1st Annual Virginia Tech Regional Mathematics Contest: From 9:30 A.M. To 12:00 Noon, November 10, 1979

1st Annual
Virginia Tech Regional Mathematics Contest

From 9:30 a.m. to 12:00 noon, November 10, 1979
Fill out the individual registration form
1. Show that the right circular cylinder of volume V which has the least surface
area is the one whose diameter is equal to its altitude. (The top and bottom
are part of the surface.)
2. Let S be a set which is closed under the binary operation , with the following properties:
(i) there is an element e S such that a e = e a = a, for each a S,
(ii) (a b) (c d) = (a c) (b d), for all a, b, c, d S.
Prove or disprove:
(a) is associative on S
(b) is commutative on S
3. Let A be an n n nonsingular matrix with complex elements, and let A be
its complex conjugate. Let B = AA + I, where I is the n n identity matrix.
(a) Prove or disprove: A1 BA = B.

(b) Prove or disprove: the determinant of AA + I is real.
4. Let f (x) be continuously differentiable on (0, ) and suppose lim f (x) = 0.
x
Prove that lim f (x)/x = 0.

x
5. Show, for all positive integers n = 1, 2, . . ., that 14 divides 3 4n+2 + 52n+1 .
2
6. Suppose an > 0 and
n=1 an diverges. Determine whether n=1 an /Sn converges, where Sn = a1 + a2 + + an .
7. Let S be a finite set of non-negative integers such that |x y| S whenever

x, y S.
(a) Give an example of such a set which contains ten elements.
(b) If A is a subset of S containing more than two-thirds of the elements of

S, prove or disprove that every element of S is the sum or difference of
two elements from A.
8. Let S be a finite set of polynomials in two variables, x and y. For n a positive integer, define n (S) to be the collection of all expressions p 1 p2 . . . pk ,
where pi S and 1 k n. Let dn (S) indicate the maximum number of
linearly independent polynomials in n (S). For example, 2 ({x2 , y}) =
{x2 , y, x2 y, x4 , y2 } and d2 ({x2 , y}) = 5.
(a) Find d2 ({1, x, x + 1, y}).
(b) Find a closed formula in n for dn ({1, x, y}).
log dn (S)
.
log n
(lim n an = limn (sup{an , an+1 , . . . }), where sup means supremum
or least upper bound.)
(c) Calculate the least upper bound over all such sets of lim n
2nd Annual
1. Let * denote a binary operation on a set S with the property that
(w x) (y z) = w z for all w, x, y, z S.
Show
(a) If a b = c, then c c = c.
(b) If a b = c, then a x = c x for all x S.
2. The sum of the first n terms of the sequence
1,
(1 + 2),
(1 + 2 + 22), . . . , (1 + 2 + + 2k1 ), . . .
is of the form 2n+R + Sn2 + T n +U for all n > 0. Find R, S, T and U .

3. Let an =
1 3 5 (2n 1)
.
2 4 6 2n
(a) Prove that limn an exists.

1 2
(1 ( 12 )2 )(1 ( 14 )2 ) . . . (1 ( 2n
) )
(b) Show that an =
.
(2n + 1)an
(c) Find limn an and justify your answer.
4. Let P(x) be any polynomial of degree at most 3. It can be shown that there
1
are numbers x1 and x2 such that 1
P(x) dx = P(x1 ) + P(x2 ), where x1 and
x2 are independent of the polynomial P.
(a) Show that x1 = x2 .
(b) Find x1 and x2 .
5. For x > 0, show that ex < (1 + x)1+x .
6. Given the linear fractional transformation of x into f 1 (x) = (2x 1)/(x +1),
define fn+1 (x) = f1 ( fn (x)) for n = 1, 2, 3, . . .. It can be shown that f 35 = f5 .
Determine A, B,C, and D so that f 28 (x) = (Ax + B)/(Cx + D).
7. Let S be the set of all ordered pairs of integers (m, n) satisfying m > 0 and
n < 0. Let be a partial ordering on S defined by the statement: (m, n)
(m , n ) if and only if m m and n n . An example is (5, 10) (8, 2).
Now let O be a completely ordered subset of S, i.e. if (a, b) O and (c, d)
O, then (a, b) (c, d) or (c, d) (a, b). Also let O denote the collection of
all such completely ordered sets.
(a) Determine whether an arbitrary O O is finite.
(b) Determine whether the cardinality O of O is bounded for O O .
(c) Determine whether O can be countably infinite for any O O .
8. Let z = x + iy be a complex number with x And y rational and with |z| = 1.
(a) Find two such complex numbers.
(b) Show that |z2n 1| = 2| sin n|, where z = ei .
(c) Show that |z2n 1| is rational for every n.
3rd Annual
1. The number 248 1 is exactly divisible by what two numbers between 60
and 70?
2. For which real numbers b does the function f (x), defined by the conditions
f (0) = b and f = 2 f x, satisfy f (x) > 0 for all x 0?
3. Let A be non-zero square matrix with the property that A 3 = 0, where 0 is
the zero matrix, but with A being otherwise arbitrary.
(a) Express (I A)1 as a polynomial in A, where I is the identity matrix.
(b) Find a 3 3 matrix satisfying B2 = 0, B3 = 0.
n
4. Define F(x) by F(x) =
n=0 Fn x (wherever the series converges), where
Fn is the nth Fibonacci number defined by F0 = F1 = 1, Fn = Fn1 + Fn2 ,
n > 1. Find an explicit closed form for F(x).
5. Two elements A, B in a group G have the property ABA 1 B = 1, where 1

denotes the identity element in G.
(a) Show that AB2 = B2 A.
(b) Show that ABn = Bn A for any integer n.
(c) Find u and v so that (Ba Ab )(Bc Ad ) = Bu Av .
6. With k a positive integer, prove that (1 k 2 )k 1 1/k.
7. Let A = {a0 , a1 , . . .} be a sequence of real numbers and define the sequence
A = {a0 , a1 , . . . } as follows for n = 0, 1, . . .: a2n = an , a2n+1 = an + 1. If
a0 = 1 and A = A, find
(a) a1 , a2 , a3 and a4
(b) a1981
(c) A simple general algorithm for evaluating a n , for n = 0, 1, . . ..
8. Let
(i) 0 < a < 1,

(ii) 0 < Mk+1 < Mk , for k = 0, 1, . . .,
(iii) limk Mk = 0.
If bn =
lim bn = 0.
ank Mk , prove that n
k=0
4th Annual
1. What is the remainder when X 1982 + 1 is divided by X 1? Verify your
answer.
2. A box contains marbles, each of which is red, white or blue. The number
of blue marbles is a least half the number of white marbles and at most onthird the number of red marbles. The number which are white or blue is at
least 55. Find the minimum possible number of red marbles.
3. Let a, b, and c be vectors such
that

a a

b a

c a
that {a, b, c} is linearly dependent. Show

a b a c
b b b c = 0.
c b c c
4. Prove that t n1 +t 1n < t n +t n when t = 1, t > 0 and n is a positive integer.

5. When asked to state the Maclaurin Series, a student writes (incorrectly)
()
f (x) = f (x) + x f (x) +
x2
x3
f (x) + f (x) + .
2!
3!
(a) State Maclaurins Series for f (x) correctly.

(b) Replace the left-hand side of (*) by a simple closed form expression in
f in such a way that the statement becomes valid (in general).
6. Let S be a set of positive integers and let E be the operation on the set of
subsets of S defined by EA = {x A | x is even}, where A S. Let C A
denote the complement of A in S. E C EA will denote E(C (EA)) etc.
(a) Show that E C E C EA = EA.
(b) Find the maximum number of distinct subsets of S that can be generated by applying the operations E and C to a subset A of S an arbitrary
number of times in any order.
7. Let p(x) be a polynomial of the form p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b and c

are integers, with the property that 1 < p(1) < p(p(1)) < p(p(p(1))). Show
that a 0.
8. For n 2, define Sn by Sn =
k2 .
k=n
(a) Prove or disprove that 1/n < Sn < 1/(n 1).

