Ultrasonics 73 (2017) 96106

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Ultrasonics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ultras

Free and forced vibrations of SC-cut quartz crystal rectangular plates

with the first-order Mindlin plate equations
Rongxing Wu a,b, Wenjun Wang a, Guijia Chen a, Hui Chen a, Tingfeng Ma a, Jianke Du a, Ji Wang a,
a
b

Piezoelectric Device Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
Department of Architectural Engineering, Ningbo Polytechnic, 1069 Xinda Road, Beilun District, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315800, China

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 24 April 2016
Received in revised form 31 August 2016
Accepted 2 September 2016
Available online 4 September 2016
Keywords:
Mindlin plate theory
Thickness-shear vibration
Correction
Quartz crystal resonator
Capacitance

a b s t r a c t
Mindlin plate theory was used to provide accurate solutions to thickness-shear vibrations of plates,
which have a much higher frequency than usual flexural vibrations and are the functioning modes of
quartz crystal resonators. The vibration frequency solutions obtained with the Mindlin plate theory are
proven being accurate along with mode shapes. In this paper, straight-crested wave solutions of free
and forced vibrations of doubly rotated SC-cut of quartz crystal plates of rectangular shapes with four free
edges are obtained with validated Mindlin plate equations. A procedure has been established for the calculation of dispersion relations, frequency spectra, mode shapes, and capacitance ratios of forced vibrations needed in resonator design.
2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Mindlin plate theory was first developed and improved subsequently over half century to provide more accurate solutions to
thickness-shear (TSh) vibrations of piezoelectric plates based on
the power series expansion of displacements [17]. From the
beginning, it has been widely utilized in the vibration analysis of
different kinds of piezoelectric plates with the AT-cut of quartz
crystal as a typical example [814]. For couplings of flexural and
thickness-shear modes in finite crystal plates, a correction of
Mindlin plate theory through inserting correction factors for
Y- and AT-cut quartz crystal plates were done by Mindlin and
others [1519], effectively extending the corrected plate theory
to include the thickness-twist, face-extension, and face-shear
modes. The improved Mindlin plate theory is used for the analysis
of crystal plates in the fundamental and overtone TSh vibrations
including the consideration of effects of electrodes, temperature
variation, and even the viscosity [914,2023].
In the design process of piezoelectric resonators, the Mindlin
plate theory is the most effective choice for the accurate analysis
of vibration frequency and mode shapes. Of course, the Lee plate
theory based on the trigonometric expansion is similar in nature
and also offers equally accurate results of analysis as an alternative
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: wangji@nbu.edu.cn (J. Wang).
URL: http://piezo.nbu.edu.cn/wangji (J. Wang).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2016.09.002
0041-624X/ 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

approach [2432]. Consequently, many efforts have been made on

the correction, truncation, and simplification of the Mindlin plate
theory with extensive work on AT-cut quartz crystal plates with
and without electrodes for resonator applications by Wang and
collaborators [1519]. The finite element method (FEM) is also
implemented with the Mindlin plate equations for the numerical
analysis of crystal plates, making it possible for us to examine
the plate equations in detail and also deal with the twodimensional problems more efficiently [33,34]. In this paper, the
corrected Mindlin plate theory is used with the SC-cut quartz crystal plates of rectangular shapes for the analysis of thickness-shear
vibrations under alternating driving voltage on electrodes. Because
the SC-cut quartz crystal has enhanced material anisotropy, or
more couplings of vibration modes, the analysis is generally more
challenging in meeting the requirements of resonator design [12].
From our studies on the higher-order Mindlin plate equations
for vibrations of overtone modes of AT-cut quartz crystal plates
[911], a complete procedure on the correction and truncation of
the Mindlin plate equations has been established and correction
factors up to the fifth-order have been obtained for both analytical
and FEM procedures [1517]. In the analytical process, we have
also found that the higher-order equations with correction procedure and factors are applicable to the analysis of thickness-shear
vibrations of SC-cut quartz crystal plate [1214]. With the selected
vibration modes and truncated equations, we can take the advantage of the known procedure as in the analysis of AT-cut quartz
crystal plates. In addition, corrected equations can also be

97

R. Wu et al. / Ultrasonics 73 (2017) 96106

implemented with the FEM based on the Mindlin plate theory for
more general analysis of SC-cut quartz crystal resonators with
more vibration modes in a two-dimensional approach. The analytical results from plate theories can be verified by available measurements and numerical results from a series of studies with
the Lee plate theory [2931]. In this study, we also extended applications of the Mindlin plate theory from quartz crystal plates of
AT- to SC-cut for the analysis and design of resonators that have
better frequency stability in applications while the design and
manufacturing are considered more difficult due to complicated
material processing and more coupled modes in vibrations.
2. The Mindlin plate theory
In the Mindlin plate theory, all mechanical displacements and
electric potential are expanded into power series of thickness coordinate as [17]

uj x1 ; x2 ; x3 ; t
/x1 ; x2 ; x3 ; t

1
X
n
uj x1 ; x3 ; txn2 ;

j 1; 2; 3;

n0
1
X

/n x1 ; x3 ; txn2 ;

n0

00

where q; q0 q00 ; 2b; and 2b 2b are the quartz crystal density, top
(bottom) electrode density, quartz crystal plate thickness, and top
(bottom) electrode thickness, respectively. Further consideration
of the complication of electrodes can be made through the inclusion
of both stiffness and mass effects of electrode layers and modification of the correction factors [1619,33,35,36]. A simple model of
SC-cut quartz crystal rectangular resonators can be well represented by a finite SC-cut rectangular quartz crystal plate with partially symmetric electrodes shown in Fig. 1, with the configuration
of plate showing in dimensional parameters such as the thickness
2b, length 2a, and the width 2c and the configuration of symmetric
0
electrodes such as the thickness 2b , length L, the width 2c. The
analysis of TSh vibrations of an SC-cut quartz crystal resonator is
now a task of obtaining resonant vibration frequency and mode
shapes under complications, and solutions, particularly displacements and electric field can be used in the calculation of electric
properties such as the capacitance. The actual resonator model
has more physical details and materials, but the results from a simple model shown in Fig. 1 have been widely accepted and expected
for the refinement and improvement of design. Further analyses can
be made by including more details in the current model like mountings and thermal effects with different methods.

