UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

THERMOFLUID LABORATORY
(CGE536)
___________________________________________________________________________

NAME : Mohd Amirul Amin b Mansor (2015230222)

Nur Shafieqa bt Azinan (2015284336)
Mohd Nor Affendy bin Abu Bakar (2015230192)
Laila Syahmina binti Mohamad Dahlan (2015218456)
EXPERIMENT : Refrigeration Unit
SEMESTER :3
PROGRAMME/COD : Bachelor Of Engineering (Hons.) Oil And Gas / EH243
E
GROUP : EH243 3B

No. Title Allocated Marks (%) Marks

1 Abstract/Summary 5
2 Introduction 5
3 Aims 5
4 Theory 5
5 Apparatus 5
6 Methodology/Procedure 10
7 Results 10
8 Calculations 10
9 Discussion 20
10 Conclusion 10
11 Recommendations 5
12 Reference 5
13 Appendix 5
TOTAL MARKS 100

Remarks:

Checked by:

1
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page
1.0 Abstract 3

2.0 Introduction 4

3.0 Objectives 5

4.0 Theory 6-7

5.0 Apparatus 8

6.0 Experimental procedure 9-11

7.0 Result 12-15

8.0 Calculation 16-27

9.0 Discussion 28-29

10. Conclusion 30
0

11.0 Recommendation 31

12. References 32
0

13. Appendices 33-34

0

2
 ABSTRACT

The experiment is conducted using Mechanical Heat Pump & Thermodynamic

Refrigerant Unit. The first experiment is to determine the power input, heat output and
coefficient of performance of a vapor compression heat pump system. First step, the general
start-up procedure was performed. The cooling water was inserted to 40% for 15 minutes.
The second experiment is run to produce the performance of heat pump over a range of
source and delivery temperatures. The cooling water flow rates were set to 80% for 15
minutes then the experiment was repeated with reducing water flowrate so that the cooling
water outlet temperature increases by about 3 C and the steps was repeated until the
compressor delivery pressure reaches around 14 bars. The graphs are obtained from the
plotting of coefficient of performance and heat delivered versus temperature of water
delivered whereas the graph of compressor power input versus temperature of water
delivered. As for third experiment is to plot the vapor compression cycle on the p-h diagram
and compare with the ideal cycle and to perform energy balances for the condenser and
compressor. Next , the fourth experiment is to plot the performance of heat pump over a
range of evaporating and condensation temperatures which are the saturation temperature at
condensing pressure. The general start-up was performed. The cooling water flow rate was
adjusted to 80 % for 15 minutes. The experiment was repeated with reducing water flow rate.
Lastly , the experiment is run to determine the compresson ratio and volumetriv efficiency.
The general start-up procedures was performed then the cooling water flow rate to 40 % was
adjusted for 15 minutes. The procedure for the experiments is likely the same.

3
 INTRODUCTION

This experiment showns that the refrigerators and heat pumps both apply the vapour
compression cycle. The heat pump is a mechanism that absorbs heat from waste source or
surrounding to produce valuable heat on a higher temperature level than that of the heat
source while the mechanism for the refrigerators is obeys the law of thermodynamics. Both
refrigerators and heat pumps operate in the same way using a reversed heat engine cycle, but are
labeled separately according to their purpose. Devices that are used to maintain a temperature
below ambient are known as refrigerators while devices that are used to supply heat at a higher
temperature than ambient are known as heat pumps. In general, the heat transfer is always
transferred from high temperature to low temperature. This heat transfer process occurs by
itself without any devices. The reverse process which is the heat transfer from low to high
medium requires special devices called refrigerators. Refrigerant is the working fluid used in
the refrigeration cycle. The heat pump and refrigerators has 4 main components that are
compressor,condenser,evaporates and throtting device.

The Mechanical Heat Pump is capable of demonstrating the heat pump application
where a large freely available energy source. The fundamental idea of all heat pumps is that
heat is absorbed by a medium, which releases the heat at a required temperature which is
higher after a physical or chemical transformation.

4
 OBJECTIVES

Experiment 1: DETERMINATION OF POWER INPUT, HEAT OUTPUT AND

COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE.