(b) Prove or disprove that Sn < 1/(n 3/4).
5th Annual
1. In the expansion of (a + b)n , where n is a natural number, there are n + 1
dissimilar terms. Find the number of dissimilar terms in the expansion of
(a + b + c)n .
2. A positive integer N (in base 10) is called special if the operation C of
replacing each digit d of N by its nines-complement 9 d, followed by
the operation R of reversing the order of the digits, results in the original
number. (For example, 3456 is a special number because R[(C3456)] =
3456.) Find the sum of all special positive integers less than one million
which do not end in zero or nine.
3. Let a triangle have vertices at O(0, 0), A(a, 0), and B(b, c) in the (x, y)-plane.
(a) Find the coordinates of a point P(x, y) in the exterior of OAB satisfying area(OAP) = area(OBP) = area(ABP).
(b) Find a point Q(x, y) in the interior of OAQ satisfying area(OAQ) =
area(OBQ) = area(ABQ).
4. A finite set of roads connect n towns T1 , T2 , . . ., Tn where n 2. We say
that towns Ti and T j (i = j) are directly connected if there is a road segment
connecting Ti and T j which does not pass through any other town. Let f (Tk )
be the number of other towns directly connected to Tk . Prove that f is not
one-to-one.
5. Find the function f (x) such that for all L 0, the area under the graph of
y = f (x) and above the x-axis from x = 0 to x = L equals the arclength of
d
the graph from x = 0 to x = L. (Hint: recall that dx
cosh1 x = 1/ x2 1.)
6. Let f (x) = 1/x and g(x) = 1 x for x (0, 1). List all distinct functions
that can be written in the form f g f g f g f where represents
ax + b
composition. Write each function in the form
, and prove that your
cx + d
list is exhaustive.
7. If a and b are real, prove that x4 + ax + b = 0 cannot have only real roots.
8. A sequence fn is generated by the recurrence formula
fn+1 =
fn fn1 + 1
,
fn2
for n = 2, 3, 4, . . ., with f 0 = f1 = f2 = 1. Prove that fn is integer-valued for

all integers n 0.
6th Annual
From 9:30 a.m. to noon November 3, 1984
99
1. Find the units digit (base 10) in the sum
k!.
k=1
2. Consider any three consecutive positive integers. Prove that the cube of the
largest cannot be the sum of the cubes of the other two.
3. A sequence {un }, n = 0, 1, 2, . . . , is defined by u0 = 5, un+1 = un + n2 +
3n + 3, for n = 0, 1, 2, . . . . If un is expressed as a polynomial un = dk=0 ck nk ,
where d is the degree of the polynomial, find the sum dk=0 ck .
4. Let the (x, y)-plane be divided into regions by n lines, any two of which may
or may not intersect. Describe a procedure whereby these regions may be
colored using only two colors so that regions with a common line segment
as part of their boundaries have different colors.
5. Let f (x) satisfy the conditions for Rolles theorem on [a, b] with f (a) =
f (b) = 0. Prove that for each real number k the function g(x) = f (x) +
k f (x) has at least one zero in (a, b).
6. A matrix is called excellent if it is square and the sum of its elements in
each row and column equals the sum of its elements in every other row and
column. Let Vn denote the collection of excellent n n matrices.
(a) Show that Vn is a vector space under addition and scalar multiplication
(by real numbers).
(b) Find the dimensions of V2 , V3 , and V4 .
(c) If A Vn and B Vn , show that AB Vn .
7. Find the greatest real r such that some normal line to the graph of y = x3 +rx
passes through the origin, where the point of normality is not the origin.
8. Let f = f (x) be an arbitrary differentiable
function on I = [x0 h, x0 + h]

with | f (x)| M on I where M 3. Let f (x0 h) f (x0 ) and f (x0 +h)
f (x0 ). Find the smallest positive number r such that at least one local maximum of f lies inside or on the circle of radius r centered at (x0 , f (x0 )). Express your answer in terms of h, M and d = min{ f (x0 ) f (x0 h), f (x0 )
f (x0 + h)}.
7th Annual
From 9:30 a.m. to noon November 2, 1985
1. Prove that
ab (a + b)/2 where a and b are positive real numbers.
2. Find the remainder r, 1 r 13, when 21985 is divided by 13.

3. Find real numbers c1 and c2 so that

0 0
I + c1 M + c2 M =
,
0 0
2

1 3
where M =
and I is the identity matrix.
0 2
4. Consider an infinite sequence {ck }
k=0 of circles. The largest, C0 , is centered
at (1, 1) and is tangent to both the x and y-axes. Each smaller circle Cn
is centered on the line through (1, 1) and (2, 0) and is tangent to the next
larger circle Cn1 and to the x-axis. Denote the diameter of Cn by dn for
n = 0, 1, 2, . . . . Find
(a) d1
(b)
dn
n=0
5. Find the function f = f (x), defined and continuous on R+ = {x | 0 x <

}, that satisfies f (x + 1) = f (x) + x on R+ and f (1) = 0.
6.
(a) Find an expression for 3/5 as a finite sum of distinct reciprocals of

positive integers. (For example: 2/7 = 1/7 + 1/8 + 1/56.)
(b) Prove that any positive rational number can be so expressed.
7. Let f = f (x) be a real function of a real variable which has continuous third
derivative and which satisfies, for a given c and all real x, x = c,
f (x) f (c)
= ( f (x) + f (c))/2.
xc
Show that f (x) = f (x f (c))/(x c).
8. Let p(x) = a0 + a1 x + + an xn , where the coefficients ai are real. Prove

that p(x) = 0 has at least one root in the interval 0 x 1 if a0 + a1 /2 +
+ an /(n + 1) = 0.
8th Annual
1. Let x1 = 1, x2 = 3, and
xn+1 =
1 n
xi
n + 1 i=1
for n = 2, 3, . . ..
Find limn and give a proof of your answer.

2. Given that a > 0 and c > 0, find a necessary and sufficient condition on b
so that ax2 + bx + c > 0 for all x > 0.
3. Express sinh 3x as a polynomial in sinh x. As an example, the identity
cos 2x = 2 cos2 x 1 shows that cos 2x can be expressed as a polynomial
in cos x. (Recall that sinh denotes the hyperbolic sine defined by sinh x =
(ex ex )/2.)
4. Find the quadratic polynomial p(t) = a 0 +a1t +a2t 2 such that
n for n = 0, 1, 2.
1 n
0 t p(t) dt =
5. Verify that, for f (x) = x + 1,

1
lim (
r0+
1
( f (x))r dx)1/r = e
ln f (x) dx
6. Sets A and B are defined by A = {1, 2, . . ., n} and B = {1, 2, 3}. Determine

the number of distinct functions from A onto B. (A function f : A B is
onto if for each b B there exists a A such that f (a) = b.)
7. A function f from the positive integers to the positive integers has the properties:
f (1) = 1,
f (n) = 2 if n 100,
f (n) = f (n/2) if n is even and n < 100,
f (n) = f (n2 + 7) if n is odd and n > 1.

(a) Find all positive integers n for which the stated properties require that
f (n) = 1.
(b) Find all positive integers n for which the stated properties do not determine f (n).
8. Find all pairs N, M of positive integers, N < M, such that
M
j=N
1
1
= .
j( j + 1) 10
9th Annual
From 9:30 a.m. to 12:00 noon, October 31, 1987
1. A path zig-zags from (1, 0) to (0, 0) along line segments Pn Pn+1 , where P0
is (1, 0) and Pn is (2n , (2)n ), for n > 0. Find the length of the path.
2. A triangle with sides of lengths a, b, and c is partitioned into two smaller
triangles by the line which is perpendicular to the side of length c and passes
through the vertex opposite that side. Find integers a < b < c such that each
of the two smaller triangles is similar to the original triangle and has sides
of integer lengths.
3. Let a1 , a2 , . . . , an be an arbitrary rearrangement of 1, 2, . . . , n. Prove that if n
is odd, then (a1 1)(a2 2) . . . (an n) is even.
4. Let p(x) be given by p(x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + + an xn and let |p(x)| |x|
on [1, 1].
(a) Evaluate a0 .
(b) Prove that |a1 | 1.
5. A sequence of integers {n1 , n2 , . . . } is defined as follows: n1 is assigned

arbitrarily and, for k > 1,
j=k1
nk =
z(n j ),
j=1
where z(n) is the number of 0s in the binary representation of n (each representation should have a leading digit of 1 except for zero which has the
representation 0). An example, with n1 = 9, is {9, 2, 3, 3, 3, . . . }, or in binary, {1001, 10, 11, 11, 11, . . . }.
(a) Find n1 so hat limk nk = 31, and calculate n2 , n3 , . . . , n10 .
(b) Prove that, for every choice of n1 , the sequence {nk } converges.
6. A sequence of polynomials is given by pn (x) = an+2 x2 + an+1 x an , for
n 0, where a0 = a1 = 1 and, for n 0, an+2 = an+1 + an . Denote by rn
and sn the roots of pn (x) = 0, with rn sn . Find limn rn and limn sn .
7. Let A = {ai j } and B = {bi j } be n n matrices such that A1 exists. Define