where uj ; /n ; xj j 1; 2; 3 and t are the nth-order displacement,

nth-order electrical potential, length, thickness or width coordinate
and time, respectively. This will give a set of two-dimensional equations with infinite number of modes for the analysis of plate vibrations. In practical applications, these equations have to be truncated
to a set of lower-order equations for solutions. Details on the truncation and simplification of these equations can be found in earlier
studies [911].
With Eq. (1), the nth-order strain, electric field, stress and electric displacement components in the Mindlin plate theory are
defined as [17]

h
i
n
n
n
n1
n1
Sij 12 ui;j uj;i n 1di2 uj
dj2 ui
;
n

/;i  n 1di2 /n1 ;

1


X
n
m
m
Bmn cijkl Skl  ekij Ek ;
T ij

Ei

Di

m0

1


X
m
m
;
Bmn eijk Sjk eij Ej
m0

i; j; k; l 1; 2; 3;
2
where

n
Sij ;

n
Ei ;

n
T ij ;

n
Di ;

cijkl ; eijk ; eij ; and dij are the nth-order

strain, electric field, stress, electric displacement, elastic constants,

piezoelectric constants, dielectric constants, and Kronecker delta,
respectively, and the constant of integration in Eq. (2) is

Bnm

2bmn1
;
mn1

m n even;

0;

m n odd:

3. Free vibrations of SC-cut quartz crystal rectangular plates

With equations presented in Section 2 and underlying correction, truncation, and complications, we now need to solve for displacements and electrical potential with these equations for the
calculation of electrical properties of resonators. In this process,
we need to obtain the dispersion relations of plates for the validation of plate equations. Then, we can study the free vibrations to
examine the frequency spectra for the optimal selection of parameters of the crystal blank and electrodes. Finally, we can study the
effects of driving voltage on electrodes of a resonator so complete
solutions of vibrations can be obtained for the calculation of electrical properties. This has been a standard procedure practiced in
the analysis of AT-cut quartz crystal resonators in the development
of theoretical foundation of the analytical technique and design
method [911,3742]. Equations utilized in this procedure have
been accepted and integrated to product development process
with different methods and various implementations.
With all the zeroth- and first-order displacements and electrical
potential, plate equations of motion and charge equations in Eq. (4)
can be expanded as [4,5]

X2

Electrode

Consequently, the two-dimensional nth-order Mindlin plate

equations of motion are [17]
n

n1

T ij;i  nT 2j

X
jm ;
q Bmn u

Fj

m
n

n1

Di;i  nD2

2b

Quartz

Dn 0;

X1

where
n

Fj

xn2 T 2j b ;

Dn xn2 D2 b :
b

The mass effect of electrodes has been considered with the

modified mass terms are [17,35]
n

n1

T ij;i  nT 2j

1
X

qBmn 1 m n 1

m0
n
Di;i

n1
nD2

0;

q0 b0
q b

00

qq

b00
b

i

jm ;
u

2c
X3
d

L
2a

Fig. 1. An SC-cut rectangular quartz crystal plate with partially symmetric

electrodes.

98

R. Wu et al. / Ultrasonics 73 (2017) 96106

1 ;
T 1;1 T 5;3 2bq1 Ru

1 ;
T 1;1 T 5;3  T 6 q 2b3 1 3Ru

0
T 6;1

0
T 4;3

2bq1

20 ;
Ru

1
T 6;1

1
T 4;3

0
T2

2b3
3

0
T 3;3

2bq1

30 ;
Ru

1
T 5;1

1
T 3;3

0
T4

2b3
3

3 ;
1 3Ru

0
T 5;1
1

1
3Ru
2 ;
1

D1;1 D3;3  D2 D1 0;
7
where
0

2b q0
; D1 x2 D2 bb bD2 b D2 b
bq


e22 /0 eixt
1
1
1
;
2b e22 u2 e24 u3 e26 u1 
b

electrical properties of resonators. These equations have been used

for the analysis of AT-cut quartz crystal plates for both free and
forced vibrations that are needed in the analysis and design of resonators. For the similar products and process in design and manufacturing, it is natural that such analysis is also expected for the SCcut quartz crystal plates with above equations through choosing
different variables.
To obtain the dispersion relations from these equations, we
assume displacements and electrical potentials as [4,12,14]

Aj3
1
Aj sinnxi eixt ; uj
cosnxi eixt ;
b
 12
c66 A7
/1
cosnxi eixt ; j 1; 2; 3; i 1; 3;
e22 b
0

uj
8

and /0 is surface potential (or voltage). For free vibrations of SC-cut

quartz crystal rectangular plates without electrodes, we set R 0.
In case we want to consider the effect of electrodes on electrical
parameters of an SC-cut quartz crystal resonator such as capacitance ratios, we will give mass ratios R in the figures for the
calculations.
It should be emphasized that the driving voltage now enters
into equations and couplings through the surface electric displacement and some piezoelectric and dielectric material constants.
These equations are adequate for the study of electrical couplings
and piezoelectric effects of quartz crystal resonators.
The constitutive equations in terms of displacements and
potentials are

11

where As s 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; n; and x are the amplitudes,

wavenumber, and angular frequency, respectively.
By substituting Eq. (11) into the first-order equations of motion,
and noting the driving voltage should not present in this case, we
have

MfAg 0;

12

with the coefficient matrix M, generalized amplitude A in Eq. (11),

and normalized parameters

x20 4bp22

X xx0 ;
1

C pq

cpq
c66

c66

eip
eip p
;
c66 e22

Z pn ;
2b

pq
C pq c66
;

1
ip
eip
;
p
c66 e22

eij eeij :
22







i
0
0 1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
cp1 u1;1 cp2 j2 u2 cp4 j4 u2;3 u3 cp3 u3;3 cp5 u3;1 u1;3 cp6 j6 u2;1 u1 e1p /;1 e2p /1 e3p /;3 ;
h


i
3
1
1 1
1 1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1
T p1 2b3 jp cp1 u1;1 cp4 j4 u2;3 cp3 u3;3 cp5 u3;1 u1;3 cp6 j6 u2;1 e1p /;1 e3p /;3 ;
h






i
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
D2 2bj2 e21 u1;1 e22 u2 e24 u2;3 u3 e23 u3;3 e25 u3;1 u1;3 e26 u2;1 u1  e21 /;1  e22 j2 /1  e23 /;3 ;
h


i
3
1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
Di 2b3 ji ei1 u1;1 ei3 u3;3 ei4 u2;3 ei5 u3;1 u1;3 ei6 u2;1  ei1 /;1 ei3 /;3 ;
0

