Appendix 1.
Page 1 of 37
Appendix 1.0
COMBINED SYLLABUS OF THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE FOR THE PRIVATE PILOT LICENCE
(AEROPLANE) AND (HELICOPTER)
A list of publications which applicants for pilot licence examinations may find helpful is provided at the end
of this document
Ref.
ITEM DESCRIPTION
PPL-A
PPL-H
AIR LAW AND OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
ICAO
1.
The Convention on International Civil Aviation
2.
The International Civil Aviation Organisation
3.
Articles of the Convention
3.1
Sovereignty
3.2
Territory
3.5
Flight over territory of Contracting States
3.10
Landing at customs airports
3.11
Applicability of air regulations
3.12
Rules of the air
3.13
Entry and clearance regulations of Contracting States
3.14
Search of aircraft
3.22
Facilitation of formalities
3.23
Customs and immigration procedures
3.25
Customs duty
3.29
Documents to be carried in aircraft
3.30
Use of aircraft radio equipment
3.31
Certificate of airworthiness
3.32
Licences of personnel
3.33
Recognition of certificates and licences
3.34
Journey log books
3.35
Cargo restrictions
3.36
Restrictions on use of photographic equipment
3.37
Adoption of international standards and procedures
3.39
Endorsement of certificates and licences
3.40
Validity of endorsed certificates and licences
Annex 14 Aerodrome data
4.0
4.1
conditions of the movement area and related facilities
Visual aids for navigation
indicators and signalling devices
markings
lights
signs
markers
4.2
definitions
signal area
Visual aids for denoting obstacles
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marking of objects
lighting of objects
4.3
Visual aids for denoting restricted use of areas
4.4
Emergency and other services
4.5
fire and rescue service
apron management service
Aerodrome ground lights and surface marking colours
5.0
5.1
colours for aeronautical ground lights
colours for surface markings
X
SOUTH AFRICAN REGULATIONS
Civil Aviation Regulations (CAR) and Technical Standards
(CATS)
PART 1: DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Definitions
Abbreviations
12.02.1 Notification of accidents
12.02.2 Notification of incidents
12.02.3 Notification of accidents and incidents outside the
Republic
12.02.4 Particulars of notification
12.04.1 Guarding of aircraft involved in accident
12.04.4 Interference with objects and marks at scene of
accident
5.3
PART 61: FLIGHT CREW LICENSING
5.3.1
Subpart 61.01 General requirements
61.01.2 Pilot licences
61.01.3 Ratings for pilots
61.01.5 Maintenance of competency
61.01.6 Medical fitness
61.01.7 Language
61.01.8 Logging of flight time (1 11, 17)
61.01.9 Crediting of flight time & Theoretical knowledge
examinations (1 5, 7, 12, 13, 14, 24, 25, 26)
5.2
5.3.2
5.3.3
PART 12: AVIATION ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS
61.01.11 Suspension and withdrawal of privileges and appeal
61.01.17 Payment of currency fee
61.01.19 Endorsements and record keeping
Subpart 61.03 (A) 61.04 (H) Private pilot licence
61.03.1/61.04.1 Requirements
61.03.2/61.04.2 Application for private pilot licence
61.03.3/61.04.3 Experience
61.03.4/61.04.4 Skill test
61.03.5/61.04.5 Issuing of private pilot licence
61.03.6/61.04.6 Validity of private pilot licence
61.03.7/61.04.7 Privileges and conditions
61.03.8/61.04.8 Ratings for special purposes
61.03.9/61.04.9 Maintenance of competency
Subpart 61.13 Class and Type Ratings
61.13.1 Requirements for issue of class and type ratings (1 -
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5.4
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7, 9)
61.13.2 Training
61.13.3 Skill Test
61.13.8 Validity, revalidation and renewal
Subpart 61.14 Night Rating
61.14.1 Requirements for night rating
61.14.2 Experience
61.13.3 Skill test standard
PART 67: MEDICAL CERTIFICATION
67.00.2 Classes of medical certificates
67.00.6 Period of validity of medical certificates
67.00.9 Duties of holder of medical certificate
67.00.10 Foreign medical assessments
5.5
PART 91 GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES
5.5.1
SUBPART 1: GENERAL PROVISIONS
91.01.1 Applicability
5.5.2
5.5.3
5.5.4
91.01.2 Authority of pilot-in-command
91.01.3 Authorisation of personnel to taxi aeroplanes
N/A
91.01.4 Search and rescue information
91.01.5 Information on emergency and survival equipment
carried
91.01.9 Portable electronic devices
91.01.10 Endangering safety
91.01.11 Preservation of documents
SUBPART 2: FLIGHT CREW
91.02.1 Composition of flight crew
91.02.2 Flight crew member emergency duties
91.02.3 Flight crew member responsibilities
91.02.4 Recency
91.02.5 Flight crew members at duty stations
91.02.6 Laws, regulations and procedures
91.02.7 Duties of pilot-in-command regarding flight
preparation
91.02.8 Duties of pilot-in-command regarding flight operations
SUBPART 3: DOCUMENTATION AND RECORDS
91.03.1 Documents to be carried on board
91.03.2 Aircraft flight manual
91.03.3 Aircraft checklists
91.03.4 Air traffic service flight plan
