Mi
Microelectronic
l t i Circuits
Ci it
Amplifier Basics
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Mi d signal
Mixed i l System
S t design
d i
ADC SubSystem
ADC- S bS t Design
D i
A to D Converter, D to A Converter
Fl h ADC-100
Flash ADC 100 M
Msps
Band width requirement of OPAMP
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DAC
D i
Design iissues
Diff amp,
amp biasing circuit
circuit, CSA
CSA, C (if compensation is
reqd.)
Si
Signals
l
Arbitrary in nature
nature.
g sensors---variations
Obtained through
converted into current or voltage
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Si
Sinusoid
id
Important signal in analysis , design, testing
For an LTI system, if input is sinusoid, output is
also sinusoid with modified amplitude and
phase.
h H
Hence analysis
l i iis easy
Every natural signal can be represented as sum
of sine waves of different frequencies and
amplitude.
Lab testing is possible
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Why amplifier first?
Reasons
F d
Fundamentalt l signal
i l processing
i ffunction
ti
Employed in every electronic system
Easy to understand
Design techniques can be easily extended to
design of complex analog circuits.
Similar to NOT gate in Digital Electronics
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A lifi circuit
Amplifier i it symbol
b l
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Amplifiers
Need- Weak signals- energy too small for
reliable processing
Requirement---Information contained in the
signal should not get changed/ Output must
be exact replica of the input.
Relation ship of amplifiers
vo(t) = A vi(t)
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Ch
Characterizing
t i i parameters
t
Gain
Voltage swing
Linearity
Power efficiency
Frequency response
Power supply
pp y and dc bias
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A l
Analog D
Design
i ttradeoffs
d ff
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G i / ttransfer
Gain/ f characteristics
h t i ti
Voltage Gain
Current gain
Power gain
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VTC
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I f
Information
ti from
f VTC
Highest and Lowest signal amplitude
Gainsteepness of transition
Inverting/ non inverting nature
Single/ dual power supply
Offset
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Measuring Unit---Use of Decibel
unit
The decibel,
decibel or dB
dB, is a means of expressing
either the gain of an active device (such as
an amplifier) or the loss in a passive device
(such as an attenuator or length of cable).
The decibel was developed by the telephone
company to conveniently express the gain or
loss in telephone transmission systems.
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Input
pu >---- Amp p##1 ---- Ampp#
#2 ------> Ou
Output
pu
A1 = 275, A2 = 55
The total gain factor At = 275 x 55 = 15
15,125.
125
Use llogarithms-
U ith
log (A x B) = log A + log B
log (A/B) = log A - log B
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Invented a unit of gain measurement called a
Bel," named after Alexander Graham Bell
"Bel Bell.
Th defined
They d fi d the
th B Bell as
Gain in Bels = log A = log (Po / Pi )
where A = Power amplification factor
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log 275 = 2
2.4393326
4393326 and
log 55 = 1.7403626,
15,125
so the total gain in our cascade is
2.4393326 + 1.7403626 = 4.179,695,289
Bels
Rounding problem---
problem
4.179 Bels15124.99----4.2 Bels15,849
5% error
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it was decided to express power gain in
units which were equal to one-tenth of a
Bel, or in deci-Bels
1 Bel=10 decibels
Gain in decibels (dB) = 10 log A
2.4393326 + 1.7403626 = 4.179,695,289 Bels
24.39 + 17.40 = 41.79 decibels
41.79 dB is a power gain of 15,101,
while 41.8 dB is a power gain of 15,136,
so the error is only 0
0.23%.
23%
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V lt
Voltage gain---
i
Gain in dB
dB---10
10 log[ (Vo2/RL) / (Vi2/Ri)]
If RL= Ri
Gain in dB= 20 log (Vo/ Vi)
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Li
Linearity
it
Amplifier follows a relationship
relationship.--- linear
amplifier
vo(t) = A vi(t)
Any deviation (higher powers of vi) ---
nonlinear
li di
distortion
i
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THD
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Amplifier
p Power Supplies
pp
Important part of the circuit
Power balance equation---
Pdc + Pin = P load + P dissipated
Maximum power must be delivered to the
l d
load
Figure of merit---Amplifier Power efficiency
PL
100
Pdc Bits, pilani
Cl
Classes off amplifiers
lifi
Class A
A----
max = 25 %
Class B (~70%)
Class AB (~70%)
Class C (~80%)
Class D (~100%)
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N d tto sett DC Bi
Need Bias
Practical VTC is non
linear-- Saturation,
varying slope
output will be distorted
--Operate
Operate at a point where
VTC is close to linear-
middle
--Keep input small Bits, pilani
Frequency response-
b d idth
bandwidth
Ideal frequency response
response---gain
gain does not
change with frequency
Practical frequency response
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Poles, Zeros and Bode Plots
Characterization:
K ( s z1 )( s z 2 ) ... ( s z m )
G (s)
s ( s p1 )( s p 2 ) ... ( s pn )
s s s
( 1)( 1) ... ( 1)
K z1 z 2 z m z1 z2 zm
G (s)
p1 p2 pn s ( s 1)( s 1) ... ( s 1)
p1 p2 pn
K z1 z 2 z m
KB
p1 p2 pn
( z1s 1)( z 2 s 1) ... ( zm s 1)
G (s) K B
s ( p1 s 1)( p 2 s 1) ... ( pn s 1)
(Time Constant Form.)