To determine the power input, heat output and coefficient of performance of a vapour
compression heat pump system.

Experiment 2: PRODUCTION OF HEAT PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVES OVER A

RANGE OF SOURCE AND DELIVERY TEMPERATURE.

To produce the performance of heat pump over a range of source and delivery
temperatures.

Experiment 3: PRODUCTION OF VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE ON p-h DIAGRAM

AND ENERGY BALANCE STUDY.

To plot the vapour compression cycle on the p-h diagram and compare with the ideal
cycle.
To perform energy balances for the condenser and compressor.

Experiment 4: PRODUCTION OG HEAT PUMP PERFORMNCE CURVES OVER A

RANGE OF EVAPORATING AND CONDENSATION TEMPERATURES.

To plot the performance of heat pump over a range of evaporating and condensation
temperatures which are the saturation temperature at condensing pressure.

Experiment 5: ESTIMATION OF THE EFFECT OF COMPRESSOR PRESSURE RATIO

ON VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY.

To determine the compression ratio and volumetric efficiency.

5
 THEORY

Thermodynamic heat pump cycles or refrigeration cycles are the conceptual and
mathematical models for heat pumps and refrigerators. The vapor-compression uses a
circulating liquid refrigerant as the medium which absorbs and removes heat from the space
to be cooled and subsequently rejects that heat elsewhere.

All such systems have four components: a compressor, a condenser, a thermal

expansion valve (also called a throttle valve or metering device), and an evaporator.
Circulating refrigerant enters the compressor in the thermodynamic state known as
a saturated vapor and is compressed to a higher pressure, resulting in a higher temperature as
well. The hot, compressed vapor is then in the thermodynamic state known as a superheated
vapor and it is at a temperature and pressure at which it can be condensed with either cooling
water or cooling air flowing across the coil or tubes.

This is where the circulating refrigerant rejects heat from the system and the rejected
heat is carried away by either the water or the air (whichever may be the case). To complete
the refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant vapor from the evaporator is again a saturated vapor
and is routed back into the compressor.

A heat pump is a device that provides heat energy from a source of heat to a
destination called a "heat sink". Heat pumps are designed to move thermal energy opposite to
the direction of spontaneous heat flow by absorbing heat from a cold space and releasing it to
a warmer one. A heat pump uses some amount of external power to accomplish the work of
transferring energy from the heat source to the heat sink.

The performance of refrigerators and heat pumps is expressed in terms of coefficient

of performance (COP), defined as :
heat absorbed at the lower temperature Q
COPR = = E
compressor net work W

heat rejected at the higher temperature Q

COPH = = C
compressor net work W

6
 The formula to convert cooling water and refrigerant flow rate to LPM.

Cooling water flow rate ( )

Cooling water flow rate (LPM) = x 5 LPM
100

Refrigerant flow rate( )

Refrigerant flow rate (LPM) = x 1.26 LPM
100

The formula to calculate the compressor pressure ratio and volumetric efficiency:

suction pressure of refrigerent

Compressor pressure ratio=
discharge pressure of refrigerent

refrigerent flow rate ( )

Refrigerent flow rate , LPM= x 1.26 LPM
100

Actual volumetric flow rate

Volumetric efficiency
Theroretical volume of compressor

7
 APPARATUS

SOLTEQ Refrigeration Unit

Figure 1: Unit construction for Mechanical Heat Pump (Model: HE 165)

1. Pressure switch
2. Receiver tank
3. Compressor
4. Condenser
5. Pressure transmitter
6. Control panel
7. Evaporator
8. Refrigerant flow meter
9. Water flow meter

8
 PROCEDURE

General Start-up procedures

1 The unit and all instruments were checked for being in proper condition.
2 Both water source and drain were checked to be connected then the water
supply was opened and the cooling water flow rate was set at 40.0 LPM.
3 The drain hose at the condensate collector that connected was checked.
4 The power supply was connected. Then, the main power was switched on
follows by main switch at the control panel.
5 The refrigerant compressor was switched on. For this experiment, when the
temperature and pressure were constant, the unit was totally ready to start.

Experiment 1: Determination of power input, heat output and coefficient of

performance.

