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Computer Science E-7 Exposing Digital Photography: Lecture 10: Digital Cameras (Cont.) November 16, 2009 Danallan@mit - Edu

This document is a lecture on digital cameras that discusses focal length and perspective, sensor and pixel sizes, depth of field, ISO performance, and an overview of sensor types including CCD, CMOS, pixel size, microlenses, color filter arrays, Bayer filters, and Foveon sensors. It also covers low-pass filters, dynamic range, analog to digital conversion, tonal curves, RAW vs JPEG, and the concept of "exposing to the right".

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86 views27 pages

Computer Science E-7 Exposing Digital Photography: Lecture 10: Digital Cameras (Cont.) November 16, 2009 Danallan@mit - Edu

This document is a lecture on digital cameras that discusses focal length and perspective, sensor and pixel sizes, depth of field, ISO performance, and an overview of sensor types including CCD, CMOS, pixel size, microlenses, color filter arrays, Bayer filters, and Foveon sensors. It also covers low-pass filters, dynamic range, analog to digital conversion, tonal curves, RAW vs JPEG, and the concept of "exposing to the right".

Uploaded by

nelsonmugabe89
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Science E-7

Exposing Digital Photography

Lecture 10: Digital Cameras (cont.)


November 16, 2009

danallan@mit.edu

1
Image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_factor

Review Focal Length and Perspective


2
5mm 16mm

7mm

24mm

1/2.5 APS-C (SLR-sized)


6 MP 6 MP

Review Sensor & Pixel Sizes


3
Image from http://www.clarkvision.com/photoinfo/dof_myth/

Review Depth of Field


4
100 200 400 800

Review Full capacity of pixels at ISOs


5
Passive Pixel Sensors Active Pixel Sensors

CCD CMOS

JFET LBCAST

Digital Cameras Sensors


6
Sensors Pixel Size
7
(Light)

Image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_pixel_sensor

Sensors Pixels
8
Image from Eastman Kodak, from http://www.luminous-landscape.com/essays/kodak-iss.shtml

Sensors Microlens
9
Image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_filter

Sensors Color Filter Arrays


10
Image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_filter

Color Filter Arrays Bayer Filter


11
Images from http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/sensors.htm

Color Filter Arrays Demosaicing


12
Image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor

Sensors Foveon X3
13
Images from http://www.ddisoftware.com/sd14-5d/

Sensors Foveon X3
14
Foveon Bayer Bayer+LP (AA)

Images from http://www.ddisoftware.com/reviews/sd9-v-bayer/

Sensors Low-Pass (Anti-Aliasing) Filter


15
Images from http://www.dpreview.com/news/0301/03012202fujisuperccdsr.asp

Sensors Fujifilm SuperCCD SR


16
309s, ISO 100 Photo by Dan Armendariz, 2009

Digital Cameras Histograms


17
Images from http://www.dpreview.com/learn/?/Glossary/Digital_Imaging/dynamic_range_01.htm

Digital Cameras Dynamic Range


18
Images from http://www.dpreview.com/learn/?/Glossary/Digital_Imaging/dynamic_range_01.htm

Digital Cameras Dynamic Range


19
Bit 0 or 1

Byte 8 bits

Bits and Bytes Refresher


20
Analog Sensor 8-bit Sampling Digital Output

1.00 V 255
0.55 V 140 10001100
0.00 V 0

Digital Cameras Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)


21
Analog Sensor 12-bit Sampling Digital Output

1.00 V 4095
0.55 V 2252 100011001100

0.00 V 0

Digital Cameras Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)


22
... 512 1024 2048 4095
... 1 stop 1 stop 1 stop

Digital Cameras Sensor Linearity


23
Images from http://www.covingtoninnovations.com/dslr/Curves.html

Digital Cameras Tonal Curve


24
RAW JPEG
Bit depth 10-, 12-, 14-bit 8-bit
Tonal Curve Not applied Applied
White Balance Not set Set
Compression Lossless Lossy
Portability Nonstandard Standard
Post-Processing Required Optional

Digital Cameras RAW vs JPEG!


25
Image from http://www.guillermoluijk.com/tutorial/dcraw/index_en.htm

Digital Cameras Expose to the Right


26
Computer Science E-7
Exposing Digital Photography

Lecture 10: Digital Cameras (cont.)


November 16, 2009

danallan@mit.edu

27

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