Characterization:
Ch i i
Considering the transfer function in the time constant form.
we have 4 different types
yp of terms in the time constant form,,
these are:
1 1
KB, , , (s / z 1)
s (s / p 1)
Expressing the transfer function dB:
j
KB ( 1)
G ( jw) z
j
(j )( 1)
0 p
20 log | G ( j ) |
j j
20 log K B 20 log | ( 1) | 20 log | j | 20 log | 1|
z o p
Mechanics: We have 4 distinct terms to consider:
20logKB ----- ( constant gain in time constant format)
20log|j /0 |
- ----- (Pole at origin if wo=1)
- 20log|(j /1 + |p|) ------ (Pole at 0 = p )
20log|(j/1 z)| ----- (zero at 0 = z )
wlg
1 1 1 1 1 1
This is a sheet of 5 cycle,
cycle semi-log
semi log paper.
paper
This is the type of paper usually used for
preparing Bode plots.
dB Mag
Phase
(deg)
wlg
(rad/sec)
F
Frequency response plots
l t
Different types of transfer functions---
functions
K
w 1 jw 1
j w 1 jw
wo j wo 1
wo wo
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K constant
t t
Gain in dB
Log w
= 0
Log w
j / o
jw/w
Gain in dB
20 dB/ dec
wo
Log w
= 90
Log w
-j w/wo = 1/ [jw/wo]
, pole at the origin, jw/w
w0=1 o
Gain in dB
20 dB/ dec
Log w
wo rad./ sec
For a pole at the origin draw a line with a slope of -20
dB/decade that goes through 0 dB at 1 rad/sec
Log w
= -90
1+ j (w/w
( / o)
Gain in dB
Corner plot
20 dB/ dec
wo
Log w
Corner frequency
90
45
= tan-1 (w/wo)
0 1 wo
0.1 Log w
~10 wo
M
Magnitude
it d and
d phase
h
jw
1
wo
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1 / [1+ j (w/w
( / o)]
Gain in dB
wo
Log w
20 dB/ dec
= -tan-1 ((w/wo)
~0.1 wo
Log w
-45
-90
~10 wo
Using Matlab For Frequency Response
Instruction: We can use Matlab to run the frequency response for the
previous example. We place the transfer function in the
form:
5000 ( s 10) [ 5000s 50000 ]
( s 1) ( s 500) [ s 2 501s 500]
The Matlab Program
num = [5000 50000];
den = [1 501 500];
Bode (num,den)
(n m den)
Using Matlab For Freq.
Freq Response
Instruction: We can use Matlab to run the frequency response for the
previous example. We place the transfer function in the
form:
5000 ( s 10) [ 5000s 50000 ]
( s 1) ( s 500) [ s 2 501s 500]
The Matlab Program
num = [5000 50000];
den = [1 501 500];
Bode (num,den)
(num den)
Bode Diagrams
From: U(1)
40
30
20
agnitude (dB))
10
-10
ase (deg); Ma
1 10 100 500
0
-20
Pha
-40
To: Y(1)
-60
100(1 jw / 10)
-80 Bode for: G ( jw)
(1 jw)(1 jw / 500)
-100
10-1 100 101 102 103 104
Frequency
q y ((rad/sec))
G( j) tan1 ( / 10) tan1 ( / 1) tan1 ( / 500)
Initial angle=00 and final angle -900
Evaluating the frequency
response
Single time constant circuits
Vo (s) = 1/ [1+sCR] vi (s) Vo (s) = sCR/ [1+sCR] vi (s)
[vo./ vi]= K / [1+{s/wo}] [[vo./ vi]]= K s / [1+{s/w
[ { o}]
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Importance
p of phase,
p , phase
p margin
g
The output signals of all amplifiers exhibit a time delay when compared to their
input signals.
signals This delay causes a phase difference between the amplifier
amplifier's
s input
and output signals. If there are enough stages in the amplifier, at some
frequency, the output signal will lag behind the input signal by one cycle period at
that frequency. In this situation, the amplifier's output signal will be in phase with
its input signal though lagging behind it by 360, i.e., the output will have a phase
angle of 360.
In conventional operational amplifiers, the critical output phase angle is 180
because the output is fed back to the input through an inverting input which adds
an additional 180.
If amp phase angle is 135. is -135
135 Then phase margin is: 135 - (-180
( 180)) = 45
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Amplifier circuit models-analysis tools
Amplifiers must be characterized for its
terminal behavior first to be used as block in
system design
For analysis
y p purpose,
p , complex
p circuits are
replaced by their (models)--- simple circuits
Voltage amplifier model (v (v,v)
v)
Current amplifier (i,i)
Trans conductance (v
Trans-conductance (v,i)
i)
Trans-resistance (i,v)
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U 2 portt network
Use t k th
theory
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Z parameter model
2/3/2016 Anu Gupta BITS PILANI
CLASSIFICATION OF AMPLIFIERS
Voltage amplifier
Ro
+ + +
vi Ri vo
Avvi
- -
-
Using the voltage divider rule open circuit voltage gain is
Av = vo/v
/ i|io=0
Unit (V/V)
Ideal conditions: R0 = 0 Ri = condition for no loss
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Current amplifier
ii io
+ +
Ri Aivi Ro vo
- -
Short-Circuit current gain
Ais = io/ii |vo=0
Unit (A/A)
Ideal conditions R i = 0 ; R0 =
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Transconductance amplifier
io
+ +
vi Ri Ro vo
Gmvi
- -
Short-Circuit Transconductance
Gm = io/vi |vo=0
Unit (A/V)
Ideal conditions Ri = ; R0 =
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Transresistance amplifier
ii Ro
+
Ri vo
Rmii
-
Open-Circuit Transresistence
Rm = vo/ii |io=0
Unit (V/A)
Ideal
de conditions
co d o s Ri = 0 ; R0 = 0
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Relations between parameters
Av0 = Ais(Ro /Ri)
Av0 = GmRo
Av0 = Rm/Ri
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END
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