1 The general start-up procedures were performed.

2 The cooling water flow rate was adjusted to 40%.
3 The system was allowed to run for 15 minutes.
4 The reading of cooling water flow rate (FT1), cooling water inlet temperature
(TT5), cooling water outlet temperature (TT6) and compressor power input
were recorded into the experimental data sheet.

Experiment 2: Production of heat pump performance curves over a range of source and
delivery temperatures.

1 The general start-up procedures were performed.

2 The cooling water flow rate was adjusted to 60%.
3 The system was allowed to run for 15 minutes.

9
 4 The reading of cooling water flow rate (FT1), cooling water inlet temperature
(TT5), cooling water outlet temperature (TT6) and compressor power input
were recorded into the experimental data sheet.
5 The experiment was repeated from step 1 to 4 with reducing water flow rate
from 70% to 40% so that the cooling water outlet temperature increases by
about 3C.
6 The similar steps are repeated until the compressor delivery pressure reached
around 14.0 bars.
7 The performance curves for Heat Pump (coefficient of performance. Heat
delivered, compressor power input) versus temperature of water delivered is
plotted.

Experiment 3 : Production of vapor compression cycle on p-h diagram and energy

balance study.

1. The general start-up procedures performed.

2. The cooling water flow rate adjusted to 40% and the system allowed to run for
15 minutes.
3. All the necessary readings were recorded into the experimental data sheet.

Experiment 4 : Production of heat pump performance curves over a range of

evaporating and condensation temperatures.

1. The general start- up procedures was performed.

2. The cooling water flow rates was adjusted to 80%.

3. The system was allowed to run for 15 minutes.

10
 4. All necessary readings was recorded into the experimental data sheets.

5. The experiment was repeated with reducing water flowrate so that the
compressor delivery pressure increase by about 0.6 bars. The evaporating
temperature (TT4) was maintained by covering part of the evaporator for the
purpose of lowering the evaporating load.

6. The similar steps was repeated with water flow rate bot less than 20%. The
compressor delivery pressure was make sure does not exceed 14.0 bars.

7. The experiment may be repeated another constant evaporating temperature

(TT4).

Experiment 5: Estimation of the effect of compressor pressure ratio on volumetric

efficiency.
1 Perform the general start-up procedures were performed.
2 Adjust the cooling water flow rate to 40%.
3 Allow the system to run for 15 minutes.
4 The refrigerant flow rate (FT2), refrigerant pressure [low] (P1), refrigerant
pressure [high] (P2) and refrigerant temperature (TT1) were recorded into the
experimental data sheet.
5 The experiment may be repeated at different compressor delivery pressure.
6 Lastly, compressor pressure ratio and volumetric efficiency were calculated.

General Shut-down Procedures

1 The compressor was switched off, follows by main switch and power supply.
2 The water supplies were closed and that water was ensured not left running.

RESULT

Experiment 1: Determination of power input, heat output and coefficient of

performance

11
 Cooling Water Flow Rate, FT1 % 40

Cooling Water Inlet Temperature, TT5 C 30.4

Cooling Water Outlet Temperature, TT6 C 31.5

Compressor Power Input W 159.0

Experiment 2: Production of heat pump performance curves over a range of source and
delivery temperatures

Test 1 2 3

Cooling Water Flow Rate, FT1 % 79.0 13.5 76.2

Cooling Water Inlet Temperature, TT5 C 30.0 31.0 31.0

Cooling Water Outlet Temperature, TT6 C 31.4 34.4 32.0

Compressor Power Input W 159 161 160

12
 COP vs Temperature of water delivered
COP vs Temperature of water delivered

2.5

COP 1.5

0.5

0
29.8 30 30.2 30.4 30.6 30.8 31 31.2

Temperature of water delivered

Heat delivered vs Temperature of water delivered

Heat delivered vs Temperature of water delivered

0.5

0.4

0.3
Heat Delivered
0.2

0.1

0
29.8 30 30.2 30.4 30.6 30.8 31 31.2

Temperature of water delivered

Power input vs Temperature of water delivered

Power input vs Temperature of water delivered

161.5
161
160.5
160
power input 159.5
159
158.5
158
29.8 30 30.2 30.4 30.6 30.8 31 31.2