A(t) = {ai j (t)} and B(t) = {bi j (t)} by ai j (t) = ai j for i < n, an j (t) =
tan j ,
1 2
bi j (t) = bi j for i < n, and bn j (t) = tbn j . For example, if A =
, then
3 4

1 2
A(t) =
. Prove that A(t)1 B(t) = A1 B for t > 0 and any n. (Partial
3t 4t
credit will be given for verifying the result for n = 3.)
8. On Halloween, a black cat and a witch encounter each other near a large
mirror positioned along the y-axis. The witch is invisible except by reflection
in the mirror. At t = 0, the cat is at (10, 10) and the witch is at (10, 0). For
t 0, the witch moves toward the cat at a speed numerically equal to their
distance of separation and the cat moves toward the apparent position of the
witch, as seen by reflection, at a speed numerically equal to their reflected
distance of separation. Denote by (u(t), v(t)) the position of the cat and by
(x(t), y(t)) the position of the witch.
(a) Set up the equations of motion of the cat and the witch for t 0.
(b) Solve for x(t) and u(t) and find the time when the cat strikes the mirror.
(Recall that the mirror is a perpendicular bisector of the line joining an
object with its apparent position as seen by reflection.)
10th Annual
1. A circle C of radius r is circumscribed by a parallelogram S. Let denote
one of the interior angles of S, with 0 < /2. Calculate the area of S as
a function of r and .
2. A man goes into a bank to cash a check. The teller mistakenly reverses the
amounts and gives the man cents for dollars and dollars for cents. (Example:
if the check was for $5.10, the man was given $10.05.). After spending five
cents, the man finds that he still has twice as much as the original check
amount. What was the original check amount? Find all possible solutions.
x
3. Find the general solution of y(x) +
y(t) dt = x2 .
4. Let a be a positive integer. Find all positive integers n such that b = a n

satisfies the condition that a 2 + b2 is divisible by ab + 1.
5. Let f be differentiable on [0, 1] and let f () = 0 and f (x 0 ) = .0001 for
some and x0 (0, 1). Also let | f (x)| 2 on [0, 1]. Find the smallest
upper bound on | x0 | for all such functions.
6. Find positive real numbers a and b such that f (x) = ax bx 3 has four extrema on [1, 1], at each of which | f (x)| = 1.
7. For any set S of real numbers define a new set f (S) by f (S) = {x/3 | x
S} {(x + 2)/3 | x S}.
(a) Sketch, carefully, the set f ( f ( f (I))), where I is the interval [0, 1].
(b) If T is a bounded set such that f (T ) = T , determine, with proof, whether
T can contain 1/2.
8. Let T (n) be the number of incongruent triangles with integral sides and
perimeter n 6. Prove that T (n) = T (n 3) if n is even, or disprove by a
counterexample. (Note: two triangles are congruent if there is a one-to-one
correspondence between the sides of the two triangles such that corresponding sides have the same length.)
11th Annual
From 9:30 a.m. to noon October 21, 1989
1. A square of side a is inscribed in a triangle of base b and height h as shown.
Prove that the area of the square cannot exceed one-half the area of the
triangle.
H
HH
H
HH
H
HH
H
H
H
2. Let A be a 33 matrix in which each element is either 0 or 1 but is otherwise

arbitrary.
(a) Prove that det(A) cannot be 3 or 3.
(b) Find all possible values of det(A) and prove your result.
3. The system of equations
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a13 x3 = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + a23 x3 = b2
a31 x1 + a32 x2 + a33 x3 = b3
has the solution x1 = 1, x2 = 3, x3 = 2 when b1 = 1, b2 = 0, b3 = 1 and it
has the solution x1 = 2, x = 2, x3 = 1 when b1 = 0, b2 = 1, b3 = 1. Find
a solution of the system when b1 = 2, b2 = 1, b3 = 3.
4. Let a, b, c, d be distinct integers such that the equation
(x a)(x b)(x c)(x d) 9 = 0
has an integer root r. Show that 4r = a + b + c + d. (This is essentially a
problem from the 1947 Putnam examination.)
5.
(i) Prove that f0 (x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 has no real zero.
(ii) Prove that, for every integer n 0, fn (x) = 1+2n x+3n x2 +4n x3 +
5n x4 has no real zero. (Hint: consider (d/dx)(x fn (x)).)
6. Let g be defined on (1, ) by g(x) = x/(x 1), and let f k (x) be defined by
f 0 (x) = x and for k > 0, f k (x) = g( f k1 (x)). Evaluate
2k f k (x) in the
k=0
ax2 + bx + c
.
form
dx + e
7. Three farmers sell chickens at a market. One has 10 chickens, another has
16, and the third has 26. Each farmer sells at least one, but not all, of
his chickens before noon, all farmers selling at the same price per chicken.
Later in the day each sells his remaining chickens, all again selling at the
same reduced price. If each farmer received a total of $35 from the sale of
his chickens, what was the selling price before noon and the selling price
after noon? (From Math Can Be Fun by Ya Perelman.)
8. The integer sequence {a0 , a1 , . . . , an1 } is such that, for each i (0 i
n 1), ai is the number of is in the sequence. (Thus for n = 4 we might
have the sequence {1, 2, 1, 0}.)
(a) Prove that, if n 7, such a sequence is a unique.
(b) Find such a sequence for n = 7.
Hint: show that the sum of all the terms is n, and that there are n a0 1
nonzero terms other than a0 which sum to n a0 . (This problem is slightly
modified from one on the Cambridge Mens Colleges Joint Awards and Entrance Examination, 24 November 1970.)
12th Annual
1. Three pasture fields have areas of 10/3, 10 and 24 acres, respectively. The
fields initially are covered with grass of the same thickness and new grass
grows on each at the same rate per acre. If 12 cows eat the first field bare in
4 weeks and 21 cows eat the second field bare in 9 weeks, how many cows
will eat the third field bare in 18 weeks? Assume that all cows eat at the
same rate. (From Math Can be Fun by Ya Perelman.)
2. A person is engaged in working a jigsaw puzzle that contains 1000 pieces.
It is found that it takes 3 minutes to put the first two pieces together and
3(1000 x)
minutes to
that when x pieces have been connected it takes
1000 + x
connect the next piece. Determine an accurate estimate of the time it takes
to complete the puzzle. Give both a formula and an approximate numerical
value in hours. (You may find useful the approximate value ln 2 = .69.)
3. Let f be defined on the natural numbers as follows: f (1) = 1 and for n > 1,
f (n) = f ( f (n 1)) + f (n f (n 1)). Find, with proof, a simple explicit
expression for f (n) which is valid for all n = 1, 2, . . . .
4. Suppose that P(x) is a polynomial of degree 3 with integer coefficients and
that P(1) = 0, P(2) = 0. Prove that at least one of its four coefficients is
equal to or less than 2.
5. Determine all real values of p for which the following series converge.
(a)
1
(sin n ) p
n=1
(b)
| sin n| p
n=1
6. The number of individuals in a certain population (in arbitrary real units)

obeys, at discrete time intervals, the equation
yn+1 = yn (2 yn ) for n = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,
where y0 is the initial population.
(a) Find all steady-state solutions y such that, if y0 = y , then yn = y

for n = 1, 2, . . ..
(b) Prove that if y0 is any number in (0, 1), then the sequence {yn } converges monotonically to one of the steady-state solutions found in (a).
7. Let the following conditions be satisfied:
(i) f = f (x) and g = g(x) are continuous functions on [0, 1],
(ii) there exists a number a such that 0 < f (x) a < 1 on [0, 1],
(iii) there exists a number u such that max (g(x) + u f (x)) = u.
0x1
Ag(x)
is a continuous function
f (x) + B
on [0, 1] satisfying max F(x) = u, and prove that your function has the
Find constants A and B such that F(x) =
0x1
required properties.
8. Ten points in space, no three of which are collinear, are connected, each one
to all the others, by a total of 45 line segments. The resulting framework
F will be disconnected into two disjoint nonempty parts by the removal
of one point from the interior of each of the 9 segments emanating from
any one vertex of f . Prove that F cannot be similarly disconnected by the
removal of only 8 points from the interiors of the 45 segments.
13th Annual
1. An isosceles triangle with an inscribed circle is labeled as shown in the
figure. Find an expression, in terms of the angle and the length a, for the
area of the curvilinear triangle bounded by sides AB and AC and the arc BC.
................................
..............
.........
.........
.......
......
.....
.....
....
......
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
..
.
...
..
...
..
.
.
...
.
.
.
...
.
....
...
....
....
.....
....
.......
......
.
.
.
.........
.
.
.
.
................. ......................
..........
HH
C
H
HH