T 0
p 2bjp

cpq cpq 

13

cp2 c2q
c22

ekp ekp 

ek2 eq2
e22

k 1; 2; 3;

i 1; 3;

p; q 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6:

The correction factors for the first-order Mindlin plate equations with the consideration of material constants of SC-cut quartz
crystal are [1214,16]
0
0
1
1
j0
j1
2 j4 j6 0:9068298;
2 j4 j6 1:0;
0
0
0
1
1
1
j1 j3 j5 1:0; j1 j3 j5 1:0:

10

From our verification, the correction factors from the study of

AT- and SC-cut quartz crystal plates are the same with the absence
of electrodes. This also applies to the symmetric correction
procedure.
For plates with relatively larger differences in length and width,
vibrations in different directions can be decoupled to simplify the
analytical procedure due to larger difference in the natural frequencies. With this consideration, now the complete set of the
first-order Mindlin plate equations with the inclusion of driving
voltage for x1 -varying modes with the absence of x3 -varying modes
and for x3 -varying modes with the absence of x1 -varying modes are
obtained by substituting Eq. (9) into Eq. (7), respectively, as shown
in the Appendix.
Now we have complete first-order equations based on the
Mindlin plate theory for free and forced vibrations of SC-cut quartz
crystal plates under driving voltage. In addition to the usual analysis of vibrations for frequency and mode shapes, we can also
obtain the electrical field that can be used for the calculation of

For SC-cut quartz crystals, material constants needed in above

equations for the calculation of dispersion relations can be
obtained with rotation angles h 33:93 ; / 21:93 from constants by Bechmann [43].
The vanishing of the determinant of coefficient matrix M gives
the dispersion relations for the seven coupled xi i 1; 3-varying
waves implies

f X; Z jMj

8
X

cj XZ 2j1 ;

14

j1

where cj Xj 1; 2; 3; . . . ; 8 are coefficients of the polynomial of

wavenumber.
The calculated dispersion relations are given in Figs. 2 and 3.
From Figs. 2 and 3, it is clear that the dispersion relations from
the third-order Mindlin plate theory for SC-cut quartz crystal
plates are in agreement with the results from three-dimensional
piezoelectricity and Lee plate theory [30]. This is expected because
the accuracy of the Mindlin plate theory has been validated by
extensive studies before and the equations have been used in the
analysis and design of AT-cut quartz crystal resonators. It is particularly worth to point out that in Fig. 2 slightly above the normal1

ized frequency 1, there are two vibration mode u2 and electrical

1

potential /

with complex wavenumber solutions, as shown in

99

R. Wu et al. / Ultrasonics 73 (2017) 96106

To satisfy free boundary conditions, from Eq. (11) we let

0

uj

7
X

ajr A7r sin

Z r p xi 
2

eixt ;

uj

r1

/1

aj3r Ab7r cos

Z r p xi 
2

eixt ;

r1

7
 12 X
c66

e22

7
X

a7r Ab7r cos

Z p x 
r

eixt ;

r1

s; r 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7;

j 1; 2; 3;

asr AA7rsr ;
i 1; 3;
17

Substituting Eq. (17) into Eqs. (15) and (16) leads to

7
X
Nsr A7r 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0T ;

s 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7;

x1 a;

r1

18
For the x1 -varying vibrations and
7
X

Nsr A7r 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0T ;

Fig. 2. Dispersion curves of x1 -varying vibrations of an SC-cut quartz crystal plate.

s 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7;

x3 c;

r1

19
For the x3 -varying vibrations, respectively. N sr N sr are elements
of the coefficient matrix similar to our earlier papers [1619] (see
Appendix).
By setting the determinant of coefficient matrices of Eqs. (18)
and (19) equal to zero, respectively, we can obtain frequency spectra for free vibrations of SC-cut plates as functions of aspect ratios

 a
jNsr j 0;
F 1 X;
b

 c
jNsr j 0;
F 3 X;
b

r; s 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7:
20

Frequency spectra for x1 -varying and x3 -varying vibrations in an

quartz plate of SC-cut are calculated from Eq. (20) and shown in
Figs. 4 and 5, respectively [44].
4. Forced vibrations and capacitance ratios

Fig. 3. Dispersion curves of x3 -varying vibrations of an SC-cut quartz crystal plate.

Fig. 2 of Ref. [30] by Lee et al. A similar coupling phenomenon also

appears in Fig. 3 with normalized frequency about 1.5, which also
shown appearance of complex wavenumbers interrupting the
smooth dispersion curves. The couplings and complex wavenumber solutions are due to the material anisotropy of SC-cut quartz
crystal material, resulting clear difference from the AT-cut in locations and amplitudes of such interruptions. In the case of SC-cut
quartz crystal plates, complex wavenumbers are outside the region
for the calculation of thickness-shear frequency, thus causing no
direct effect on calculations of frequency spectra in later part of
this paper.
For the free vibrations in x1 -varying with absence of x3 -varying
vibrations, the boundary conditions of the finite plate shown in
Fig. 1 are tractions-free, or [4,13,14]
0

T 1 T 6 T 5 T 1 T 6 T 5 D1 0; x1 a:

15

Similarly, for free vibrations of x3 -varying with the absence of

x1 -varying waves, the boundary conditions in the finite plate
shown in Fig. 1 are tractions-free, or [4,13,14]
0

T 3 T 4 T 5 T 3 T 4 T 5 D3 0; x3 c:

16

From the free vibration analysis of the previous section, we

have the dispersion relation that is usually used for the validation
of plate equations in comparison with three-dimensional solutions.
In addition, the dispersion relation can also be used for the examination of couplings of vibration modes for the simplification of
coupled equations and retention of strongly coupled vibration
modes. This has been a tradition of studies of plate equations
and it is still required in current study. With the validated equations, we can obtain the frequency spectra of a plate, or the vibration frequency versus plate length or width as shown in Figs. 4 and
5 for the determination of essential plate parameters in the selection of optimal plate geometry. For rectangular plates of AT-cut
quartz crystals, we even have the optimal length based on the coupling of flexural and thickness-shear modes for resonator design
[44]. Our attempt to find the optimal length of SC-cut quartz crystal plates has failed because the strong couplings of more vibration
modes made it is impossible to obtain such solutions. With
increased demands for analysis, we can extend the analysis to
forced vibrations and the displacement and electrical potential
solutions will provide basis for the calculation of electrical properties like the capacitance ratios. With further consideration of material and structural viscosity, we can also calculate the electrical
resistance, which is another important parameter of resonators
[23]. All these procedures and calculations demonstrated the
importance of vibration analysis of quartz crystal resonators based
on the simple model and plate equations presented in this study.
The analysis of forced vibrations with the Mindlin plate equations
and the resonator model for SC-cut quartz crystal resonators are

