ENGG2012 A&B Advanced Engineering Mathematics
Solution 6
Tutor: Xixuan Wu
Email: xixuan1124 [AT] gmail.com
P1: Let vector a = [1,2,3], b = [1,0,4], c = [2,1,0], Calculate the inner and cross
product of a,b?
(2). What is a(bXc)?
(3). Prove that a b a b a b .
2
(4). Find the base for row and column space? Evaluate the rank of A and AT?
1 3 5 6
A 2 6 9 12
3 9 15 18
Solution: (1). a b 1*1 2*0 3*4 13
ab i
2 3
1 3
1 2
j
k
i8 j 2k
0 4
1 4
1 0
1 2 3
(2). a (b c) 1 0 4 1*( 4) 1*(0 3) 2*(8 0) 15
2 1 0
(3). a b a b sin
2
a b sin 2 a b a b cos2 a b (a b)2
2
(4). Through Gaussian elimination:
T
1 0
1 3 5 6 1 3 5 6
2 6 9 12 0 0 1 0 , the row base: 3 , 0
5 1
3 9 15 18 0 0 0 0
6 0
1 3 5 6 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
2 6 9 12 => 2 0 1 0 => 2 1 0 0 , the column base:
3 9 15 18 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0
1 0
2 , 1
3 0
So rank(A)=rank(AT)=2.
P2: Are the following are vector spaces? Explain why. If they are vector spaces,
find the basis and dimension.
1
a. All vectors x in R3 such that x 2 0
3
T
b. All vectors (x,y)T in R2 such that x+y=2.
c. All vectors x in R3 which are in column space AND null space of the matrix:
1 2 1
1 2 1
1 2 1
Solution:
a. We define the addition and scalar multiplication:
x1 x2 x11 x21
x12 x22
x13 x23 , kx1 kx11
T
kx12
kx13
For:
x1 x2
1
1
1
1
1
T
T
T
T
2 x1 2 x2 2 0 , kx1 2 kx1 2 0
3
3
3
3
3
So its a vector space.
For
x11
x12
1
x13 2 0 => x11 2 x12 3x13 0 =>
3
x11
2
3
=> x12 c2 1 c3 0 , So the basis are
x13
0
1
x11 2c2 3c3
x12 c2
x c
13 3
2
3
1 and 0 , dimension is 2.
0
1
x
y
b. We define the addition and scalar multiplication: z
z1 z2 x1 x2
y1 y2 , kz kx1
T
ky1
For x1 x2 y1 y2 4 2 , we know its not a vector space.
c. The definition of addition and scalar multiplication is the same with that of (a).
Vector (x,y,z) in column space AND null space should fulfill:
x
x
1
x
y k 1 , 1 2 1 y 0 . We assume w y
z
z
1
z
x1 x2
1
1
1
w1 w2 y1 y2 k1 1 k2 1 (k1 k2 ) 1
z1 z2
1
1
1
x
x
1 2 1 (kw) 1 2 1 (k y ) k 1 2 1 y 0
z
z
x
1
1
So its a vector space. w y k 1 c1 1 , So the basis is
z
1
1
1
1 , dimension is 1.
1
P3: (a). In a 2-D x-y plane, find the matrix (call it R) that represents a reflection
about the line defined by y=x.
(b). Find the inverse of matrix R.
(c). Find the matrix (call it T) that represents a rotation by 90 in the
counter-clockwise direction in the same plane.
(d). Find the matrix that represents first a reflection about the line y=x, and then
followed by a rotation of 90 in the counter-clockwise direction in the same plane?
Whats the operation corresponding to this matrix?
Solution: (a).
r11 r12
r11 r12 1 r11 r11 r12 0 r12
, So:
,
r21 r22
r21 r22 0 r21 r21 r22 1 r22
Suppose R
From Figure 1,
0 1
1 0
So (1,0) and (0,1) both are reflection of each other about y=x. So R
(b).
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
0 1
I
R 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
1 0
t11 t12
. Just like method in (a), we consider the rotation of (1,0)
t21 t22
(c). Suppose T
and (0,1).
t11 t12 1 t11 0
,
t21 t22 0 t21 1
So
t11 t12 0 t12 1
t
21 t22 1 t22 0
t 0 1
t
T 11 12
t21 t22 1 0
d11 d12
d 21 d 22
(d). Follow the method of (a) and (c), we suppose the matrix is D
d11 d12 1 d11 1 d11 d12 0 d12 0
d
,
21 d 22 0 d 21 0 d 21 d 22 1 d 22 1
1 0
x
x
x
. Clearly D TR , R TR
0 1
y reflection y rotation y
So D
x x
D , So the operation is just reflected about the y-axis.
y y