A

HH
HH
HH
HH
H
2. Find all differentiable functions f which satisfy
f (x)3
Z x
f (t)2 dt for all
real x.
3. Prove that if is a real root of (1 x2 )(1 + x + x2 + + xn ) x = 0 which

lies in (0, 1), with n = 1, 2, . . . , then is also a root of (1 x2 )(1 + x + x2 +
+ xn+1 ) 1 = 0.
4. Prove that if x > 0 and n > 0, where x is real and n is an integer, then
nn
xn
.
(x + 1)n+1 (n + 1)n+1
5. Let f (x) = x5 5x3 + 4x. In each part (i)(iv), prove or disprove that there
exists a real number c for which f (x) c = 0 has a root of multiplicity
(i) one,
(ii) two,
(iii) three,
(iv) four.
6. Let a0 = 1 and for n > 0, let an be defined by

n
ank
.
k=1 k!
an =
Prove that an = (1)n /n!, for n = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
7. A and B play the following money game, where an and bn denote the amount
of holdings of A and B, respectively, after the n th round. At each round a
player pays one-half his holdings to the bank, then receives one dollar from
the bank if the other player had less than c dollars at the end of the previous
round. If a0 = .5 and b0 = 0, describe the behavior of an and bn when n is
large, for
(i) c = 1.24
and
(ii) c = 1.26.
8. Mathematical National Park has a collection of trails. There are designated

campsites along the trails, including a campsite at each intersection of trails.
The rangers call each stretch of trail between adjacent campsites a segment. The trails have been laid out so that it is possible to take a hike that
starts at any campsite, covers each segment exactly once, and ends at the
beginning campsite. Prove that it is possible to plan a collection C of hikes
with all of the following properties:
(i) Each segment is covered exactly once in one hike h C and never in
any of the other hikes of C .
(ii) Each h C has a base campsite that is its beginning and end, but
which is never passed in the middle of the hike. (Different hikes of C
may have different base campsites.)
(iii) Except for its base campsite at beginning and end, no hike in C passes
any campsite more than once.
14th Annual
x3
1. Find the inflection point of the graph of F(x) =

0
et dt, for x R .
2. Assume that x1 > y1 > 0 and y2 > x2 > 0. Find a formula for the shortest
length l of a planar path that goes from (x1 , y1 ) to (x2 , y2 ) and that touches
both the x-axis and the y-axis. Justify your answer.
3. Let fn (x) be defined recursively by
f0 (x) = x,
f1 (x) = f (x),
fn+1 (x) = f ( fn (x)),
for
n 0,
where f (x) = 1 + sin(x 1).

(i) Show that there is a unique point x0 such that f 2 (x0 ) = x0 .
(ii) Find
n=0
fn (x0 )
with the above x0 .
3n
2
4. Let {tn }
n=1 be a sequence of positive numbers such that t 1 = 1 and tn+1 =
1 + tn, for n 1. Show that tn is increasing in n and find limn tn.

0 2
5. Let A =
. Find A100 . You have to find all four entries.
1 3
6. Let p(x) be the polynomial p(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + c. Show that if p(r) = 0,

then
p(x + 1) p(x + 2)
p(x)
2
+
=2
xr
x+1r x+2r
for all x except x = r, r 1 and r 2.
2 log 2 + 3 log 3 + + n log n
.
n
n2 log n
7. Find lim
8. Some goblins, N in number, are standing in a row while trick-or-treating.

Each goblin is at all times either 2 tall or 3 tall, but can change spontaneously from one of these two heights to the other at will. While lined up in
such a row, a goblin is called a Local Giant Goblin (LGG) if he/she/it is not
standing beside a taller goblin. Let G(N) be the total of all occurrences of
LGGs as the row of N goblins transmogrifies through all possible distinct
configurations, where height is the only distinguishing characteristic. As an
23,
32,
3 3,
where a
example, with N = 2, the distinct configurations are 2 2,
cap indicates an LGG. Thus G(2) = 6.
(i) Find G(3) and G(4).
(ii) Find, with proof, the general formula for G(N), N = 1, 2, 3, . . ..
15th Annual
From 9:00 a.m. to 11:30 a.m., October 30, 1993
1 1
1. Prove that
x2
3/2
ey
dydx =
2e 2
.
3
2. Prove that if f : R R is continuous and f (x) =

identically zero.
x
0
f (t) dt, then f (x) is
3. Let f1 (x) = x and fn+1 (x) = x fn (x) , for n = 1, 2 . . .. Prove that f n (1) = 1 and
fn (1) = 2, for all n 2.
4. Prove that a triangle in the plane whose vertices have integer coordinates
cannot be equilateral.
5. Find
3n
.
n=1 n
6. Let f : R 2 R 2 be a surjective map with the property that if the points A,

B and C are collinear, then so are f (A), f (B) and f (C). Prove that f is
bijective.
7. On a small square billiard table with sides of length 2 ft., a ball is played
from the center and after rebounding off the sides several times, goes into a
cup at one of the corners. Prove that the total distance travelled by the ball
is not an integer number of feet.
center
8. A popular Virginia Tech logo looks something like
Suppose that wire-frame copies of this logo are constructed of 5 equal pieces
of wire welded at three places as shown:
If bending is allowed, but no re-welding, show clearly how to cut the maximum possible number of ready-made copies of such a logo from the piece
of welded wire mesh shown. Also, prove that no larger number is possible.
16th Annual
1 x 1x2
1. Evaluate
0
e(1z) dzdydx.
2. Let f be continuous real function, strictly increasing in an interval [0, a]

such that f (0) = 0. Let g be the inverse of f , i.e., g( f (x)) = x for all x in
[0, a]. Show that for 0 x a, 0 y f (a), we have
xy
x
y
f (t) dt +
0
g(t) dt.
0
3. Find all continuously differentiable solutions f (x) for

2
f (x) =
x
0

f (t)2 f (t)4 + ( f (t))2 dt + 100
where f (0)2 = 100.

4. Consider the polynomial equation ax 4 + bx3 + x2 + bx + a = 0, where a and
b are real numbers, and a > 1/2. Find the maximum possible value of a + b
for which there is at least one positive real root of the above equation.
5. Let f : Z Z R be a function which satisfies f (0, 0) = 1 and
f (m, n) + f (m + 1, n) + f (m, n + 1) + f (m + 1, n + 1) = 0
for all m, n Z (where Z and R denote the set of all integers and all real
numbers, respectively). Prove that | f (m, n)| 1/3, for infinitely many pairs
of integers (m, n).
6. Let A be an n n matrix and let be an n-dimensional vector such that
A = . Suppose that all the entries of A and are positive real numbers.
Prove that is the only linearly independent eigenvector of A corresponding
to the eigenvalue 1. Hint: if is another eigenvector, consider the minimum
of i /|i |, i = 1, . . ., n, where the i s and i s are the components of and
, respectively.
7. Define f (1) = 1 and f (n + 1) = 2

2
integer, find N
n=1 f (n) .
f (n)2 + n for n 1. If N 1 is an
8. Let a sequence {xn }

n=0 of rational numbers be defined by x0 = 10, x1 = 29
x6n
19xn+1
for n 0. Find n .
and xn+2 =
94xn
n=0 2
17th Annual
3 2
1. Evaluate
0
1
.
1 + (max(3x, 2y))2 dxdy
2. Let R 2 denote the xy-plane, and define : R 2 R 2 by (x, y) = (4x 3y +