100

R. Wu et al. / Ultrasonics 73 (2017) 96106

Fig. 4. Frequency spectra of x1 -varying vibrations of an SC-cut quartz crystal plate.

main elements of applications of known procedures, methods, and

results from earlier investigations.
With solutions from free vibrations, we can assume displacements and electric potential from Eq. (20) as
0

uj

7
X

ajr br A77 sin

Z r p xi 
2 b

eixt ; uj

r1

/1

aj3r br Ab77 cos

Z r p xi 
2 b

eixt ;

r1

7
 12 X

a7r br Ab77 cos

c66

e22

7
X

Z r p xi 
2 b

r1

7r
;
eixt ; br AA77

r 1;2; 3; 4;5; 6; 7; j 1; 2;3; i 1; 3;

21
and the normalized displacements from Eq. (21) are

 0
A
u
j

0
uj
ixt
77 e

ixt
77 e

 1 /1ixb t
/
A e
77

7
X

ajr br sin

Zr p xi 
2

r1

uj b

 j1 A
u

7
X

aj3r br cos

Zr p xi 
2

22

r1
7
 12 X
c66

e22

r 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7;

a7r br cos

Z p x 
r

The displacement mode shapes at resonances of predominantly

fundamental thickness-shear vibrations are plotted for length to
thickness ratio a=b 52:04; and width to thickness ratio
c=b 35:0; as shown in Figs. 6 and 7. The coupling of modes can
also be viewed in Fig. 6 as the flexural and other modes are equally
significant in vibrations and elimination of so-called spurious
modes are more difficult in the case of SC-cut quartz crystal plates.
This is obviously different from the AT-cut quartz plates because of
more couplings of vibration modes due to the enhanced material
anisotropy. In Fig. 7, one important point to emphasize is that
the thickness-shear displacement is almost uniform along the
width, showing no so-called energy trapping phenomenon in the
width direction, which is similar to the AT-cut quartz crystal plates
except more couplings.
We now consider forced vibrations with an alternating voltage
/t /0 eixt applied to the electroded faces at x2 b of the
rectangular plate shown in Fig. 1.
First, we assume particular solutions under alternating driving
voltage to be [4,13,14,42]

1
1
/0 0; uj Gj /0 eixt ;
b
 12
1
c66
1
/ G4
/ eixt ; j 1; 2; 3:
b
e22 0
0

r1

j 1; 2; 3;

Fig. 5. Frequency spectra of x3 -varying vibrations of an SC-cut quartz crystal plate.

i 1; 3;

uj

23

101

R. Wu et al. / Ultrasonics 73 (2017) 96106



Z r p xi
/0 eixt ;
2 b
r1
"
#


7
X
Z r p xi
1
1
aj3r A7r cos
uj
/ eixt ;
Gj
b 0
2
b
r1
"
# 1


7
X
Z r p xi
c66 2 1
1
a7r A7r cos
/ eixt ;
/
G4
2
b
e22 b 0
r1
0

uj

asr

7
X

ajr A7r sin

Asr
;
A7r

s; r 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7;

j 1; 2; 3;

i 1; 3;

25

In order to calculate the capacitance ratio, we assume displacements in the portion of an SC-cut quartz crystal plate without electroded faces to be

 0
A62j sinnxi A72j cosnxi eixt ;
u
j
 j1 A132j sinnxi A122j cosnxi  eibxt ;
u
 1
 1 A21 sinnxi A20 cosnxi  c66 2 eixt ; j 1; 2; 3;
/
e22
b

i 1; 3;
26

For forced vibrations in x1 -varying modes, boundary conditions

in the finite plate shown in Fig. 1 are
0

T p T 0
p ;

T p T 1
p ;

 1 /1 ;
/

x1  2L ;

0
Tp

1
Tp

D1 D1 ;

D1 0: x1 a;

0
 0
u
uj ;
j

p 1; 5; 6;

1
 1
u
uj ;
j

j 1; 2; 3:
27

In order to satisfy boundary conditions Eq. (27), for the Mindlin

plate equations, we can rewrite Eq. (26) as (see Fig. 9)

 0

u
j

7 h
X


jr A20r sin pX r
b
2

x1
b


jr A21r cos p2Xr
c

x1
b

i

eixt ;

r1

 j1
u

7 h
X

cj3r A21r sin

pX r x1
2


j3r A20r cos pXr
b
2

x1
b

i

eixt
b

r1

 1
/

7 h
X

c7r A21r sin

pX r x1
2


7r A20r cos pX r
b
2

r1

Fig. 6. Normalized displacements and electric potential of x1 -varying waves curves

of an SC-cut quartz crystal plate.

By substituting Eq. (23) back into the first-order equations of

motion, respectively, we have

2h

i2

0
X p2
6 j6 C 66  12 1 3R
6

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4

0
2 C 26

0
4 C 46

0
6

0
6

e26 1  j0
2

0
2

0
j0
6 C 62 j2

X2 2

The complete solutions consist of particular solution and general solution that is identical to the solution of free vibrations given
in the proceeding section. Hence, the complete solutions of forced
vibrations are

c66

e22

eixt
b

28
By substituting Eqs. (25) and (28) back into Eq. (27), we have
enough
equations
for
amplitudes
A7r ; A20r ;
and
A21r r 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7 (see Appendix). For given surface potential

0
j0
6 C 64 j4
0
2 C 24

i 12

ir A62ir ; c
ir A72ir
b
; i; r 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; j 1; 2; 3:
A20r
A21r


j0
6 e26 72

2 3
3
7 G1
0
7
1


76 G 7
7
C 22  12p 1 3R
j
j
j
e22 2 6
76 2 7
607
76 7
6 7:
h
i2
74 G3 5
c66 4 0 5
2 2
0
0
j0
j0
C 44  X12p 1 3R j4 e24 7
7 G
4 C 42 j2
4
1
5 4
0 2
e22 1  j20
e24 1  j0

j

2
2

i2

x1
b

0
4

0

2 e22

24

/0 (or voltage) with driving frequency X, these amplitudes are

solved. Then, we consider capacitance ratios C r1 , the dynamic
capacitance C m and static capacitance C s are defined as [42]

102

R. Wu et al. / Ultrasonics 73 (2017) 96106

Fig. 8. Capacitance ratios of x1 -varying vibrations of an SC-cut plate with fully

symmetric electrodes.