91.03.5 Flight folio
91.03.6 Fuel and oil record
91.03.7 Certificate of release to service
SUBPART 4: INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT
91.04.1 Use of instruments and equipment by pilot
91.04.2 Circuit protection devices
91.04.3 Aircraft operating lights
91.04.4 Flight, navigation and associated equipment for
aircraft operated under VFR
91.04.14 Seats, seat safety belts, harnesses and child restraint
devices
91.04.15 Stowage of articles, baggage and cargo
91.04.16 Standard first aid kit
91.04.19 Supplemental oxygen in the case of non-pressurised
aircraft
91.04.21 Hand-held fire extinguishers
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5.5.6
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SUBPART 6: RULES OF THE AIR FLIGHT RULES
91.06.1 Landing on roads
91.06.2 Dropping objects spraying or dusting
91.06.3 Picking up objects
91.06.4 Towing
91.06.6 Proximity and formation flights
91.06.7 Right of way
91.06.8 Following line features
91.06.9 Aircraft speed
91.06.10 Lights to be displayed by aircraft
91.06.11 Taxi rules
91.06.12 Operation on and in the vicinity of aerodrome
91.06.13 Signals
91.06.15 Reporting position
91.06.16 Mandatory radio in controlled airspace
91.06.17 Mandatory radio in advisory airspace
91.06.18 Compliance with air traffic control clearance and
instructions
91.06.19 Prohibited areas
91.06.20 Restricted areas
91.06.21 Visibility and distance from cloud
91.06.22 Special VFR weather minima
91.06.23 Responsibility to ascertain whether VFR flight is
permitted
91.06.28 Foreign military aircraft
91.06.29 Identification and interception of aircraft
91.06.30 Air traffic service procedures
91.06.31 Priority
91.06.32 Minimum heights
91.06.33 Semi-circular rule
X
X
SUBPART 7: FLIGHT OPERATIONS
91.07.1 Routes and areas of operation
91.07.2 Minimum flight altitudes
91.07.3 Use of aerodromes
91.07.4 Helicopter landings and take-offs
N/A
91.07.9 Meteorological conditions
91.07.10 VFR operating minima
91.07.11 Mass and balance
91.07.12 Fuel and oil supply
91.07.13 Re-fuelling and de-fuelling with passengers on board
91.07.14 Smoking in aircraft
91.07.17 Submission of air traffic service flight plan
91.07.18 Seats, safety belts and harnesses
91.07.19 Passenger seating
91.07.20 Passenger briefing
91.07.23 Use of supplemental oxygen
91.07.26 In-flight simulation of emergency situations
91.07.27 Turning helicopter rotors
5.6
N/A
91.07.28 Starting of engines
91.07.29 Acrobatic flights
91.07.32 Simulated instrument flight in aircraft
PART 139: AERODROMES AND HELIPORTS
139.01.1 Applicability
139.01.2 Use of military aerodromes and heliports
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139.01.5 Flights by night
139.01.10 Safety measures against fire
5.7
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
5.7.1
ICAO Annex 12 Search and rescue
5.7.2
definitions
alerting phases
procedures for pilot-in-command (para 5.8 and 5.9)
search and rescue signals (para 5.9 and Appendix A)
ICAO Annex 13 Aircraft accident investigation
definitions
national procedures
X
6.0
AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
6.1
Airframe
Airframe structure (aeroplane)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
6.1.1
fuselage, wings, tailplane, fin
primary flying controls
trim and flap/slat systems
landing gear
nose wheel, including steering
tyres, construction, markings, limitations and condition
braking systems and precautions in use
6.1.2
components
retraction systems
Airframe structure (helicopter)
N/A
N/A
N/A
Fuselage (types of construction, structural components,
materials)
Rotors
N/A
blades, construction
N/A
rotor heads (fully articulated, semi-rigid, rigid, swashplate)
N/A
N/A
gearboxes (main rotor and tail rotor)
N/A
clutch systems (sprag/freewheel clutch, electric and
mechanical clutches)
N/A
N/A
collective
N/A
cyclic
N/A
Helicopter drive systems
Controls
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yaw pedals
6.1.3
N/A
Landing gear (skids, wheels and tyres, braking systems and
shock absorbers)
Airframe loads (A & H)
static strength
limiting loads
safety factor
control locks and use
ground/flight precautions
N/A
6.2
Powerplant
6.2.1
Engines general
design types and principles of the four stroke internal
combustion engine
basic construction and component
causes of pre-ignition and detonation
6.2.2
6.2.3
Engine cooling
air cooling
cowling design and cylinder baffles
design and use of cowl flaps
cylinder head temperature gauge
Engine lubrication
6.2.4
power output as a function of RPM
function and methods of lubrication
lubrication systems
methods of oil circulation
oil pump and filter requirements
qualities and grades of oil
oil temperature and pressure control
oil cooling methods
recognition of oil system malfunctions
Ignition systems
principles of magneto ignition
construction and function
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6.2.5
serviceability checks, recognition of malfunctions
operational procedures to avoid spark plug fouling