1, 2x y + 1). Determine 100 (1, 0), where 100 indicates applying 100
times.
3. Let n 2 be a positive integer and let f (x) be the polynomial
1 (x + x2 + + xn ) + (x + x2 + + xn )2 + (1)n (x + x2 + + xn )n .
If r is an integer such that 2 r n, show that the coefficient of x r in f (x)
is zero.
4. Let = (1 + 5)/2. Show that [2 n] = [[n] + 1] for every positive integer

n. Here [r] denotes the largest integer that is not larger than r.
5. Let R denote the real numbers, and let : R R be a map with the property
that x > y implies ((x))3 > (y). Prove that (x) > 1 for all x, and that
0 (x) 1 for at most one value of x.
6. A straight rod of length 4 inches has ends which are allowed to slide along
the perimeter of a square whose sides each have length 12 inches. A paint
brush is attached to the rod so that it can slide between the two ends of the
rod. Determine the total possible area of the square which can be painted
by the brush.
7. If n is a positive integer larger than 1, let n = pki i be the unique prime
factorization of n, where the pi s are distinct primes, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, . . . , and
define f (n) by f (n) = ki pi and g(n) by g(n) = limm f m (n), where f m
is meant the m-fold application of f . Then n is said to have property H if
n/2 < g(n) < n.
(i) Evaluate g(100) and g(1010 ).
(ii) Find all positive odd integers larger than 1 that have property H.
18th Annual
1 1y2
1. Evaluate
0
yy2
4 +2x2 y2 +y4 )
xe(x
dxdy.
2. For each rational number r, define f (r) to be the smallest positive integer
n such that r = m/n for some integer m, and denote by P(r) the point in
the (x, y) plane with coordinates P(r) = (r, 1/ f (r)). Find a necessary and
sufficient condition that, given two rational numbers r 1 and r2 such that
0 < r1 < r2 < 1,
r f (r ) + r f (r )
1
1
2
2
P
f (r1 ) + f (r2 )
will be the point of intersection of the line joining (r 1 , 0) and P(r2) with the
line joining P(r1 ) and (r2 , 0).
3. Solve the differential equation yy = edy/dx with the initial condition y = e
when x = 1.
4. Let f (x) be a twice continuously differentiable in the interval (0, ). If
lim (x2 f (x) + 4x f (x) + 2 f (x)) = 1,
find limx f (x) and limx x f (x). Do not assume any special form of
f (x). Hint: use lHopitals rule.
5. Let ai , i = 1, 2, 3, 4, be real numbers such that a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 = 0. Show
that for arbitrary real numbers bi , i = 1, 2, 3, the equation
a1 + b1 x + 3a2 x2 + b2 x3 + 5a3 x4 + b3 x5 + 7a4 x6 = 0
has at least one real root which is on the interval 1 x 1.
6. There are 2n balls in the plane such that no three balls are on the same line
and such that no two balls touch each other. n balls are red and the other n
balls are green. Show that there is at least one way to draw n line segments
by connecting each ball to a unique different colored ball so that no two line
segments intersect.
7. Let us define
x
fn,0 (x) = x +
n
fn, j+1 (x) = fn,0 ( fn, j (x)),
Find limn fn,n (x) for x > 0.
for x > 0, n 1,
j = 0, 1, . . ., n 1.
19th Annual
From 8:30 a.m. to 11:00 a.m., November 1, 1997
1. Evaluate
1, y 0.
x3
dA, where D is the half disk given by (x 1) 2 + y2
2
2
D x +y
2. Suppose that r1 = r2 and r1 r2 = 2. If r1 and r2 are roots of

x4 x3 + ax2 8x 8 = 0,
find r1 , r2 and a. (Do not assume that they are real numbers.)
3. Suppose that you are in charge of taking ice cream orders for a class of 100
students. If each student orders exactly one flavor from Vanilla, Strawberry,
Chocolate and Pecan, how many different combinations of flavors are possible for the 100 orders you are taking. Here are some examples of possible
combinations. You do not distinguish between individual students.
(i) V = 30, S = 20, C = 40, P = 10.
(ii) V = 80, S = 0, C = 20, P = 0.
(iii) V = 0, S = 0, C = 0, P = 100.
4. A business man works in New York and Los Angeles. If he is in New
York, each day he has four options; to remain in New York, or to fly to Los
Angeles by either the 8:00 a.m., 1:00 p.m. or 6:00 p.m. flight. On the other
hand if he is in Los Angeles, he has only two options; to remain in Los
Angeles, or to fly to New York by the 8:00 a.m. flight. In a 100 day period
he has to be in New York both at the beginning of the first day of the period,
and at the end of the last day of the period. How many different possible
itineraries does the business man have for the 100 day period (for example
if it was for a 2 day period rather than a 100 day period, the answer would
be 4)?
5. The VTRC bus company serves cities in the USA. A subset S of the cities
is called well-served if it has at least three cities and from every city A in S ,
one can take a nonstop VTRC bus to at least two different other cities B and
C in S (though there is not necessarily a nonstop VTRC bus from B to A or
from C to A ). Suppose there is a well-served subset S . Prove that there is a
well-served subset T such that for any two cities A , B in T , one can travel
by VTRC bus from A to B , stopping only at cities in T .
6. A disk of radius 1 cm. has a small hole at a point half way between the center
and the circumference. The disk is lying inside a circle of radius 2 cm. A
pen is put through the hole in the disk, and then the disk is moved once
round the inside of the circle, keeping the disk in contact with the circle
without slipping, so the pen draws a curve. What is the area enclosed by the
curve?
7. Let J be the set of all sequences of real numbers, and let A, L and P be three
mappings from J to J defined as follows. If x = {xn } = {x0 , x1 , x2 , . . . } J ,
then
Ax = {xn + 1} = {x0 + 1, x1 + 1, x2 + 1, . . . },
Lx = {1, x0 , x1 , x2 , . . . },
n
Px = { xk }.
k=0
Finally, define the composite mapping T on J by T x = L A Px. In the

following, let y = {1, 1, 1, . . .}.
(a) Write down T 2 y, giving the first eight terms of the sequence and a
closed formula for the n-th term.
(b) Assuming that z = {zn } = lim T i y exists, conjecture the general form
i
for zn , and prove your conjecture.
20th Annual
1
with domain D = {(x, y) | x = y, x2 +
(y x)2
y2 < 1}. Find the maximum value M of f (x, y) over D . You have to show
that M f (x, y) for every (x, y) D . Here ln() is the natural logarithm
function.
1. Let f (x, y) = ln(1x2 y2 )
2. The radius of the base of a right circular cone is 1. The vertex of the cone is
V , and P is a point on the circumference of the base. The length of PV is 6
and the midpoint of PV is M. A piece of string is attached to M and wound
tightly twice round the cone finishing at P. What is the length of the string?
3. Find the volume of the region which is common to the interiors of the three
circular cylinders y2 + z2 = 1, z2 + x2 = 1 and x2 + y2 = 1.
4. Let ABC be a triangle

and let P be a point on AB. Suppose BAC = 70 ,
APC = 60 , AC = 3 and PB = 1. Prove that ABC is an isosceles triangle.
5. Let an be sequence of positive numbers (n = 1, 2, . . ., an = 0 for all n), and

let bn = (a1 + +an )/n, the average of the first n numbers of the sequence.
1
1
Suppose
is a convergent series. Prove that
is also a convergent
a
b
n
n
n=1
n=1
series.
6. Ten cats are sitting on ten fence posts, numbered 1 through 10 in clockwise
order and encircling a pumpkin patch. The cat on post #1 is white and the
other nine cats are black. At 9:45 p.m. the cats begin a strange sort of dance.
They jump from post to post according to the following two rules, applied
in alternation at one second intervals. Rule 1: each cat jumps clockwise to
the next post. Rule 2: all pairs of cats whose post numbers have a product
that is 1 greater than a multiple of 11 exchange places. At 10 p.m., just as
the Great Pumpkin rises out of the pumpkin patch, the dance stops abruptly
and the cats look on in awe. If the first jump takes place according to Rule 1
at 9:45:01, and the last jump occurs at 10:00:00, on which post is the white
cat sitting when the dance stops? (The first few jumps take the white cat
from post 1 to posts 2,6,7, . . . )
21st Annual
1. Let G be the set of all continuous functions f : R R , satisfying the following properties.
(i) f (x) = f (x + 1) for all x,
(ii)
1
0
f (x) dx = 1999.
Show that there is a number such that =

f G.
1 x
f (x + y) dydx for all

0
2. Suppose that f : R R is infinitely differentiable and satisfies both of the

following properties.
(i) f (1) = 2,
(ii) If , are real numbers satisfying 2 + 2 = 1, then f (x) f (x) =
f (x) for all x.
Find f (x). Guesswork will not be accepted.
3. Let , M be positive real numbers, and let A 1 , A2 , . . . be a sequence of matrices such that for all n,
(i) An is an n n matrix with integer entries,
(ii) The sum of the absolute values of the entries in each row of A n is at
most M.
If is a positive real number, let en () denote the number of nonzero eigenvalues of An which have absolute value less that . (Some eigenvalues can
be complex numbers.) Prove that one can choose > 0 so that en ()/n <
for all n.
4. A rectangular box has sides of length 3, 4, 5. Find the volume of the region
consisting of all points that are within distance 1 of at least one of the sides.
5. Let f : R + R + be a function from the set of positive real numbers to the

same set satisfying f ( f (x)) = x for all positive x. Suppose that f is infinitely
differentiable for all positive X , and that f (a) = a for some positive a. Prove
that lim f (x) = 0.
x
6. A set S of distinct positive integers has property ND if no element x of S

divides the sum of the integers in any subset of S \ {x}. Here S \ {x} means
the set that remains after x is removed from S .
(i) Find the smallest positive integer n such that {3, 4, n} has property
ND.
(ii) If n is the number found in (i), prove that no set S with property ND
has {3, 4, n} as a proper subset.
22nd Annual

d
(your answer will involve inverse trig functions;
0 5 4 cos
you may assume that 0 < ). Use your answer to show that
/3
2
d
= .
5 4 cos
9
0
1. Evaluate
2. Let n be a positive integer and let A be an n n matrix with real numbers

as entries. Suppose 4A4 + I = 0, where I denotes the identity matrix. Prove
that the trace of A (i.e. the sum of the entries on the main diagonal) is an
integer.
3. Consider the initial value problem y = y2 t 2 ; y(0) = 0 (where y = dy/dt).
Prove that lim y (t) exists, and determine its value.
t
A
4.

l1
l2

.
.
.
.