Fig. 7. Normalized displacements and electrical potential of x3 -varying waves of an

SC-cut quartz crystal plate.

Cm
Qs
; Cm
2cQ 0 ;
Cs
2/0 eixt
R 2L R c 0
D dx1 dx3
 L c 2
4cQ 0 /0 eixt ;
Qs 2 R b
dx
2
b

Fig. 9. Capacitance ratios of x3 -varying vibrations of an SC-cut plate with fully

symmetric electrodes.

C r1

Cs

Lce22
:
b

29

Consequently, we can obtain the capacitance ratio C r1 from Eq.

(29) for x1 -varying modes

L
C r1 C r1 air X;Z r X; 2b
(
7
 12 X
c66
e21 a1r e25 a3r e26 a2r Z2r p e22 a5r e24 a6r e26 a4r
 2b
L e22
r1

0
2

2j2
7r  Z r p

j a

A7r sin

o
Z p L 
0
L
r
j0
e22 G2 e24 G3 e26 G1  j2 G4 2b
:
2
2 2b
30

From Eq. (30) we can obtain the capacitance ratio C r1 as a function of driving frequency X for a rectangular SC-cut quartz crystal
plate and results are shown in Figs. 8 and 10. Similarly, capacitance
ratios of x3 -varying vibrations are plotted in Fig. 9.

Fig. 10. Capacitance ratio curves of x1 -varying vibrations of an SC-cut plate with
partially symmetric electrodes.

R. Wu et al. / Ultrasonics 73 (2017) 96106

5. Conclusions
By following the analytical procedure outlined above, we
started from the Mindlin plate equations for the SC-cut quartz
crystal plates through necessary steps in the selection of correction
factors, which turned out to be the same with AT-cut quartz crystal. Then we went through the dispersion relations of the firstorder equations and proven that the dispersion relations with
more mode couplings are actually accurate. It is now clear that
the first-order Mindlin plate equations of are equally accurate to
the SC-cut quartz crystal plates vibrating at thickness-shear modes
for calculations of both frequency and mode shapes. This motivated us to work on the analysis of SC-quartz crystal plates with
the Mindlin plate equations through the truncation, validation,
simplification, correction, eventually leading to the complete analysis with the considerations of complication factors such as the
commonly encountered electrodes and thermal effects. By applying an alternating voltage on the partial electrodes over the quartz
crystal plate, we also obtained the displacement components and
electrical potential that then are used for the calculation of capacitance ratio, which is an important property of quartz crystal
resonators.
In conclusion, a detailed procedure for the analysis of quartz
crystal rectangular resonators of SC-cut is established for forced
vibrations in the vicinity of fundamental thickness-shear mode.
The material anisotropy caused enhanced couplings of modes
and enlarged numbers of equations, thus making the solution process more computation intensive. The results, as expected, have

103

also shown stronger couplings of modes, which are not this significant in AT-cut quartz crystal plates. Additionally, we have also
found out that the earlier procedure for the vibration analysis of
AT-cut quartz crystal rectangular plates is applicable, thus paving
the way for establishing analytical approaches in the design of
SC-cut quartz crystal resonators with accurate results and simple
method. This is certainly important because such analysis was
not performed in earlier studies and product development. The
procedure can be further improved with more work on the thermal
analysis and finite element implementation of the improved Mindlin plate equations, again, as in the case of AT-cut quartz crystal
resonators.
Acknowledgments
This research is supported in part by the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10932004, 11072116,
and 11372145) and K. C. Wong Magna Fund administered by
Ningbo University. Additional supports are provided by Ningbo
Polytechnic through the College-Enterprise Collaboration Fund
for Guest Engineers of Zhejiang Educational Department
(FG2014041), the Young Doctoral Innovation Fund (2013001),
and Scientific Research Fund (NZ14001).
Appendix A
The first-order equations of motion for forced vibrations of
x1 -varying with the absence of x3 -varying modes are

h


i
0
0 1
0 1
0
0
0
1
1
0
c11 u1;11 c12 j2 u2;1 c14 j4 u3;1 c15 u3;11 c16 j6 u2;11 u1;1 e21 /;1 2b1 Rqu
1 ;
h


i
0
0
0 1
0 1
0
0
0
1
1
0
2bj6 c61 u1;11 c62 j2 u2;1 c64 j4 u3;1 c65 u3;11 c66 j6 u2;11 u1;1 e26 /;1 2b1 Rqu
2 ;
h


i
0
0
0 1
0 1
0
0
0
1
1
0
2bj5 c51 u1;11 c52 j2 u2;1 c54 j4 u3;1 c55 u3;11 c56 j6 u2;11 u1;1 e25 /;1 2b1 Rqu
3 ;


3
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1 1
2b
j1
c11 u1;11 c15 u3;11 c16 j6 u2;11 e11 /;11
1
3
h


i
3
0
0
0 1
0 1
0
0
0
1
1
2bj6 c61 u1;1 c62 j2 u2 c64 j4 u3 c65 u3;1 c66 j6 u2;1 u1 e26 /1 2b3 1 3Rqu
1 ;


3
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1 1
2b
j1
c61 u1;11 c65 u3;11 c66 j6 u2;11 e16 /;11
6
3
h


i
3
0
0
0 1
0 1
0
0
0
1
1
2bj2 c21 u1;1 c22 j2 u2 c24 j4 u3 c25 u3;1 c26 j6 u2;1 u1 e22 /1 2b3 1 3Rqu
2 ;


1
1 1
1 1 1
1 1
2b3 1
j5 c1
51 u1;11 c 55 u3;11 c56 j6 u2;11 e15 /;11
3
h


i
3
0
0
0 1
0 1
0
0
0
1
1
2bj4 c41 u1;1 c42 j2 u2 c44 j4 u3 c45 u3;1 c46 j6 u2;1 u1 e24 /1 2b3 1 3Rqu
3 ;




1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
e22 /0 eixt
2b3 1
j1 e11 u1;11 e15 u3;11 e16 u2;11  e11 /;11 2b e22 u2 e24 u3 e26 u1  b
3
h


i
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
2bj2 e21 u1;1 e22 u2 e24 u3 e25 u3;1 e26 u2;1 u1  e22 j2 /1 0:
0

