Unit I – ALGORITHM & I/O Statements

Dr. B D V Chandra Mohan Rao

Prof. of Civil Engg.
VNRVJIET
Symbols used in Flowchart
Structure of C Program
Compiling & Running C Program
Files in C Program
Compilation & Execution Process
Compilation & Execution Process

• Source code is the file containing the C source

program. This program is input to a compiler.
• The compiler is a system software that
translates the source program to object code.
• The object code contains a equivalent set of
machine instructions corresponding to the
source program, which is understood by the
computer.
Compilation & Execution Process

• A given C program may make use of several library

functions.
• The object code of the source program is to be linked
to the object codes of the library functions.
• The Linker is a system software that links together all
the object codes to generate the final executable code.
• This executable code is submitted to the operating
system for the execution of the source program.
Compilation & Execution Process
C Character Set
White Space Characters in C
C TOKENS
 Keywords in c
• Every C word is a classified as either a
“Keyword” or “Identifiers”

• Keywords serve as basic building blocks for

program statements.

• All keywords must be written in lower case.

Keywords in c
Constants in c
 Integer Constants (DECIMAL)

• Constants in C refer to fixed values that do not

change during the execution of a program.
• There are 3 types of integers, namely, decimal
integers, octal integers, hexadecimal integers.
• Decimal integers consists of set of digits, 0 to 9,
preceded by an optional – or + sign. Decimal
constants are represented in base 10.
 Integer Constants (DECIMAL)

• Valid Ex : 123 -123 0 +123

• Invalid Ex : 123 45 12,345 $12345
• The largest integer value that can be stored is
32767 (2^15 -1 on a 16 bit machine)
• Large integer constants can be stored by
appending qualifiers such as U, L, UL
• Ex: 123456U // unsigned integer
• Ex : 123456ul // unsigned long integer
• Ex : 123456L // long integer
 Integer Constants (OCTAL)
• Octal integer constants consists of any
combination of digits from the set 0 through 7.
• Octal constants are represented in base 8 and start
with a '0' (zero) as prefix.
• Ex : 0123 // This represents 83 in decimal.
 Integer Constants (Hexa decimal)

• Hexadecimal constants are represented in base 16

and start with '0x' or '0X' prefix, followed by
hexadecimal digits (0-9, A-F or a-f).
• The letters A through F represent the numbers 10
through 15.
• Ex : 0x1A; // This represents 26 in decimal
• Ex : 0x9F 0XABC 0xabc 0x
 real Constants
• Used to represent the quantities such as Distance, Height,
Temperature, Price etc.
• These are also called as Floating point numbers.
• Ex : 0.0012 -0.123 123.45 +123.0
• Ex : 123. .123 -.123 +.123
• A real number is also expressed in Exponential / Scientific
form.
• Ex : 123.45 is expressed as 1.2345e2 (e2 = x10^2)
• The letter e separating the mantissa and the exponent can be
in lower or upper case.
• Ex : 0.12e2 12e-2 1.23e+3 1.23E3 -1.23E-1
Few more examples
 Character Constants
• It contains a single character enclosed within a
pair of single quotes.
• Ex : ‘1’ ‘X’ ‘;’ ‘’
• Ex : printf (“%d”, ‘a’);
• Output = 97 (ASCII value of a)
• Ex : printf (“%c”, 97);
• Output = a
• As each character represents an integer value, it is
possible to perform arithmetic operations on
character constants.
Backslash Character Constants
 ASCII VALUES
ASCII : American Standard Code for Information
Interchange
NUL = 0
0 = 48
9 = 57
A = 65
Z = 90
a = 97
z = 122
DEL = 127
 String Constants
• It is a sequence of characters enclosed in double
quotes.
• The characters may be Letters, Numbers, Special
characters, Blank space.
• Ex : “Hello!” “123” “Well done” “1+2”
• Character constant ‘x’ is not equivalent to String
constant “x”
• Character constant has an equivalent ASCII
integer value, while single character String
constant does not have an equivalent integer
value.
Few more Examples - Constants
Type of Constants Data type Example of Data type

Integer constants
int
unsigned int 2000u, 5000U, etc.
23, 738, -1278, etc.
long int, long long int 325,647 1,245,473,940

Floating-point or Real
constants float 20.987654
doule
500.987654321

Octal constant int Example: 013 /*starts

with 0 */

Hexadecimal constant int Example: 0x90 /*starts

with 0x*/

character constants char Example: ‘X’, ‘Y’, ‘Z’

string constants char Example: “PQRS”, “ABCD”

 Variables (IDENTIFIERS)
• A variable is a data name that may be used to
store a data value.
• Unlike constants that remain unchanged during
the execution of a program, a variable may take
different values at different times during
execution.
• A variable name can be chosen by the
programmer in a meaningful way.
• Consists of Letters, Digits, Underscore
• Ex : sum diff prod rem avg hft temp
 VARIABLES (IDENTIFIERS)
• Identifiers refer to the names of Variables, Functions and
Arrays.
• These are user defined names and consists of sequence
of Letters and Digits, with letter as first character.
• Both Uppercase and Lowercase letters are permitted.
• The underscore character is also permitted. It is used as
a link between two words in long identifiers.
RULES FOR VARIABLES (IDENTIFIERS)
• First character must be an Alphabet.
• Consists of only Letters, Digits or
Underscore (No other special characters)
• Only first 31 characters are significant.
• Cannot use a Keyword.
• Should not contain white space.
• C is a case sensitive language.
FEW MORE EXAMPLES - vARIABLES