.
..........
C

..

In the above diagram, l1 = AB, l2 = AC, x = BP, and l = BC, where AB

indicates the length of AB. Prove that l2 l1 =
l
cos((x)) dx.
0
5. Two diametrically opposite points P, Q lie on an infinitely long cylinder

which has radius 2/. A piece of string with length 8 has its ends joined
to P, is wrapped once round the outside of the cylinder, and then has its
midpoint joined to Q (so there is length 4 of the string on each side of the
cylinder). A paint brush is attached to the string so that it can slide along
the full length the string. Find the area of the outside surface of the cylinder
which can be painted by the brush.
6. Let an (n 1) be the sequence of numbers defined by the recurrence relation

an = an1 a1 + an2 a2 + + a2 an2 + a1 an1
n
2
1
2
(so a2 = a1 = 1, a3 = 2a1 a2 = 2 etc.). Prove that
an = .
3
n=1 9

7. Two types of domino-like rectangular tiles, and , are
available.
The first type may be rotated end-to-end to produce a tile of type
. Let A(n) be the number of distinct chains of n tiles, placed end-toend, that may be constructed if abutting ends are required to have the same
number of dots.
a1 = 1,
Example A(2) = 5, since the following five chains of length two, and no
others, are allowed.

,

,

,

(a) Find A(3) and A(4).

(b) Find, with proof, a three-term recurrence formula for A(n + 2) in terms
of A(n + 1) and A(n), for n = 1, 2, . . ., and use it to find A(10).
23rd Annual
1. Three infinitely long circular cylinders each with unit radius have their axes
along the x, y and z-axes. Determine the volume of the region common to
all three cylinders. (Thus one needs the volume common to {y2 + z2 1},
{z2 + x2 1}, {x2 + y2 1}.)
2. Two circles with radii 1 and 2 are placed so that they are tangent to each
other and a straight line. A third circle is nestled between them so that it
is tangent to the first two circles and the line. Find the radius of the third
circle.
..............................................
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.
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..
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.
.
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
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.
.
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.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
..
...........................
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...
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......
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......
........
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...... ...
........
....................................................
................................ ....................
3. For each positive integer n, let Sn denote the total number of squares in an
n n square grid. Thus S1 = 1 and S2 = 5, because a 2 2 square grid
has four 1 1 squares and one 2 2 square. Find a recurrence relation for
Sn , and use it to calculate the total number of squares on a chess board (i.e.
determine S8 ).
4. Let
an be the nth positive integer k such that the greatest integer not exceeding k divides k, so the first few terms of {an } are {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, . . .}.
Find a10000 and give reasons to substantiate your answer.
nn xn
. (That is,
n=1 n!
determine the real numbers x for which the above power series converges;
you must determine correctly whether the series is convergent at the end
points of the interval.)
5. Determine the interval of convergence of the power series
3x + 1
for all positive
x+3
real numbers x (here R+ denotes the positive (nonzero) real numbers).
6. Find a function f : R+ R+ such that f ( f (x)) =
7. Let G denote a set of invertible 2 2 matrices (matrices with complex numbers as entries and determinant nonzero) with the property that if a, b are
in G, then so are ab and a1 . Suppose there exists a function f : G R
with the property that either f (ga) > f (a) or f (g1 a) > f (a) for all a, g in
G with g = I (here I denotes the identity matrix, R denotes the real numbers, and the inequality signs are strict inequality). Prove that given finite
nonempty subsets A, B of G, there is a matrix in G which can be written in
exactly one way in the form xy with x in A and y in B.
24th Annual
1. Let a, b be positive constants. Find the volume (in the first octant) which
lies
above the region in the xy-plane bounded by x = 0, x = /2, y = 0,
y b2 cos2 x + a2 sin2 x = 1, and below the plane z = y.
2. Find rational numbers a, b, c, d, e such that
7 + 40 = a + b 2 + c 5 + d 7 + e 10.
3. Let A and B be nonempty subsets of S = {1, 2, . . . , 99} (integers from 1
to 99 inclusive). Let a and b denote the number of elements in A and B
respectively, and suppose a + b = 100. Prove that for each integer s in S,
there are integers x in A and y in B such that x + y = s or s + 99.
4. Let {1,2,3,4} be a set of abstract symbols on which the associative binary
operation is defined by the following operation table (associative means
(a b) c = a (b c)):
1
2
3
4
1
1
2
3
4
2
2
1
4
3
3
3
4
1
2
4
4
3
2
1
If the operation is represented by juxtaposition, e.g., 2 3 is written as 23

etc., then it is easy to see from the table that of the four possible words
of length two that can be formed using only 2 and 3, i.e., 22, 23, 32 and
33, exactly two, 22 and 33, are equal to 1. Find a formula for the number
A(n) of words of length n, formed by using only 2 and 3, that equal 1. From
the table and the example just given for words of length two, it is clear that
A(1) = 0 and A(2) = 2. Use the formula to find A(12).
(Please turn over)
5. Let n be a positive integer. A bit string of length n is a sequence of n

numbers consisting of 0s and 1s. Let f (n) denote the number of bit strings
of length n in which every 0 is surrounded by 1s. (Thus for n = 5, 11101
is allowed, but 10011 and 10110 are not allowed, and we have f (3) = 2,
f (4) = 3.) Prove that f (n) < (1.7)n for all n.
6. Let S be a set of 2 2 matrices with complex numbers as entries, and let
T be the subset of S consisting of matrices whose eigenvalues are 1 (so
the eigenvalues for each matrix in T are {1, 1} or {1, 1} or {1, 1}).
Suppose there are exactly three matrices in T . Prove that there are matrices
A, B in S such that AB is not a matrix in S (A = B is allowed).
7. Let {an }n1 be an infinite sequence with an 0 for all n. For n 1, let
bn denote the geometric mean of a1 , . . . , an , that is (a1 . . . an )1/n . Suppose
n=1 an is convergent. Prove that n=1 bn is also convergent.
25th Annual
1. An investor buys stock worth $10,000 and holds it for n business days. Each
day he has an equal chance of either gaining 20% or losing 10%. However
in the case he gains every day (i.e. n gains of 20%), he is deemed to have
lost all his money, because he must have been involved with insider trading.
Find a (simple) formula, with proof, of the amount of money he will have
on average at the end of the n days.
2. Find
xn
x2
x3
n(n + 1) = 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 4 + for |x| < 1.
n=1
3. Determine all invertible 2 by 2 matrices A with complex numbers as entries

satisfying A = A1 = A , where A denotes the transpose of A.
cos2 cos is a rational number. Write this

7
7
7
rational number in the form p/q, where p and q are integers with q positive.
4. It is known that 2 cos3
5. In the diagram below, X is the midpoint of BC, Y is the midpoint of AC,

and Z is the midpoint of AB. Also ABC + PQC = ACB + PRB = 90 .
Prove that PXC = 90 .
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(Please turn over)
6. Let f : [0, 1] [0, 1] be a continuous function such that f ( f ( f (x))) = x for

all x [0, 1]. Prove that f (x) = x for all x [0, 1]. Here [0, 1] denotes the
closed interval of all real numbers between 0 and 1, including 0 and 1.
7. Let T be a solid tetrahedron whose edges all have length 1. Determine the
volume of the region consisting of points which are
atdistance at most 1
from some point in T (your answer should involve 2, 3, ).
26th Annual