Carburation
6.2.6
principles of float type carburettor
construction, components and function
methods to maintain correct mixture ratio
operation of metering jets and accelerator pump
effect of pressure/density altitude
performance as a function of pressure and temperature
manual mixture control
maintenance of correct mixture ratio
limitation on use at high power
avoidance of detonation
idle cut-off valve
air induction system
alternate air induction systems (turbocharger &
supercharger)
carburettor icing, use of hot air
X
purpose and principle of impulse coupling
injection systems, principles and operation
Aero engine fuel
classification of fuels
types, grades and identification by colour
quality requirements
additives
inspection for contamination (water content & ice
formation)
fuel density
alternate fuels, differences in specifications, limitations
use of fuel strainers and drains
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6.2.7
Engine handling
6.2.8
6.3
starting procedures and precautions
recognition of malfunctions
warming up, power and system checks
oil temperature and pressure limitations
cylinder head temperature limitations
ignition and other system checks
power settings and limitations
avoidance of rapid power changes
use of mixture control
action in the event of detonation or pre-ignition
Engine Operational Criteria
X
re-fuelling precautions
maximum and minimum RPM
(induced) engine vibration and critical RPM
remedial action by abnormal engine start, run-up and inflight
type related items
Propellers
propeller nomenclature
conversion of engine power to thrust
design and construction of fixed pitch propeller
forces acting on propeller blade
variation of RPM with change of airspeed
thrust efficiency with change of speed
design and construction of variable pitch propeller
constant speed unit operation
effect of blade pitch changes
windmilling effect
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N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
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6.4
Systems
6.4.1
Electrical system
6.4.2
6.4.3
construction and operation of alternators/generators
direct current supply
batteries, construction, capacity and charging
voltmeters and ammeters
circuit breakers and fuses
electrically operated services and instruments
recognition of malfunctions
procedure in the event of malfunctions
Vacuum system
components
pumps
regulator and gauge
filter system
recognition of malfunction
procedures in the event of malfunctions
Hydraulic system
6.4.4
components of a simple system
reservoir
pressure pump
accumulator
actuator
pressure relief and bypass valves
filters
types of fluid
operation, indication, warning systems
auxiliary systems
Fuel systems
fuel tanks, structural components, types and supply lines
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venting system
mechanical and electrical pumps
gravity feed
tank selection
system management
6.5
Instruments
6.5.1
Pitot/static system
6.5.2
pitot tube, function
pitot tube, principles and construction
static source
alternate static source
position error
system drains
heating element
errors caused by blockage or leakage
Airspeed indicator
6.5.3
principles of operation and construction
relationship between pitot and static pressure
definitions of indicated, calibrated and true airspeed
instrument errors
airspeed indications, colour coding
pilots serviceability checks
Altimeter
principles of operation and construction
function of the subscale
effects of atmospheric density
pressure altitude
true altitude
international standard atmosphere
flight level
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6.5.4
instrument errors
pilots service ability checks
Vertical speed indicator
6.5.5
6.5.6
function
inherent lag
instantaneous VSI
presentation
pilots serviceability checks
Gyroscopes
rigidity
precession
Turn indicator
6.5.7
rate gyro
purpose and function
effect of speed
presentation
turn co-ordinator
limited rate of turn indications
power source
balance indicator
principle
presentation
principles
principles of operation and construction
X
presentation (three needle)
pilots serviceability checks
Attitude indicator
earth gyro
purpose and function
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presentations
interpretation
operating limitations
power source
pilots serviceability checks
Heading indicator
6.5.9
purpose and function
presentation
use with magnetic compass
setting mechanism
apparent drift
transport wander
operating limitations
power source
pilots serviceability checks
Magnetic compass
6.5.10
construction and function
earths magnetic field
variation and deviation
turning, acceleration errors
precautions when carrying magnetic items
directional gyro
pilots serviceability checks
Engine instruments
principles, presentation and operational use of:
oil temperature gauge
oil pressure gauge
cylinder head temperature gauge
exhaust gas meter