Temperature of water delivered

13
Experiment 3: Production of vapour compression cycle on p-h diagram and energy
balance study

Refrigerant Flow Rate, FT2 % 61.0

Refrigerant Pressure (Low), P1 Bar(abs) 1.9
Refrigerant Pressure (High), P2 Bar(abs) 6.9
Refrigerant Temperature, TT1 C 22.4
Refrigerant Temperature, TT2 C 66.1
Refrigerant Temperature, TT3 C 30.5
Refrigerant Temperature, TT4 C 23.2
Cooling Water Flow Rate, FT1 % 40.0
Cooling Water Inlet Temperature, TT5 C 30.4
Cooling Water Inlet Temperature, TT6 C 31.7
Compressor Power Input W 160

14
 Experiment 4: Production of heat pump performance curves over a range of
evaporating and condensation temperatures

Test 1 2 3

Refrigerant Flow Rate, FT2 % 61.0 61.2 61.0

Refrigerant Pressure (Low), Bar(abs) 1.0 2.0 2.0

P1

Refrigerant Pressure (High), Bar(abs) 6.9 7.0 7.0

P2

Refrigerant Temperature, C 22.4 28.7 28.4

TT1

Refrigerant Temperature, C 73.7 79.4 79.3

TT2

Refrigerant Temperature, C 30.3 30.9 31.8

TT3

Refrigerant Temperature, C 23.2 24.2 24.2

TT4

Compressor Power Input W 160 160 159

Experiment 5: Estimation of the effect of compressor pressure ratio on volumetric

efficiency

Refrigerant Flow % 61.0

Rate, FT2

Refrigerant Bar(abs) 1.9

Pressure (Low), P1

Refrigerant Bar(abs) 7.0

Pressure (High),
P2

Refrigerant C 22.5
Temperature, TT1

15
 CALCULATION

Experiment 1

To determine the power input, heat output and coefficient of performance of a vapour
compression heat pump system

Power input:

1kW
P =159W
1000 W

P =0.159 kW

Heat output, Qout :

kg
=1000
m3

40
Cooling water flow rate (LPM) = 5 LPM
100

= 2 LPM

m3 1 m3 1 Min
Cooling water flow rate ( =2 LPM
s 1000 L 60 s

m3
3.333 105
s
3
5 m kg
Cooling water mass flow rate 3.333 10 1000 3
s m

kg
0.0333
s

Using interpolation of saturated water temperature table to find the Enthalpy,H for output and
input at 31.5 and 30.4 respectively

Enthalpy input, H

T(C) H(kJ/kg)
30 125.74
30.4 127.41
35 146.64

Enthalpy output, H out

16
 T(C) H(kJ/kg)
30 125.74
31.5 132.01
35 146.64

E =Eout H =Qout + H out Qout = ( H H out )

kg kJ kJ kJ
(
Qout = 0.0333
s)(
127.41 132.01
kg kg ) Qout =0.153
s
(negative show that heat

was released)

Coefficient of Performance:

Q out 0.153 kW
COP= COP= COP=0.96
P 0.159 kW

Experiment 2

For FT1 79%

Power input:

1kW
P =159W
1000 W

P =0.159 kW

Heat output, Qout :

kg
=1000 3
m

79
Cooling water flow rate (LPM) = 5 LPM
100

= 3.95 LPM

m3 1 m3 1 Min
Cooling water flow rate ( =3.95 LPM
s 1000 L 60 s

m35
6.5833 10
s

5 m3 kg
Cooling water mass flow rate 6.583 10 1000 3
s m

17
 kg
0.0658
s

Using interpolation of saturated water, temperature table to find the Enthalpy,H for output at
31.4 respectively

Enthalpy input, H from saturated water, temperature table

kJ
H =125.74
kg

Enthalpy output, H out

T(C) H(kJ/kg)
30 125.74
31.4 131.60
35 146.64

E =Eout H =Qout + H out Qout = ( H H out )

kg kJ kJ kJ
(
Qout = 0.0658
s )(
125.74 131.60
kg kg ) Qout =0.386
s
(negative show that heat

was released)