1 0
1. Let I denote the 2 2 identity matrix
and let
0 1

I A
I B
M=
, N=
.
B C
A C
where A, B,C are arbitrary 2 2 matrices which entries in R, the real numbers. Thus M and N are 4 4 matrices with entries in R. Is it true that M is
invertible (i.e. there is a 4 4 matrix X such that MX = XM = the identity
matrix) implies N is invertible? Justify your answer.
2. A sequence of integers { f (n)} for
f (0) = 0 and for n > 0,
f (n 1) + 3,
f (n) = f (n 1) + 1,
f (n 1) + 2,
n = 0, 1, 2, . . . is defined as follows:
if n = 0 or 1 (mod 6),
if n = 2 or 5 (mod 6),
if n = 3 or 4 (mod 6).
Derive an explicit formula for f (n) when n = 0 (mod 6), showing all necessary details in your derivation.
3. A computer is programmed to randomly generate a string of six symbols
using only the letters A, B,C. What is the probability that the string will not
contain three consecutive As?
4. A 9 9 chess board has two squares from opposite corners and its central
square removed (so 3 squares on the same diagonal are removed, leaving
78 squares). Is it possible to cover the remaining squares using dominoes,
where each domino covers two adjacent squares? Justify your answer.
5. Let f (x) =
x
0
sin(t 2 t + x) dt. Compute f (x) + f (x) and deduce that
f (12) (0) + f (10) (0) = 0 ( f (10) indicates 10 th derivative).

(Please turn over)
6. An enormous party has an infinite number of people. Each two people either
know or dont know each other. Given a positive integer n, prove there are
n people in the party such that either they all know each other, or nobody
knows each other (so the first possibility means that if A and B are any two
of the n people, then A knows B, whereas the second possibility means that
if A and B are any two of the n people, then A does not know B).
7. Let {an } be a sequence of positive real numbers such that lim an = 0. Prove
n

an+1

that 1
is divergent.
an
n=1
27th Annual
1. Find the largest positive integer n with the property that n + 6(p3 + 1) is
prime whenever p is a prime number such that 2 p < n. Justify your
answer.
2. Find, and write out explicitly, a permutation (p(1), p(2), . . . , p(20)) of
(1, 2, . . . , 20) such that k + p(k) is a power of 2 for k = 1, 2, . . . , 20, and
prove that only one such permutation exists. (To illustrate, a permutation of
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) such that k + p(k) is a power of 2 for k = 1, 2, . . . , 5 is clearly
(1, 2, 5, 4, 3), because 1 + 1 = 2, 2 + 2 = 4, 3 + 5 = 8, 4 + 4 = 8, and 5 + 3 =
8.)
3. We wish to tile a strip of n 1-inch by 1-inch squares. We can use dominos
which are made up of two tiles which cover two adjacent squares, or 1-inch
square tiles which cover one square. We may cover each square with one
or two tiles and a tile can be above or below a domino on a square, but no
part of a domino can be placed on any part of a different domino. We do
not distinguish whether a domino is above or below a tile on a given square.
Let t(n) denote the number of ways the strip can be tiled according to the
above rules. Thus for example, t(1) = 2 and t(2) = 8. Find a recurrence
relation for t(n), and use it to compute t(6).
4. A cubical box with sides of length 7 has vertices at (0, 0, 0), (7, 0, 0), (0, 7, 0),
(7, 7, 0), (0, 0, 7), (7, 0, 7), (0, 7, 7), (7, 7, 7). The inside of the box is lined
with mirrors and from the point (0, 1, 2), a beam of light is directed to the
point (1, 3, 4). The light then reflects repeatedly off the mirrors on the inside
of the box. Determine how far the beam of light travels before it first returns
to its starting point at (0, 1, 2).
xy
if x = 0, and f (0, y) = 0 if y = 0. Deter5. Define f (x, y) = 2
x + (y ln(x2 ))2
mine whether lim(x,y)(0,0) f (x, y) exists, and what its value is if the limit
does exist.
(Please turn over)
6. Compute
1
0

2
(e 1) ln(1 + ex x) + e(x ) dx.
7. Let A be a 5 10 matrix with real entries, and let A denote its transpose (so
A is a 10 5 matrix, and the i jth entry of A is the jith entry of A). Suppose
every 5 1 matrix with real entries (i.e. column vector in 5 dimensions) can
be written in the form Au where u is a 10 1 matrix with real entries. Prove
that every 5 1 matrix with real entries can be written in the form AA v
where v is a 5 1 matrix with real entries.
28th Annual Virginia Tech Regional Mathematics Contest

1. Find, and give a proof of your answer, all positive integers n such that neither n nor n2 contain a 1 when written in base 3.
2. Let S(n) denote the number of sequences of length n formed by the three
letters A,B,C with the restriction that the Cs (if any) all occur in a single
block immediately following the first B (if any). For example ABCCAA,
AAABAA, and ABCCCC are counted in, but ACACCB and CAAAAA are
not. Derive a simple formula for S(n) and use it to calculate S(10).
3. Recall that the Fibonacci numbers F(n) are defined by F(0) = 0, F(1) = 1,
and F(n) = F(n 1) + F(n 2) for n 2. Determine the last digit of
F(2006) (e.g. the last digit of 2006 is 6).
4. We want to find functions p(t), q(t), f (t) such that
(a) p and q are continuous functions on the open interval (0, ).
(b) f is an infinitely differentiable nonzero function on the whole real line
(, ) such that f (0) = f (0) = f (0).
(c) y = sint and y = f (t) are solutions of the differential equation y +
p(t)y + q(t)y = 0 on (0, ).
Is this possible? Either prove this is not possible, or show this is possible by
providing an explicit example of such f , p, q.
5. Let {an } be a monotonic decreasing sequence of positive real numbers with
limit 0 (so a1 a2 0). Let {bn } be a rearrangement of the sequence
such that for every non-negative integer m, the terms b3m+1 , b3m+2 , b3m+3
are a rearrangement of the terms a3m+1 , a3m+2 , a3m+3 (thus, for example,
the first 6 terms of the sequence {bn } could be a3 , a2 , a1 , a4 , a6 , a5 ). Prove or
n
give a counterexample to the following statement: the series
n=1 (1) bn
is convergent.
(Please turn over)
6. In the diagram below BP bisects ABC, CP bisects BCA, and PQ is perpendicular to BC. If BQ.QC = 2PQ2 , prove that AB + AC = 3BC.
.
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Q
7. Three spheres each of unit radius have centers P, Q, R with the property that
the center of each sphere lies on the surface of the other two spheres. Let
C denote the cylinder with cross-section PQR (the triangular lamina with
vertices P, Q, R) and axis perpendicular to PQR. Let M denote the space
which is common to the three spheres and the cylinder C, and suppose the
mass density of M at a given point is the distance of the point from PQR.
Determine the mass of M.

x
d
, where 0 x /2. Use your result to show that
2
+
tan
0
/4
+ ln(9/8)
d
=
.
2 + tan
10
0
1. Evaluate
2. Given that ex = 1/0! + x/1! + x2 /2! + + xn /n! + find, in terms of e,

the exact values of
2
3
n
1
+ + ++
+ and
(a)
1! 3! 5!
(2n 1)!
1
2
3
n
(b)
+ + ++
+
3! 5! 7!
(2n + 1)!
dy
= y ln y + yex , y(0) = 1 (i.e. find y in
3. Solve the initial value problem
dx
terms of x).
4. In the diagram below, P, Q, R are points on BC, CA, AB respectively such
that the lines AP, BQ, CR are concurrent at X. Also PR bisects BRC, i.e.
BRP = PRC. Prove that PRQ = 90 .
.
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(Please turn over)
5. Find the third digit after the decimal point of

(2 + 5)100 (1 + 2)100 + (1 + 2)100 .
For example, the third digit after the decimal point of = 3.14159 . . . is 1.
6. Let n be a positive integer, let A, B be square symmetric n n matrices
with real entries (so if ai j are the entries of A, the ai j are real numbers and
ai j = a ji ). Suppose there are n n matrices X,Y (with complex entries)
such that det(AX + BY ) = 0. Prove that det(A2 + B2 ) = 0 (det indicates the
determinant).
7. Determine whether the series
2 )
n(1+(ln(ln n))
n=2
divergent (ln denotes natural log).
is convergent or