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manifold pressure gauge
fuel pressure gauge
fuel flow gauge
fuel quantity gauge(s)
tachometer
Other instruments
principles, presentation and operational use of:
vacuum gauge
voltmeter and ammeter
warning indicators
others relevant to aircraft type
6.6
Airworthiness and Emergency Procedures
6.6.1
Airworthiness
N/A
N/A
6.6.2
certificate to be in force
compliance with requirements
periodic maintenance inspections
compliance with flight manual (or equivalent), instructions
Limitations, placards
6.6.3
flight manual supplements
provision and maintenance of documents
aeroplane, engine and propeller log books
helicopter, engine and rotorblade logbooks
recording of defects
permitted maintenance by pilots
Emergency Procedures
emergency equipment and its use
fire extinguisher
engine/cabin fires
flammable goods/pressurised containers
X
7.0
FLIGHT PERFORMANCE AND PLANNING
7.1
Mass and balance
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7.1.1
7.1.2
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Terminology:
Arm, moment, reference datum, flight station, centre of
gravity
Forward and aft limitations of centre of gravity, normal and
utility operation
Lateral limitations
Maximum ramp and taxi mass
Maximum take-off mass
Maximum zero fuel mass
Empty operating mass
Maximum floor load
Limitations on maximum mass
Forward and aft limitations of centre of gravity, normal and
utility operation
Mass and centre of gravity calculations
Aircraft mass and balance sheet
Loadsheet
7.2
Movement of CG in flight/on ground
Maximum load at station
Abbreviations, definitions and symbols
7.3
Vx, Vy, Vfe, Vfo, Vle, Vlo, Va, Vne, Vno, Vs, Vso (as
applicable)
OAT, IOAT
ISA temperature/deviation from ISA
pressure altitude, density altitude
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
QNH, QFE, QNE
Runways
runway length
take-off run available (TORA)
IAS, RAS, TAS
Calculation of CG
take-off run required (TORR)
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take-off distance available (TODA)
take-off distance required (TODR)
landing distance available (LDA)
landing distance required (LDR)
displaced threshold, stopway, clearway
slope
surface
Aeroplane use of performance graphs to determine:
take-off run (TORR) no flaps, effects of mass, wind, density
altitude, ground surface and gradient
take-off run (TORR) with flaps, effects of mass, wind,
density altitude, ground surface and gradient
take-off distance required (TODR), no flaps, effects of
mass, wind, density altitude, ground surface and gradient
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
take-off distance required (TODR), with flaps, effects of
mass, wind, density altitude, ground surface and gradient
climb performance
time, distance and fuel to climb
engine performance
speed power performance cruise
speed power economy cruise
range performance cruise
range economy cruise
endurance
time, distance and fuel to descend
glide range
landing performance, effect of flaps, mass, wind, density
altitude, approach speed, ground surface and gradient
landing ground roll, effect of flaps, effects of mass, wind,
density altitude, approach speed, ground surface and
gradient
airspeed system calibration
stall speeds
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Helicopter use of performance graphs to determine:
Airspeed system calibration
Density altitude chart
Wind Component Graph
IGE Hover Ceiling vs Gross Weight
OGE Hover Ceiling vs Gross Weight
Airspeed Limitations (VNE/VNO)
Engine Limit of Manifold Pressure
Maximum Continuous Power
Autorotational Performance
Height/Velocity diagram
Longitudinal Weight and Balance
7.6
7.7
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Lateral Weight and Balance
Fuel Weight and performance
specific weight
specific gravity
fuel consumption
fuel performance
calculation of fuel requirements
Aircraft Performance
icing, rain
condition of the airframe
wake turbulence
aqua-planing
windshear, take-off, approach and landing
N/A
N/A
8.0
HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
8.1
Basic physiology
8.1.1
The atmosphere
composition of the atmosphere
the gas laws
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8.1.2
8.1.3
8.1.4
oxygen requirement of tissues
The heart
basic physiology
blood pressure, pulse rate
composition of blood and circulation
ailments, recognition and treatment
The lungs
physiology
respiration
ailments and treatment
effects of partial pressure
effect of increasing altitude
gas transfer
hypoxia, symptoms, prevention
cabin pressurization
effects of rapid decompression
time of useful consciousness
the use of oxygen masks and rapid descent
hyperventilation, symptoms, avoidance
effects of accelerations
Vision
physiology of vision
limitations of the visual system
vision defects
optical illusions
night vision
spatial disorientation
avoidance of disorientation
ailments and treatment
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Hearing
8.1.6