2bj1

A:1

104

R. Wu et al. / Ultrasonics 73 (2017) 96106

The first-order equations of motion for forced vibrations of

x3 -varying with the absence of x1 -varying modes are



i
0
1
0
0
0 1
1
0
u2;33 u3;3 c53 u3;33 c55 u1;33 c56 j6 u1;3 e25 /;3 2b1 Rqu
1 ;
h


i
0
0 1
0
0
1
0
0
0 1
1
0
2bj4 c42 j2 u2;3 c44 j4 u2;33 u3;3 c43 u3;33 c45 u1;33 c46 j6 u1;3 e24 /;3 2b1 Rqu
2 ;
h


i
0
0 1
0
0
1
0
0
0 1
1
0
2bj3 c32 j2 u2;3 c34 j4 u2;33 u3;3 c33 u3;33 c35 u1;33 c36 j6 u1;3 e23 /;3 2b1 Rqu
3 ;


3
1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
2b
j1
c54 j4 u2;33 c53 u3;33 c55 u1;33 e35 /;33
5
3
h


i
3
0
0 1
0
0
1
0
0
0 1
1
2bj6 c62 j2 u2 c64 j4 u2;3 u3 c63 u3;3 c65 u1;3 c66 j6 u1 e26 /1 2b3 1 3Rqu
1 ;


3
1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
2b
j1
c44 j4 u2;33 c43 u3;33 c45 u1;33 e34 /;33
4
3
h


i
3
0
0 1
0
0
1
0
0
0 1
1
2bj2 c22 j2 u2 c24 j4 u2;3 u3 c23 u3;3 c25 u1;3 c26 j6 u1 e22 /1 2b3 1 3Rqu
2 ;


1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
2b3 1
j4 c34 j4 u2;33 c33 u3;33 c35 u1;33 e33 /;33
3
h


i
3
0
0 1
0
0
1
0
0
0 1
1
2bj4 c42 j2 u2 c44 j4 u2;3 u3 c43 u3;3 c45 u1;3 c46 j6 u1 e24 /1 2b3 1 3Rqu
3 ;




1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
e22 /0 eixt
2b3 1
j3 e33 u3;33 e34 u2;33 e35 u1;33  e33 /;33 2b e22 u2 e24 u3 e26 u1  b
3
h


i
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
2bj2 e22 u2 e23 u3;3 e24 u2;3 u3 e25 u1;3 e26 u1  e22 j2 /1 0:
0

2bj5

0 1

c52 j2 u2;3 c54 j4

A:2

and
The detailed expressions of N sr and N sr are

h

0
N1r j
C 61 a1r C 65 a3r C 66 j6 a2r Z r p

i


0
0
0
2 C 62 j2 a5r C 64 j4 a6r C 66 j6 a4r e26 a7r cos Z2r p ba ;
h

0
0
C 51 a1r C 55 a3r C 56 j6 a2r Z r p
N2r j5

i


0
0
0
2 C 52 j2 a5r C 54 j4 a6r C 56 j6 a4r e25 a7r cos Z2r p ba ;
h

0
0
C 11 a1r C 15 a3r C 16 j6 a2r Z r p
N3r j1

i


0
0
0
2 C 12 j2 a5r C 14 j4 a6r C 16 j6 a4r e21 a7r cos Z2r p ba ;




1
1
1 1
1
1
N4r 23 j1 C 15 a6r C 16 j6 a5r C 11 a4r a7r e11 Z2r p sin Z2r p ab ;




1
1
1 1
1
1
N5r 23 j5 C 55 a6r C 56 j6 a5r C 51 a4r a7r e15 Z2r p sin Z2r p ab ;




1
1
1 1
1
1
N6r 23 j6 C 65 a6r C 66 j6 a5r C 61 a4r a7r e16 Z2r p sin Z2r p ab ;




1
1
1
1
N7r 23 j1 a4r e11 a6r e15 a5r e16  e11 a7r Z2r p sin Z2r p ba :
0
6

A:3

h

0
C 34 j4 a2r C 33 a3r C 35 a1r Z r p

i


0
0
0
2 C 32 j2 a5r C 34 j4 a6r C 36 j6 a4r e23 a7r cos Z2r p bc ;
h

0
0
N2r j4
C 44 j4 a2r C 43 a3r C 45 a1r Z r p

i


0
0
0
2 C 42 j2 a5r C 44 j4 a6r C 46 j6 a4r e24 a7r cos Z2r p bc ;
h

0
0
N3r j5
C 54 j4 a2r C 53 a3r C 55 a1r Z r p

i


0
0
0
2 C 52 j2 a5r C 54 j4 a6r C 56 j6 a4r e25 a7r cos Z2r p bc ;




1
1 1
1
1
1
N4r 23 j5 C 54 j4 a5r C 53 a6r C 55 a4r a7r e35 Z2r p sin Z2r p bc ;




1
1 1
1
1
1
N5r 23 j4 C 44 j4 a5r C 43 a6r C 45 a4r a7r e34 Z2r p sin Z2r p bc ;




1
1 1
1
1
1
N6r 23 j3 C 34 j4 a5r C 33 a6r C 35 a4r a7r e33 Z2r p sin Z2r p bc ;




1
1
1
1
N7r 23 j3 a4r e35 a6r e33 a5r e34  e11 a7r Z2r p sin Z2r p bc :
0

N1r j3

A:4
Equations for amplitudes A7r ; A20r ; and A21r r 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7
are

105

R. Wu et al. / Ultrasonics 73 (2017) 96106

7 nh

i


X
0
0
pX r a
1r  C p5 c
3r  C p6 j60 c
2r p2Xr C p2 j0



 
C p1 c
2 c5r C p4 j4 c6r C p6 j6 c4r e2p c7r A21r sin
2 b

Tp

r1

h

i

o
1r C p5 b
3r C p6 j0 b
2r pX r C p2 j0 b
5r C p4 j0 b
6r C p6 j0 b
4r e2p b
7r A20r cos pX r a
0;
C p1 b
6
2
4
6
2
2 b
7 nh
 i


X
1
1
1 1
1
4r C p5
C p1 c
c6r C p6
j6 c5r e1p
c7r p2Xr A21r cos p2Xr ab

Tp

r1

h
 i

o
1 
1 
1 1 
1 
pX r
e1p b
A20r sin p2Xr ba
0;
 C p1 b
4r C p5 b6r C p6 j6 b5r 
7r
2
7 nh
 i