1. Find the maximum value of xy3 + yz3 + zx3 x3 y y3 z z3 x where 0 x
1, 0 y 1, 0 z 1.
2. How many sequences of 1s and 3s sum to 16? (Examples of such sequences are {1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3} and {1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 3}.)
3. Find the area of the region of points (x, y) in the xy-plane such that x4 + y4
x 2 x 2 y2 + y2 .
4. Let ABC be a triangle, let M be the midpoint of BC, and let X be a point on
AM. Let BX meet AC at N, and let CX meet AB at P. If MAC = BCP,
prove that BNC = CPA.
.
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M
5. Let a1 , a2 , . . . be a sequence of nonnegative real numbers and let , be
permutations of the positive integers N (thus , : N N are one-to-one
and onto maps). Suppose that
n=1 an = 1 and is a real number such that
n=1 |an a n | + n=1 |an a n | < . Prove that there exists a finite subset
X of N such that |X X|, |X X| > (1 )|X| (here |X| indicates the
number of elements in X; also the inequalities <, > are strict).
(Please turn over)
6. Find all pairs of positive (nonzero) integers a, b such that ab 1 divides

a4 3a2 + 1.
7. Let f1 (x) = x and fn+1 (x) = x fn (x) for n a positive integer. Thus f2 (x) =
x
xx and f3 (x) = x(x ) . Now define g(x) = limn 1/ fn (x) for x > 1. Is g
continuous on the open interval (1, )? Justify your answer.
31st Annual Virginia Tech Regional Mathematics Contest

1. A walker and a jogger travel along the same straight line in the same direction. The walker walks at one meter per second, while the jogger runs at
two meters per second. The jogger starts one meter in front of the walker. A
dog starts with the walker, and then runs back and forth between the walker
and the jogger with constant speed of three meters per second. Let f (n)
meters denote the total distance travelled by the dog when it has returned to
the walker for the n th time (so f (0) = 0). Find a formula for f (n).
2. Given that 40! =
abc de f 283 247 897 734 345 611 269 596 115 894 272 pqr stu vwx
find p, q, r, s,t, u, v, w, x, and then find a, b, c, d, e, f .
Z xZ x
3. Define f (x) =
0
d f /dx).
eu
2 v2
dudv. Calculate 2 f 00 (2) + f 0 (2) (here f 0 (x) =
4. Two circles , touch externally at the point X. Let A, P be two distinct

points on different from X, and let AX and PX meet again in the points
B and Q respectively. Prove that AP is parallel to QB.
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(Please turn over)
5. Let C denote the complex numbers and let M3 (C) denote the 3 by 3 matrices
with entries in C. Suppose A, B M3 (C), B 6= 0, and AB = 0 (where 0
denotes the 3 by 3 matrix with all entries zero). Prove that there exists
0 6= D M3 (C) such that AD = DA = 0.
6. Let n be a nonzero integer. Prove that n4 7n2 + 1 can never be a perfect
square (i.e. of the form m2 for some integer m).
7. Does there exist a twice differentiable function f : R R such that f 0 (x) =
f (x + 1) f (x) for all x and f 00 (0) 6= 0? Justify your answer. (Here R
denotes the real numbers and f 0 denotes the derivative of f .)
32nd Annual Virginia Tech Regional Mathematics Contest

1. Let d be a positive integer and let A be a d d matrix with integer entries.
Suppose I + A + A2 + + A100 = 0 (where I denotes the identity d d
matrix, so I has 1s on the main diagonal, and 0 denotes the zero matrix,
which has all entries 0). Determine the positive integers n 100 for which
An + An+1 + + A100 has determinant 1.
2. For n a positive integer, define f1 (n) = n and then for i a positive integer,
define fi+1 (n) = fi (n) fi (n) . Determine f100 (75) mod 17 (i.e. determine the
remainder after dividing f100 (75) by 17, an integer between 0 and 16). Justify your answer.
3. Prove that cos(/7) is a root of the equation 8x3 4x2 4x + 1 = 0, and
find the other two roots.
4. Let 4ABC be a triangle with sides a, b, c and corresponding angles A, B,C
(so a = BC and A = BAC etc.). Suppose that 4A + 3C = 540 . Prove that
(a b)2 (a + b) = bc2 .
5. Let A, B be two circles in the plane with B inside A. Assume that A has
radius 3, B has radius 1, P is a point on A, Q is a point on B, and A and B
touch so that P and Q are the same point. Suppose that A is kept fixed and
B is rolled once round the inside of A so that Q traces out a curve starting
and finishing at P. What is the area enclosed by this curve?
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(Please turn over)
6. Define a sequence by a1 = 1, a2 = 1/2, and an+2 = an+1

positive integer. Find lim nan .
an an+1
for n a
2
7. Let
n=1 an be a convergent series of positive terms (so ai > 0 for all i) and
1
n
set bn = 2 for n 1. Prove that
is convergent.
nan
n=1 b1 + b2 + + bn

1st Annual Virginia Tech Regional Mathematics Contest: From 9:30 A.M. To 12:00 Noon, November 10, 1979

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1st Annual

Virginia Tech Regional Mathematics Contest

(a) Prove or disprove: A1 BA = B.

Prove that lim f (x)/x = 0.

5. Show, for all positive integers n = 1, 2, . . ., that 14 divides 3 4n+2 + 52n+1 .

7. Let S be a finite set of non-negative integers such that |x y| S whenever

(b) If A is a subset of S containing more than two-thirds of the elements of

is of the form 2n+R + Sn2 + T n +U for all n > 0. Find R, S, T and U .

(a) Prove that limn an exists.

5. Two elements A, B in a group G have the property ABA 1 B = 1, where 1

(i) 0 < a < 1,

that {a, b, c} is linearly dependent. Show

4. Prove that t n1 +t 1n < t n +t n when t = 1, t > 0 and n is a positive integer.

f (x) = f (x) + x f  (x) +

(a) State Maclaurins Series for f (x) correctly.

7. Let p(x) be a polynomial of the form p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b and c

(a) Prove or disprove that 1/n < Sn < 1/(n 1).

for n = 2, 3, 4, . . ., with f 0 = f1 = f2 = 1. Prove that fn is integer-valued for

1. Find the units digit (base 10) in the sum

ab (a + b)/2 where a and b are positive real numbers.

2. Find the remainder r, 1 r 13, when 21985 is divided by 13.

5. Find the function f = f (x), defined and continuous on R+ = {x | 0 x <

(a) Find an expression for 3/5 as a finite sum of distinct reciprocals of

8. Let p(x) = a0 + a1 x + + an xn , where the coefficients ai are real. Prove

Find limn and give a proof of your answer.

5. Verify that, for f (x) = x + 1,

6. Sets A and B are defined by A = {1, 2, . . ., n} and B = {1, 2, 3}. Determine

f (n) = f (n2 + 7) if n is odd and n > 1.

(b) Prove that |a1 | 1.

5. A sequence of integers {n1 , n2 , . . . } is defined as follows: n1 is assigned

7. Let A = {ai j } and B = {bi j } be n n matrices such that A1 exists. Define

3. Find the general solution of y(x) +

4. Let a be a positive integer. Find all positive integers n such that b = a n

2. Let A be a 33 matrix in which each element is either 0 or 1 but is otherwise

(i) Prove that f0 (x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 has no real zero.

f 0 (x) = x and for k > 0, f k (x) = g( f k1 (x)). Evaluate

6. The number of individuals in a certain population (in arbitrary real units)

(a) Find all steady-state solutions y such that, if y0 = y , then yn = y

2. Find all differentiable functions f which satisfy

f (t)2 dt for all

3. Prove that if is a real root of (1 x2 )(1 + x + x2 + + xn ) x = 0 which

6. Let a0 = 1 and for n > 0, let an be defined by

Prove that an = (1)n /n!, for n = 0, 1, 2, . . . .

8. Mathematical National Park has a collection of trails. There are designated

1. Find the inflection point of the graph of F(x) =

fn+1 (x) = f ( fn (x)),

where f (x) = 1 + sin(x 1).

6. Let p(x) be the polynomial p(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + c. Show that if p(r) = 0,

8. Some goblins, N in number, are standing in a row while trick-or-treating.

2. Prove that if f : R R is continuous and f (x) =

f (t) dt, then f (x) is

6. Let f : R 2 R 2 be a surjective map with the property that if the points A,

8. A popular Virginia Tech logo looks something like

2. Let f be continuous real function, strictly increasing in an interval [0, a]

3. Find all continuously differentiable solutions f (x) for

where f (0)2 = 100.

7. Define f (1) = 1 and f (n + 1) = 2

4. Prove that t n1 +t 1n < t n +t n when t = 1, t > 0 and n is a positive integer.

f (x) = f (x) + x f (x) +