vestibular system
inner ear sensations
effects of altitude/pressure change
noise and hearing loss
protection of hearing
spatial disorientation
conflicts between ears and eyes
prevention of disorientation
motion sickness, causes, symptoms, prevention
Flying and health
medical requirements
effect of common ailments and cures
colds and flu
stomach upsets
hypotension, hypertension, coronary disease
obesity
nutrition hygiene
drugs, medicines, and side effects
alcohol
tobacco
self medication
personal fitness
passenger care
scuba diving precautions before flying
decompression sickness
basic physiology
acceleration/deceleration and vibration
effects of pressure change
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dangerous goods
carbon monoxide from heaters/exhausts
incapacitation
faints
toxic hazards
8.2
Basic psychology
8.2.1
Human information processing
attention, selective attention, divided attention
concepts of sensation
cognitive perception
expectancy and anticipation
8.2.2
8.2.3
habits
The central decision channel
mental workload, limitations
information sources
stimuli and attention
verbal communication
memory
sensory
working
long term
motor skills
limitations
causes of misinterpretation
Stress
causes and effects
concepts of arousal
effects on performance
identifying and reducing stress
fatigue
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sleep
circadian rhythms
Judgement and decision-making
concepts of pilots judgement
psychological attitudes
behavioural aspects
risk assessment
development of situational awareness
X
9.0
METEOROLOGY
9.1
The atmosphere
9.2
composition and structure
vertical divisions
ICAO standard atmosphere
Pressure, density and temperature
barometric pressure, isobars
changes of pressure and density with altitude
insolation and terrestrial energy radiation
diurnal variation of temperature
adiabatic process
temperature lapse rate
stability and instability
9.3
9.4
effects of advection and convection
Humidity and precipitation
water vapour in the atmosphere
dew point, relative humidity
condensation and vaporization
precipitation
Pressure and wind
high and low pressure areas
troughs, ridges, cols
pressure gradient, coriolis force
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9.5
vertical and horizontal motion, convergence, divergence
effect of wind gradient and windshear on take-off and
landing
relationship between isobars and wind, Buys Ballots law
turbulence and gustiness
local winds
fhn wind
land and sea breezes
anabatic and katabatic winds
Cloud formation
9.6
9.7
cloud types (high, medium, low and vertical development)
formation of cloud types
flying conditions associated with each cloud type
Fog, mist and haze
visibility
radiation fog
advection fog
frontal fog
freezing fog
steam fog
valley fog
formation and dispersal
assessment of probability of reduced visibility
hazards in flight due to low visibility, horizontal, vertical
and slant angle
Air masses
cooling by advection, radiation and adiabatic expansion
X
geostrophic and surface winds
characteristics and factors affecting the properties of air
masses
classification of air masses, region of origin
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9.8
formation
associated clouds and weather
flying conditions
changes with the passage of the front
formation
associated clouds and weather
weather in the warm sector
flying conditions
changes with the passage of the front
development of low and high pressure systems
weather associated with pressure systems
Frontology
cold fronts
warm fronts
occlusions
X
formation
associated clouds and weather
stationary fronts
Ice accretion
conditions conducive to ice formation
effects of hoar frost, rime ice, clear ice
effects of icing on aircraft performance
precautions and avoidance of icing conditions
powerplant icing
9.10
9.9
X
modification of air masses during their movement
precautions, prevention and clearance of induction and
carburettor icing
Thunderstorms
conditions required
formation, trigger action
air mass, frontal, orographic
development process
hazards for aircraft
effects of lightning and severe turbulence
avoidance of flight in the vicinity of thunderstorms
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Flight over mountainous areas
hazards
influence of terrain on atmospheric processes
9.12
9.13
9.14
9.15
valley winds
general seasonal circulation in the troposphere over
Southern Africa
local seasonal weather and winds
development of a coastal low (orographic depression)
South Westerly Buster
Cape Doctor
Black South Easter
Berg winds
Altimetry
operational aspects of pressure settings
pressure altitude, density altitude
height, altitude, flight level
QNH, QFE, standard setting
Weather analysis and forecasting
synoptic weather charts, symbols, signs
significant (prognostic) weather charts
upper wind and temperature charts
Weather information for flight planning
mountain waves, windshear, turbulence, vertical
movement, rotor effects
Climatology