Coefficient of Performance:

Q out 0.386 kW
COP= COP= COP=2.428
P 0.159 kW

For FT1 13.5%

Power input:

1 kW
P =161W
1000 W

P =0.161 kW

Heat output, Qout :

kg
=1000 3
m

13.5
Cooling water flow rate (LPM) = 5 LPM
100

18
 = 0.675 LPM

m3 1m3 1 Min
Cooling water flow rate ( =0.675 LPM
s 1000 L 60 s

m3
1.13 105
s

5 m3 kg
Cooling water mass flow rate 0.011310 1000 3
s m

kg
0.0113
s

Using interpolation of saturated water temperature table to find the Enthalpy,H for output and
input at 34.4 and 31 respectively

Enthalpy input, H

T(C) H(kJ/kg)
30 125.74
31 129.92
35 146.64

Enthalpy output, H out

T(C) H(kJ/kg)
30 125.74
34.4 144.13
35 146.64

E =Eout H =Qout + H out Qout = ( H H out )

kg kJ kJ kJ
(
Qout = 0.0113
s)(
129.92 144.13
kg kg ) Qout =0.161
s
(negative show that heat

was released)

Coefficient of Performance:

Q out 0.161 kW
COP= COP= COP=1.00
P 0.161 kW

19
For FT1 76.2%

Power input:

1kW
P =160W
1000 W

P =0.160 kW

Heat output, Qout :

kg
=1000
m3

76.2
Cooling water flow rate (LPM) = 5 LPM
100

= 3.81 LPM

m3 1 m3 1 Min
Cooling water flow rate ( =3.81 LPM
s 1000 L 60 s

m3
6.35 105
s
3
m 5 kg
Cooling water mass flow rate 6.35 10 1000 3
s m

kg
0.0635
s

Using interpolation of saturated water temperature table to find the Enthalpy,H for output and
input at 32 and 31 respectively

Enthalpy input, H

T(C) H(kJ/kg)
30 125.74
31 129.92
35 146.64

Enthalpy output, H out

T(C) H(kJ/kg)
30 125.74
32 134.10
35 146.64

20
 E =Eout H =Qout + H out Qout = ( H H out )

kg kJ kJ kJ
(
Qout = 0.0635
s)(
129.92 134.10
kg kg ) Qout =0.265
s
(negative show that heat

was released)

Coefficient of Performance:

Q out 0.265 kW
COP= COP= COP=1.656
P 0.160 kW

From results of the calculations above:

FT1(%) TT5(C) TT6(C) COP P (W ) Qout (kJ )

79.0 30.0 31.4 2.43 159 0.396

13.5 31.0 34.4 1.00 161 0.161

76.2 31.0 32.0 1.66 160 0.265

*Graph from results above is in the RESULT section

Experiment 3

Heat output, Qout :

kg
=1000 3
m

61
Cooling water flow rate (LPM) = 5 LPM
100

= 3.05 LPM

21
 3 3
m 1m 1 Min
Cooling water flow rate ( =3.05 LPM
s 1000 L 60 s
3
m
5.083 105
s

5 m3 kg
Cooling water mass flow rate 5.083 10 1000 3
s m

kg
0.0508
s

22
Using interpolation of superheated refrigerant-134a table to find the Enthalpy, H for TT1 at
0.19MPa and 22.4

Enthalpy input, H TT 1

P(MPa) 0.18 0.19 0.20

H(kJ/kg)
T )

20 270.60 270.40 270.20

22.4 - 272.49 -

30 279.27 279.09 278.91

Using interpolation of superheated refrigerant-134a table to find the Enthalpy, H for TT2 at
0.69MPa and 66.1

Enthalpy input, H TT 2

P(MPa) 0.60 0.69 0.70

H(kJ/kg)
T )

60 300.00 298.60 298.44

66.1 - 304.63 -

70 309.75 308.48 308.34

Using interpolation of refrigerant-134a table to find the Enthalpy, H for TT3 and TT4 on
0.69MPa at 30.5 and 23.2 respectively

Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, KJ/kg

0.65 263.77

0.69 264.78
h f / H TT 3 0.70 265.03

0.65 85.26

0.69 88.11
h g /H TT 4 0.70 88.82

23
 Vapor compression cycle on p-h diagram
0.8
0.69 0.69 0.69
0.7
0.6
0.5

Pressure, MPa 0.4

0.3
0.19 0.19
0.2
0.1
0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Enthalpy, kJ/kg

Vapor compression cycle on p-h diagram

24
Experimental value error from ideal value:

For 200kPa: 23.2 (10 ) =33.2

For 700kPa: 30.5 ( 25 )=5.5

Energy balance on condenser = 88.11kJ/kg 304.63 kJ /kg

= 216.52kJ/kg (negative indicates that energy was

released)

Energy balance on compressor = 304.63kJ/kg 272.49 kJ / kg

= 32.14kJ/kg

Experiment 4

TT3-TT4 vs TT3
7.8

7.6

7.4

7.2

TT3 - TT4 7

6.8

6.6

6.4

6.2
30.2 30.4 30.6 30.8 31 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32

TT3

25
Experiment 5

Volumetric efficiency 61

Compression ratio 7.0:1.9

DISCUSSION

In the experiment 1, the cooling water flow rate, FT1 is set to 40%. Cooling water
inlet temperature, TT5, cooling water outlet temperature, TT6 and compressor power input,
P recorded was 30.4 , 31.5 and 159W respectively. The power input is
directly measured and recorded while doing the experiment that is 159W. From FT1, the
mass flow rate, was calculated which is 0.0333kg/s. to find the heat output, Qout
interpolation of saturated water temperature table to find the enthalpy, H output, H out and
input, H . The enthalpy for output, H out is from TT5 and enthalpy for input, H is
from TT6. The heat output, Qout is calculated by using the formula

H =Qout + H out Qout = ( H H out )

The coefficient of performance, COP was calculated by dividing the heat output, Qout with
the power input, P . The coefficient of performance is unit less as the kJ/s in the heat
output, Qout which is equal to watt, W is cancelled out with watt, W in the power input,
P .

In experiment 2, FT1 was set at 79% and the TT5, TT6 and P recorded was 30.0
, 31.4 and 159W respectively. The experiment was repeated three times for
different flow rate that can show different reading in TT5 and TT6. The second test was

26
repeated for FT1 13.5% that shows results TT5, TT6 and P was 31.0 , 34.4
and 161W respectively. The third test was repeated for FT1 76.2% that shows results TT5,
TT6 and P was 31.0 , 32.0 and 160W respectively. To plot the performance
curves for heat pump which is the coefficient of performance, COP, heat delivered, Qout ,
compressor power input, P versus temperature of water delivered, first mst find the COP,
Qout and the P using the method used in experiment 1. The results show that the
higher the cooling water flow rate, the higher the performance.

In experiment 3, the cooling water flow rate is set at 40% and the refrigerant flow
rate, FT2, Refrigerant Pressure (Low), P1, Refrigerant Pressure (High), P2, Refrigerant
Temperature, TT1, Refrigerant Temperature, TT2, Refrigerant Temperature, TT3, Refrigerant
Temperature, TT4, Cooling Water Flow Rate, FT1, Cooling Water Inlet Temperature, TT5,
Cooling Water Inlet Temperature, TT6 and Compressor Power Input were recorded 61.0%,
1.9Bar, 6.9Bar, 22.4 , 66.1 , 30.5 , 23.2 , 40.0 , 30.4 , 31.7
and 160W respectively. Interpolation for the superheated refrigerant-134a table to find
enthalpy, H for TT1 and TT2 at 1.9Bar and 6.9Bar pressure respectively. H for TT3 and TT4
was calculated by interpolation of refrigerat-134a table at 30.5 and 23.2
respectively on 6.9Bar pressure. These data calculated was used for plotting the vapour
compression cycle on p-h diagram and was compared with the ideal cycle. The error was
calculated and the temperature error was 33.2 on the condensing temperature and 5.5
in the evaporating temperature. Energy balance was calculated by finding the
differences of energy of the condenser and the compressor. Energy balance on condenser was
calculated 216.52kJ/kg and energy balance on compressor calculated was 32.14kJ/kg.