X
  p2Xr A21r cos p2Xr ab

1 
1 
e1
11 c4r e15 c6r e16 c5r  e11 c7r

D1

r1

h
 i

o
1 
1 
1 
e15 b
e16 b
e11 b7r p2Xr A20r sin p2Xr ab 0;
 e11 b
4r 
6r 
5r  
0
 0

u
j  uj

7 h
X


jr A20r sin pXr
b
2

L
2b


jr A21r cos p2X r
c

L
2b


 ajr sin p2Zr

L
2b

 i
A7r 0;

r1

 j1
u

1
uj

7 h
X

cj3r A21r sin

pX r L

2b


j3r A20r cos pX r
b
2

L
2b


 aj3r cos p2Zr

L
2b

i
A7r  Gj 0;

r1

 1  /
/

7 h
X

c7r A21r sin

pX r L
2

2b


7r A20r cos pX r
b
2

L
2b


 a7r cos p2Zr

L
2b

 i
A7r  G4 0;

r1
0

T p  T 0
p

7 nh

i

X
0
0
pX r
1r  C p5 c
3r  C p6 j0
 p2Xr C p2 j0



 

C p1 c
6 c2r
2 c5r C p4 j4 c6r C p6 j6 c4r e2p c7r A21r sin
2
r1

h

i

1r C p5 b
3r C p6 j0 b
2r pX r C p2 j0 b
5r C p4 j0 b
6r C p6 j0 b
4r e2p b
7r A20r cos pX r
C p1 b
6
2
4
6
2
2
h

i

0
0
0
0
pZ r
pX r

 a1r C p1 a3r C p5 a2r j6 C p6 2 a5r C p2 j2 a6r C p4 j4 a4r C p6 j6 e2p a7r A7r cos 2


0
0
0
 C p2 j2 G2 C p4 j4 G3 C p6 j6 G1 e2p G4 0;

T p  T p1

7 nh
 i

X
1
1
1 1
1
4r C p5
C p1 c
c6r C p6
j6 c5r e1p
c7r p2Xr A21r cos p2Xr

L
2b
L
2b

L
2b

A:5

o

L
2b

r1

h
 i


1 
1 
1 1 
1 
pX r
L
A20r sin p2Xr 2b
e1p b
 C p1 b
4r C p5 b6r C p6 j6 b5r 
7r
2
h
 i

o
1
1
1 1
1
L
 a4r C p1 a6r C p5 a5r C p6 j6 a7r e1p Z2r p A7r sin p2X r 2b
0;
1

D1

7 nh
 i

X
  p2Xr A21r cos p2Xr

1 
1 
e1
11 c4r e15 c6r e16 c5r  e11 c7r

L
2b

r1

h
 i


1 
1 
1 
 e11 b
e15 b
e16 b
e11 b7r p2Xr A20r sin p2Xr 2bL
4r 
6r 
5r  
h
 i


1
1
1
L
 a4r e11 a6r e15 a5r e16  a7r e11 p2X r A7r sin p2Xr 2b
0; p 1; 5; 6; j 1; 2; 3:

References
[1] R.D. Mindlin, Influence of rotatory inertia and shear on flexural vibrations of
isotropic, elastic plates, J. Appl. Mech. 18 (1) (1951) 3138.
[2] R.D. Mindlin, Forced thickness-shear and flexural vibrations of piezoelectric
crystal plates, J. Appl. Phys. 23 (1) (1952) 8388.
[3] R.D. Mindlin, High frequency vibrations of piezoelectric crystal plates, Int. J.
Solids Struct. 8 (7) (1972) 895906.
[4] R.D. Mindlin, Frequency of piezoelectrically forced vibrations of electroded
doubly rotated quartz plates, Int. J. Solids Struct. 20 (2) (1984) 141157.
[5] R.D. Mindlin, in: J.S. Yang (Ed.), An Introduction to the Mathematical Theory of
Vibrations of Elastic Plates, World Scientific, Hackensack, New Jersey, 2006.
[6] J. Wang, J.S. Yang, Higher-order theories of piezoelectric plates and
applications, Appl. Mech. Rev. 53 (4) (2000) 8799.
[7] R.D. Mindlin, W.J. Spencer, Anharmonic, thickness-shear and flexural
vibrations of rectangular, AT-cut quartz plate, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 42 (6)
(1967) 12681277.
[8] J. Wang, W.H. Zhao, J.K. Du, The determination of electrical parameters of
quartz crystal resonators with the consideration of dissipation, Ultrasonics 44
(S1) (2006) e869e873.
[9] J. Wang, R.X. Wu, J.K. Du, H.M. Wang, The analysis of the third-order thicknessshear overtone vibrations of quartz crystal plates with Mindlin plate theory, in:
Proc. IEEE Int. Ultrason. Symp., 2008, pp. 21732176.

[10] J. Wang, R.X. Wu, L.J. Yang, T.F. Ma, J.K. Du, The fifth-order overtone vibrations
of quartz crystal plates with corrected higher-order Mindlin plate equations,
IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 59 (10) (2012) 22782291.
[11] J. Wang, L.J. Yang, N.S. Sun, J.K. Du, D.J. Huang, The fifth-order overtone
vibrations of quartz crystal plates with higher-order Mindlin plate equations,
in: Proc. Int. IEEE Freq. Control Symp., 2009, pp. 455459.
[12] J.K. Du, W.J. Wang, G.J. Chen, R.X. Wu, D.J. Huang, T.F. Ma, J. Wang, An analysis
of thickness-shear vibrations of doubly-rotated quartz crystal plates with the
corrected first-order Mindlin plate equations, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr.
Freq. Control 60 (11) (2013) 23712380.
[13] J. Wang, W.J. Wang, G.J. Chen, J.K. Du, T.F. Ma, Y.T. Hu, Correction factors of the
Mindlin plate equations for vibrations of SC-cut quartz crystal plates, in: Proc.
IEEE Int. Ultrason. Symp., 2012, pp. 503506.
[14] J. Wang, W.J. Wang, G.J. Chen, T.F. Ma, D.J. Huang, J.K. Du, An analysis of high
frequency vibrations of SC-cut quartz crystal plates for resonator design and
optimization, in: Proc. Int. Symp. on Acoust. Wave Devices for Future Mobile
Commun. Syst., 2012, pp. 159164.
[15] J. Wang, J.D. Yu, Y.K. Yong, On the correction of higher-order Mindlin plate
theory, Int. J. Appl. Electromagn. Mech. 22 (12) (2005) 8396.
[16] J. Wang, G.J. Chen, Y.Y. Chen, R.X. Wu, J.K. Du, T.F. Ma, D.J. Huang, The
correction factors of Mindlin plate theory with and without electrodes for SCcut quartz crystal plates, in: Proc. Symp. on Piezoelectricity, Acoust. Waves,
and Device Appl., 2011, pp. 465468.