interpretation of coded information METAR, TAF, SPECI,
SIGMET
Meteorological broadcasts for aviation
ATIS
10.0
NAVIGATION
10.1
Form of the earth
true north, axis, poles, direction and rate of rotation
cardinal and quadrantal points
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10.2
prime (Greenwich) meridian
parallels of latitude
equator
great circles, small circles, rhumb lines
convergency between meridians
hemispheres, north/south, east/west
distances
units in use
derivation of nautical mile and kilometre
Time
Arc to time, relationship between universal co-ordinated
(UTC) time, local mean time (LMT) and Standard time
factor (STF)
definitions of sunrise and sunset times
10.3
official day and official night
Mapping general
aeronautical maps and charts (topographical)
Lamberts conic conformal, (ICAO 1: 500,000 chart)
orthomorphism
X
meridians of longitude
construction
convergence of meridians
presentation of meridians, parallels, great circles and
rhumb lines
measurement of tracks
indication of magnetic variation
scale, standard parallels
measurement of distance in relation to map projection
conversion of units
map analysis
depiction of height
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10.4
10.5
Page 25 of 37
10.6.1
cultural features
permanent features (e.g. line features, spot features,
unique or
special features)
features subject to change (e.g. water)
aeronautical symbols
aeronautical information
true north
earths magnetic field, variation annual change
magnetic north
isogonals, agonic lines
Aircraft magnetism
magnetic influences within the aircraft
compass deviation
turning errors
acceleration/deceleration errors
avoiding magnetic interference with the compass
X
The navigation computer
Wind scale side
use of the computer to solve triangle of velocities
calculation of heading and groundspeed
drift, wind correction angle
finding wind velocity (W/V)
application of TAS and wind velocity to track
10.6.2
relief
Direction
10.6
topography
headwind and crosswind components relative to runway
Circular slide rule
IAS, CAS/RAS and TAS
groundspeed, distance and elapsed time
conversion of units (kg/lbs, USG/litres, nm/km,
metres/feet)
fuel consumption and fuel required
pressure altitude true altitudes
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density altitude
true altitude
time en route and ETA
one in sixty rule
Practical Navigation
Use of South African Navigation Plotting Chart (1:5 000 000)
measurement of tracks and distances
dead reckoning, position, fix
procedure when uncertain of position
plotting positions
latitude and longitude
use of VOR/DME/ADF for position fixing
bearing and distance
use of navigation protractor
calculating headings (T), (M), (C)
EET and ETA
rate of descent and rate of climb
ETA for top of descent
fuel considerations
compass headings, use of deviation card
10.8
Radio navigation
10.8.1
Ground D/F
10.8.2
application
principles
presentation and interpretation
coverage
errors and accuracy
factors affecting range and accuracy
ADF, including associated beacons (NDBs) and use of the RMI
application
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principles
presentation and interpretation
coverage
errors and accuracy
factors affecting range and accuracy
VOR/DME
10.8.4
principles
presentation and interpretation
coverage
errors and accuracy
10.8.5
10.8.6
application
principles
presentation and interpretation
coverage
errors and accuracy
application
principles
presentation and interpretation
coverage
errors and accuracy
factors affecting reliability and accuracy
Secondary surveillance radar
factors affecting reliability and accuracy
Ground radar
factors affecting range and accuracy
GPS
application
principles (transponders)
application
presentation and interpretation
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modes and codes
11.0
PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
11.1
The atmosphere
11.2
composition and structure
International standard atmosphere (ISA)
atmospheric pressure
Lift
Newtons Laws of motion
Equation of continuity
IAS, CAS, TAS
Bernoullis principle venturi effect
airflow around a flat plate
airflow around a curved plate (aerofoil)
Description of aerofoil cross section
X
Relative Airflow
Chord line
Mean camber line
Camber
Symmetrical aerofoils
Surface area
Shape
Angle of Attack
Centre of Pressure
Lift Force
Velocity
Coefficient of Lift (CL)
Density
Surface area
form
skin friction
interference drag
Pressure distribution about an aerofoil
11.3
The lift formula definitions
Lift curve
Drag
Parasite (profile) drag
Induced drag
X
wingtip and trailing edge vortices
downwash angle
Total Drag Curve
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11.4
11.5
Page 29 of 37
The Drag Formula
lift/drag ratio
aerofoil shapes and wing planforms
aspect ratio
Thrust
The propeller blade as an aerofoil
The thrust force
Thrust curve
Thrust Horse Power (THP)
Flying controls
pitching about the lateral axis
rolling about the longitudinal axis