In experiment 4, the graph plotted was for the differences of the condensing
temperature and the evaporating temperature versus condensing temperature. This shows that
the further the range between the condensing temperature and the evaporating temperature
the higher the performance will be.

In experiment 5, the cooling water flow rate is set at 40% and recorded the refrigerant
flow rate, FT2, Refrigerant Pressure (Low), P1, Refrigerant Pressure (High), P2 and
Refrigerant Temperature, TT1 which data shows 61.0%, 1.9Bar, 7.0Bar and 22.5

27
respectively. The volumetric efficiency calculated was 61% and the compression ratio
calculated was 7.0:1.9.

CONCLUSION

Based on the observation of the result in Experiment 1, the result seems to support the
theory which is the outlet temperature of cooling water (31.5C) is higher than its inlet
temperature (30.4C). This gives a result of 0.96 coefficient of performance of a vapour
compression heat pump system (COPH).

From Experiment 2, the result shows that COPH decrease as the cooling water flow
rate decrease. Our results at 1 LPM and 2 LPM seems to support the theory but at 3 LPM, the
result obtained is opposite with the theory stated by which the cooling water output
temperature is 31.0C, coefficient of performance is 1.656, heat output is 1000 kg/m 3 and
compressor power input is 160 W. This can be seen from the graph. We can say that the
fluctuation might be caused by some errors happened during the experiment was conducted.

For Experiment 3, based on the results tabulated, we can see the difference between
the vapour compression cycle on the P-H diagram and the ideal gas cycle due to the energy
losses.

In Experiment 4, the result shows that COP of the heat pump increases as condensing
temperature increases. The refrigeration unit was let to function with flow rates of cooling
water 3 LPM, 2 LPM and 1 LPM. However, both of our graph seems that there are a slight

28
error as the pattern for 3 LPM does not support the theory stated. This might be caused by
power losses from the system to the surrounding.

For Experiment 5, it shows that volumetric efficiency of this refrigeration unit got
high. The compression ratio is the ratio of refrigerant pressure at its highest to the refrigerant
pressure at its lowest. It is about coupled the compressor swept volume.

As the conclusion, the objectives of the five experiments are achieved. From the
results, we can see that this system cannot be considered as ideal cycle because it is not
possible to achieve the theoretical results in real life as many aspects need to be considered.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Do consultation with the laboratory technician a day before to ensure the experiment is
conducted properly without due any damage to equipment.

2. The equipment have to be warm up around 15 minute or more to adjust its condition to
operating state.

3. Equipment may operate at place in the standard room temperature in order to obtain
accurate data as it really effect the condenser.

4. Ensure the equipment maintenance to achieve accuracy and cleaning of peripheral

equipment like fan that may affect the COP.

5. Data taken need to be gained three times in order to obtain the average number. Thus,
diminishing parallax error.

29
 REFERENCES

1 http://www.central-air-conditioner-and-refrigeration.com/basic-refrigeration-cycle.html

2 https://cosmolearning.org/video-lectures/energy-balance-condenser/ , 1 October 2016

3 Heat Pump Efficiency Ratings, http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/heat-pump-

efficiency- ratings-d_1117.html, 6 October 2016

4 http://inspectapedia.com/aircond/Heat_Pump_COP.php, heat pump performance 7

October 2016

5 Vapour Compression Cycle, n.d, http://www.alephzero.co.uk/ref/vapcomcyc.htm, 7

October 2016

6 Wikipedia. (2016). Heat Pump and Refrigeration Cycle. Retrieved on 7 October 2016.

7 Refrigeration Engineering. (2007). Evaporating/ Condensing Temperature. Retrieved on 6

October 2016.

30
 http://www.refrigeration-engineer.com/forums/showthread.php?8391-Evaporating-
condensing-temperatures

APPENDICES

31
 FILTER
DRIER
V4

TT7
TT8

EVAPORATO
R

FLOW
POWER
INDICATOR
INDICAT
TEMPERATU
RE FLOW
SELECT

PRESSU
TEMPERATU
RE
RE

MAIN COMPRESS
SWITCH OR

32
 PT2
CONDENS
ER

PT
1
COMPRESS
OR

V
3

33