enough space for the null terminator. 4) Pointer variables can point to strings. String constants act like character pointers that cannot be changed.

Uploaded by

Mohammed Jeelan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Department of Computer and Information Science,

School of Science, IUPUI

CSCI 230

Characters and Strings


Literals and Variables
Dale Roberts, Lecturer
Computer Science, IUPUI
E-mail: droberts@cs.iupui.edu

Dale Roberts
Fundamentals of Strings and Characters
Characters
Building blocks of programs
Every program is a sequence of meaningfully grouped characters
Character constant
An int value represented as a character in single quotes
'z' represents the integer value of z
Strings
Series of characters treated as a single unit
Can include letters, digits and special characters ( *, /, $)
String literal (string constant) - written in double quotes
"Hello"
Strings are arrays of characters
String a pointer to first character
Value of string is the address of first character

Dale Roberts
Fundamentals of Strings and Characters
String declarations
Declare as a character array or a variable of type char *
char color[] = "blue";
char *colorPtr = "blue";
Remember that strings represented as character arrays
end with '\0'
color has 5 elements
Inputting strings
Use scanf
scanf("%s", word);
Copies input into word[]
Do not need & (because a string is a pointer)
Remember to leave room in the array for '\0'

Dale Roberts
Character Pointers
String constant acts like a character pointer
char *pc = ABCDE; /* declare a character pointer variable */

Variable Address Value 800 731 731 A


constant 731 A 732 B
constant 732 B 733 C
constant 733 C
constant 734 D 734 D
constant 735 E 735 E
constant 736 \0
736 \0
pc 800 731

char s1[] = abc;


Variable Address Value
s1[0] 900 a
s1[1] 901 b
s1[2] 902 c
s1[3] 903 \0

Dale Roberts
Character Pointers
CONSTANT MEMORY
Example: s2
AREA (READ ONLY)

800 1100
100 100 a
char s1[] = abc;
char *s2 = abc; s1[] 101 b
1000 a
f() 102 c
{ 1001 b 103 \0
s1[1] = y; /* OK */ 1002 c
s2[1] = y; /* wrong (PC is OK)*/ 104 t
1003 \0
s1 = test; /* wrong */
105 e
s2 = test; /* OK */
} 106 s
Example: 107 t
char s3[] = abcdef;
108 \0

f1() s s3[] 2000 a


{ 1100
2000 2000 a s3[0]=A 2001
char *s = s3; 2001 b
b 2002
*s = A; /* s3[0]=A */ c
2002 c
s = test; 2003 d
2003 d
printf(%s\n%s\n,s,s2); 2004
2004 e
} e

Dale Roberts ...


Pointer Arrays
Syntax:
int *pi[3];
/* pi[0], pi[1], pi[2] */
float *pf[3];
/* pf[0], pf[1], pf[2] */

Example 1: Example 2:
int i=1, j=2, k=3; char *pc[3]={ABC, DEF, GH};
int *pi[3] = {&i, &j, &k};
Variable Address Value
constant 90 A
Variable Address Value constant 91 B
constant 92 C
i 80 1 constant 93 \0
constant Const 94 D
j 82 2 constant 95 E
constant can not 96 F
k 84 3 constant be 97 \0
constant changed 98 G
pi[0] 100 80 constant 99 H
Constant 100 \0
pi[1] 101 82 pc[0] 200 90
pc[1] 202 94
pi[2] 102 84 pc[2] 204 98

Dale Roberts
Command-Line Arguments
argc and argv
In environments those support C, there is a way to pass command-
line arguments or parameters to a program when it begin executing.
When main is called to begin execution, it is called with two
arguments argc and argv
argc : The first (conventionally called argc) is the number of command-
line arguments the program was invoked with
argv : The second (conventionally called argv) is a pointer to an array
of character strings that contain the arguments, one per string.
Example:
if echo is a program and executed on phoenix prompt, such as
10 <phoenix:/home/droberts> echo hello world
argv pointer array
e c h o \0
argc h e l l o \0
3
null w o r l d \0

Dale Roberts
Command-Line Arguments
Example: print out the arguments. ex: hello world
main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
int i;
for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
printf(%s%c, argv[i], (i < argc-1) ? : \n);
}

main (int argc, char *argv[])


{
while (--argc > 0)
printf(%s%c, *++argv, (argc > 1) ? : \n);
}

main (int argc, char *argv[])


{
while (--argc > 0)
printf((argc > 1) ? %s ; %s\n, *++argv);
}

Dale Roberts

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