yawing about the normal axis
primary effects of the elevator (stabilators), ailerons and
rudder
effect of speed, slipstream and location of centre of gravity
effects of cyclic, collective and rudder pedal inputs
spiral dive recovery
Control in pitch, roll and yaw
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
cross coupling, roll and yaw
mass and aerodynamic balance of control surfaces
N/A
adverse aileron yaw
11.7
further effects of the elevator (stabilators), ailerons and
rudder
effect of rotor configuration on control power
11.6
the three planes
Trimming controls
basic trim tab, balance tab and anti-balance tab
purpose and function
method of operation
Flaps and slats
simple, split, slotted and Fowler flaps
purpose and function
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N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
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11.8
Page 30 of 37
operational use
slats, leading edge
purpose and function
Flight mechanics
11.8.1
lift and mass
thrust and drag
methods of achieving balance (use of trim)
balance and couples (Lift/Weight and Thrust/Drag)
relationship between power required and power available
effects of configuration, weight, temperature and altitude
Climbing
11.8.3
maximum rate and maximum angle of climb
effects of configuration, weight, temperature and altitude,
wind
descending without power
forces
11.8.4
N/A
N/A
N/A
use of power curves
Descending
N/A
forces
Understanding of power curves
range and endurance
11.8.2
N/A
Forces acting on an aircraft
Straight and level flight
effects of configuration, weight, temperature and altitude,
wind
effect of power
Turning
forces
load factor
turn rate and turn radius
effects of weight, speed, angle of bank, wind, configuration
effect of torque
use of power curves
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11.9
11.11
reduction of performance during climbing and descending
turns
steep turns
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
The stall
boundary layer
laminar and turbulent flow
stalling angle of attack
disruption of smooth airflow
reduction of lift, increase of drag
movement of centre of pressure
blade stall
symptoms of development
aircraft characteristics at the stall
11.10
X
Advanced turning
factors affecting stall speed and aeroplane behaviour at the
stall
stalling from level, climbing, descending and turning flight
inherent and artificial stall warnings
recovery from the stall
effect of weight and flaps
basic stalling speed
Avoidance of spins
wing tip stall
the development of roll and autorotation
recognition at the incipient stage
recovery technique
full spin recovery technique
Stability
definitions of static and dynamic stability
longitudinal, lateral and directional stability
effect of location of centre of gravity and speed
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Load factor and manoeuvres
11.13
manoeuvring and gust envelope
limiting load factors, (aeroplane with and without flaps)
changes in load factor in turns and pull-ups
vibrations, control feedback
manoeuvring speed limitations
in-flight precautions
H/V diagram, take-off and landing
Stress loads on the ground
N/A
N/A
structural considerations
side loads on the landing gear
landing
taxiing, precautions during turns
12.0
Helicopter Aerodynamics
N/A
12.1
Helicopter terms
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Plane of rotation
Axes of rotation
Rotor shaft axis
Tip path plane
Rotor disc
Disc loading
12.2
Blade loading
The forces diagram and associated terminology
Pitch angle
Induced airflow
Relative airflow to the blade
Angle of attack
Drag-blade
Total reaction-blade
Rotor thrust
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Rotor drag
Torque
Mass
Uniformity of rotor thrust along blade span
Blade twist
Blade taper
Coning angle
Centrifugal force
Limits of rotor RPM
12.3
12.3.1
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Centrifugal turning moments
Collective lever
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
collective pitch changes
relationship with rotor thrust and rotor drag
Cyclic stick
cyclic pitch changes
rotor disc attitude
rotor thrust tilt
Yaw pedals
fuselage torque
tailrotor drift
tailrotor roll
N/A
Rotor blade freedom of movement
N/A
Feathering
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
the feathering hinge
pitch angle
Flapping
the flapping hinge
alleviation of bending stresses
12.4.3
12.4.2
N/A
12.4.1
N/A
12.4
N/A
N/A
12.3.3
Helicopter Controls
12.3.2
N/A
flapping to equality
Dragging
the drag hinge
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leading/lagging
periodic drag changes
12.4.4
12.5
12.5.1
take-off
vertical climb
vertical descent
12.6
12.6.1
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Outside Inside ground effect
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
factors affecting ground cushion
re-circulation
Forces in balance
in the hover
in forward flight