106

R. Wu et al. / Ultrasonics 73 (2017) 96106

[17] J. Wang, R.X. Wu, W.H. Zhao, J.K. Du, D.J. Huang, Correction factors for Mindlin
high-order plate theory with the consideration of electrodes, in: Proc. Int. IEEE
Freq. Control Symp., 2007, pp. 203207.
[18] J.K. Du, G.J. Chen, W.J. Wang, R.X. Wu, T.F. Ma, J. Wang, Correction factors of
Mindlin plate equations with the consideration of electrodes, IEEE Trans.
Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 59 (10) (2012) 23522358.
[19] G.J. Chen, J. Wang, W.J. Wang, T.F. Ma, D.J. Huang, J.K. Du, Correction factors for
Mindlin plate equations with the consideration of stiffness and mass effects of
electrodes for SC-cut quartz crystal plates, in: Proc. Symp. on Piezoelectricity,
Acoust. Waves, and Device Appl., 2012, pp. 229232.
[20] Y.K. Yong, J. Wang, T. Imai, On the accuracy of Mindlin plate prediction for the
frequency-temperature behavior of resonant modes in AT- and SC-cut quartz
plates, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 46 (1) (1999) 113.
[21] D. Johannsmann, K. Mathauer, G. Wegner, W. Knoll, Viscoelastic properties of
thin films probed with a quartz-crystal resonator, Phys. Rev. B 46 (1992)
78087815.
[22] P.C.Y. Lee, Mindlins equations of plated, crystal plates for thin-film stress
prediction, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 85 (1989) S8.
[23] J. Wang, H. Chen, R.X. Wu, X.W. Xu, J.K. Du, J.L. Shen, M.C. Chao, Viscosity
models and vibration solutions for the evaluation of electrical parameters of
piezoelectric resonators, Acta Mech. (2016) 111, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/
s00707-015-1524-y.
[24] P.C.Y. Lee, Z. Nikodem, An approximate theory for high-frequency vibrations of
elastic plates, Int. J. Solids Struct. 8 (1972) 581612.
[25] Z. Nikodem, P.C.Y. Lee, Approximate theory of vibrations of crystal plates at
high frequencies, Int. J. Solids Struct. 10 (1974) 177196.
[26] P.C.Y. Lee, J.P. Hou, Vibrations of doubly-rotated piezoelectric crystal strip with
a pair of electrode-plated, traction-free edges, in: Proc. 39th Annu. Freq.
Control Symp., 1985, pp. 453461.
[27] P.C.Y. Lee, S. Syngellakis, J.P. Hou, A two-dimensional theory for highfrequency vibrations of piezoelectric crystal plates with or without
electrodes, J. Appl. Phys. 61 (1987) 12491262.
[28] P.C.Y. Lee, J.D. Yu, W.S. Lin, A new two-dimensional theory for vibrations of
piezoelectric crystal plates with electrode faces, in: Proc. IEEE Int. Ultrason.
Symp., 1996, pp. 15911594.
[29] P.C.Y. Lee, W.S. Lin, Piezoelectrically forced vibrations of rectangular SC-cut
quartz plates, J. Appl. Phys. 83 (1998) 78227833.
[30] P.C.Y. Lee, N.P. Edwards, W.S. Lin, S. Syngellakis, Second-order theories for
extensional vibrations of piezoelectric crystal plates and strips, IEEE Trans.
Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 49 (2002) 14971506.

[31] P.C.Y. Lee, R. Huang, Mechanical effects of electrodes on the vibrations of

quartz crystal plates, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 49 (2002)
612625.
[32] P.C.Y. Lee, An accurate two-dimensional theory of vibrations of isotropic,
elastic plates, Acta Mech. Solida Sin. 24 (2) (2011) 125134.
[33] J. Wang, J.D. Yu, Y.K. Yong, T. Imai, A new theory for electroded piezoelectric
plates and its finite element application for the forced vibrations of quartz
crystal resonator, Int. J. Solids Struct. 37 (40) (2000) 56535673.
[34] J. Wang, Y.K. Yong, T. Imai, Finite element analysis of the piezoelectric
vibrations of quartz plate resonator with higher-order plate theory, Int. J.
Solids Struct. 36 (15) (1999) 23032319.
[35] J. Wang, Consideration of stiffness and mass effects of relatively thicker
electrodes with Mindlin plate theory, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq.
Control 53 (6) (2006) 12181221.
[36] J. Wang, G.J. Chen, J.K. Du, Lee plate equations for electroded quartz crystal
plates with the consideration of electrode density and stiffness, IEEE Trans.
Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 55 (2) (2008) 15.
[37] E.P. EerNisse, R.W. Ward, R.B. Wiggins, Survey of quartz bulk resonator sensor
technologies, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 35 (3) (1988)
323330.
[38] Z.Y. Wang, H.Z. Zhu, Y.G. Dong, J.S. Wang, G.P. Feng, Force-frequency
coefficient of symmetrical incomplete circular quartz crystal resonator, IEEE
Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 48 (5) (2001) 14711478.
[39] E.P. EerNisse, T.J. Lukaszek, A. Ballato, Variational calculation of forcefrequency constants of doubly rotated quartz resonators, IEEE Trans. Sonics.
Ultrason. 25 (3) (1978) 132137.
[40] D.S. Stevens, H.F. Tiersten, An analysis of doubly rotated quartz resonators
utilizing essentially thickness modes with transverse variation, J. Acoust. Soc.
Am. 79 (1986) 18111826.
[41] K.K. Kanazawa, J.G. Gordon II, The oscillation frequency of a quartz resonator in
contact with liquid, Anal. Chim. Acta 175 (1985) 99105.
[42] J. Wang, L.J. Yang, J.K. Du, D.J. Huang, The calculation of electrical parameters of
overtone thickness-shear quartz crystal resonators with the higher-order
Mindlin plate equations, in: Proc. IEEE Int. Ultrason. Symp., 2010, pp. 408411.
[43] R. Bechmann, Elastic and piezoelectric constants of alpha-quartz, Phys. Rev.
110 (5) (1958) 10601061.
[44] J. Wang, W.H. Zhao, The determination of the optimal length of crystal blanks
in quartz crystal resonators, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 52
(11) (2005) 20232030.