influence of centre of gravity
influence of rotor shaft tilt
Translational lift
effect of horizontal airflow on induced flow
variation of total flow through the disc with forward flight
N/A
The relationship between pitch angle and angle of attack
N/A
Power requirements
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
12.7
N/A
Hovering
12.5.3
blade C of G (conservation of angular momentum)
Vertical flight
12.5.2
N/A
drag dampers
rotor profile power
power absorption tail rotor and ancillary equipment
rotor profile power variation with forward speed
induced drag
parasite drag
rotor profile drag
total power required
power available
Transition from and to the hover
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12.9
Page 35 of 37
symmetry and asymmetry of rotor thrust
main rotor flapback
tail rotor flapback and methods of removal
Factors affecting maximum forward speed
design limits of cyclic stick
airflow reversal
retreating blade stall
symptoms and recovery actions
flow separation
Factors affecting cyclic stick limits
12.10
12.10.1
Density altitude
Centre of gravity position
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
The flare power flight
N/A
N/A
Vortex Ring State (Settling with Power)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
tip vortices
comparison between induced flow and rate of descent flow
development
change in relative airflow along blade span root stall and
turbulence
Blade sailing
12.10.3
N/A
Helicopter specific hazards
12.10.2
All up mass (AUM)
N/A
rotor RPM and blade rigidity
effect of adverse wind
minimising the danger
Autorotation vertical
rate of descent airflow
effective airflow
relative airflow
inflow and inflow angle
autorotative force
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Blade regions
12.10.5
12.10.6
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
stalled region
driven region
driving region
rotor drag
effect of mass and altitude
control of rotor RPM
Autorotation forward flight
factors affecting inflow angle
effect of forward speed on rate of descent
effect of forward speed on the three regions
turning
the flare
rotor RPM increase from movement of autorotative section
increase in rotor thrust
reduction in rate of descent
autorotation for range and endurance
height/velocity avoidance graph
Rollover
dynamic roll-over and avoidance of
static rollover
effect of centre of gravity
12.10.7
Operating with limited power
N/A
12.10.8
Overpitch
N/A
12.10.9
Ground resonance
N/A
12.10.10
Mast bumping
N/A
Study Material for the Private Pilot Licence Syllabus: Aeroplane and Helicopter
The following publications have been used as reference material for the PPL Syllabus.
Although some of these publications are aimed more for the Commercial Pilot, questions which are drawn
from them will be at the PPL level in line with the syllabus, and therefore they may also be used as a
source of information by ATOs or lecturers when preparing lectures for Private Pilots.
This list does not imply that ATOs must purchase the complete selection. Alternative reference sources,
including existing study material, may also be used provided the content meets the requirements of the
syllabus.
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Appendix 1.0
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South African AIP and AICs (RSA)
Aviation Legislation in South Africa Cor Beek (RSA)
South African Air Law for Private Pilots Lilith A Seals (RSA)
Southern Africas Weather Patterns J Van Heerden and L Hurry (RSA)
Private Pilot Study Notes by Avex Air Training (RSA)
The Private Pilots Handbook G D P Worthington (RSA)
Commercial Pilot Study notes published by Aeronav Academy, Avex Air Training and Central Flying
Academy (RSA)
Air Pilots Manual Volumes 2, 3 and 4 P Godwin (UK)
The Private Pilots Licence Course Jeremy M Pratt (UK) Volumes 3 and 4
Ground Studies for Pilots, Volumes: Radio Aids, Meteorology, Navigation, Flight Instruments (UK)
Flying Training for The Private Pilot Licence Instructor Manual R D Campbell (UK)
Mechanics of Flight A C Kermode (USA)
A Pilot's Guide to Aircraft and Their Systems Dale Crane (USA)
Aircraft Systems for Pilots Dale De Remer (USA)
Aircraft Instruments E H J Pallett
Principles of Helicopter Flight W J Wagtendonk
The Helicopter Pilots Manual N Bailey, Volume 1 Principles of Flight (UK)
The Helicopter Pilots Manual N Bailey, Volume 2 Power plants, Instruments and Hydraulics (UK)
Rotorcraft Flying Handbook Federal Aviation Administration (USA)
Rotary Wing Flight Nicholas Ean (USA) available from ASA
The Helicopter Pilots Handbook G D P Worthington/ K Piggott (RSA)
Human Factors for Pilots R Green/H Muir/M James/D Gradwwell/ R L Green (UK)
Human Factors and Pilot Performance Vol 6 Air Pilots Manual P Godwin (UK)
Human Performance and Limitations in Aviation R D Campbell/M Bagshaw (UK)
Aircraft Performance Theory for Pilots, Chapter 12 Hydroplaning/Aquaplaning P J Swatton (UK)
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