AntiBacterial Drugs
by
Faisal Mehboob
Antibacterial Drugs
Cell wall syn Inhibitors
Protein syn Inhibitors
Nucleic acid syn Inhibitors
Unclassified Antibiotics
Antitubercular Drugs
Cell wall Syn
Inhibitors
Penicillin
(side effects are Hypersensitivity ,Allergy ,Growth of instestinal flora ,
disturb Pseudomembranous colitis GI distress, (ampicilin) )
very narrow spectrum M ( methicilin )
{2nd generation and it is beta-lactamase resistant. Methicilin mainly involve in staphaureous inf. Spectrum is '' staphylococci''}
narrow spectrum GV (pencilin G & V)
{beta-lactamase sensitive Pencilin G mainly involve in sphylis inf...Spectrum of G & V include (streptococci,pneumococci,meningococci)}
Broad spectrum AA (Ampicilin & Amoxicilin)
{ are beta-lactamase sensitive spectrum is , ''gram +ve cocci, E.coli , H. influenza , H.pylroi''}
wider spectrum PT (Papracilin, ticarcilin)
{are Extended spectrum (4th gene) are beta-lactamase sensitive. These are anti-pseudomonal Spectrum Include '' gram -ve Rods, including
Pseudomonas aeruginosa}
Imp points of penillin
The biggest difference between gram +ve and gram ve is, the gram ve have
outer membrane.
In the outer membrane, they have Porins.
Penicillin G act on +ve , because it is not able to pass these porins.
Penicillin g and v are natural penicillin.
Methacilin are staphylococcal antibiotics
Because staphylococcus bacteria are able to produce the enzyme , beta lactamazes
which destroy the beta lactum ring. So the methicilin has ability to survive its beta
lactum ring.
Thats why the methicilin is a Beta lactamase resistant.
G is parenteral , because stomach acid act on it and destroy its beta lactum ring.
V is oral.
Cephalosporin (side effects are hypersensitivity and allergy)
Narrow spectrum
(1st ) [cefazolin, cephalexin]
{not enter in CNS Not MRSA ,more act on gram
+ve bacteria}
Wider spectrum ..
2nd[cefotetan, Cefaclor, cefuroxime]
ve Not enter in CNS except ''cefuroxime''} 3rd[Ceftriaxone & Cefotaxime ]
{Most enter in CNS Imp in meningitis spectrum include ''gram +ve , -ve cocci},
{more act on Gram
4th [Cefepime]
{Enter CNS Resistant to B-lactamase})
Miscellaneous
Carbapenams_(Imipenam & Meropenem) {are broaded spectrum. Resistant to Blactamase spectrum include Gram +ve cocci , Gram -ve cocci use in
hospitals for life threating infections Spectruminclude''MRSA,Enterococci,clostridium
difficile VRSA is imp, side effects are GI Distress , Drug Fever ,CNS effects
(Aztreonam) {resistant to B-lactamase use against gram -ve rods.}
Vencomycin ( inhibit the transglycosylation reactions side effects are Red man syndrome ,
ototxicity , nephrotoxicity )
Protein Syn
Inhibitors
Aminoglycosides Gentamycin and tobramycin.
Tetracycline.
Doxycycline and minocycline
Chloramphenicol
Macrolides.
Erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin
Clindamycin
Linezolid
Quinupristin
DRUG NAME
SPECTRUM
Aminoglycosides
Tetracycline
H.pylori, Rickettsia, Borrelia burgdor feri.
Chloramphenicol Salmonella typhi, B.fragilis, Rickettsia ,
Macrolides
bacterial meningitis
Gram +ve cocci, Atypical organisms, H.phylori
Clindamycin
Gram +ve coci, anaerobes, B.fragilis
Linezolid
VRSA, VRE
Quinupristin
VRSA, VRE
Folic acid syn
inhibitors
1. Antimetabolite
Sulphonamide (alone is limited in use because of multiple
resistance, sulphonamide are hepatically acetylated side
effects *Hypersensitivity *Hemolysis *Photo toxicity)
Trimethoprim (side effects *Bone marrow suppression)
pyrimethamine
2. Fluoroquinolones {Quinolones inhibit
TOPOISOMERASE 2 which is present in gram -ve bact and
TOPOISOMERASE 4 which is present in gram +ve bact ,use in UTIs ,
sexually transmitted diseases, skin soft tissue infections, spectrum
include Shigella, salmonella , E.coli, side effects include tendonitis ,
photo toxicity, CNS effects like insomnia ,contraindicated in pregnancy
and in children
Narrow spectrum (1st)''NORFLAXACIN
Wide spectrum (2nd''OFLOXACIN,
3rd levofloxacin {drug resistant pneumococci }
and moxifloxacin)
Antitubercular Drugs
First line Drugs
Isoniazide
Rifampin
Ethambutol
Streptomycin
Alternative drugs (amikacin, ciprofloxacin)
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Drugs used in leprosy(Acedapsone,
dapsone)
Drugs used for Atypical
mycobacteria(Azathromycin,clarithrom
ycin)
Anti Fungal
By
Faisal Mehboob
Alter cell membrane permeability
Azoles (VIF)
{blocks ergosterol syn by inhibiting fungal p450 dependent enzyme side effect of azole is GI upset ,
rashes , visual disturbance }(voriconazole {aspergilosis} Fluconazole {mucormycosis},Itraconazoe
{blastomycosis})
Polyenes
(amphoteracin B (binds to ergosterol in fungal cell membrane and form leaky pores in it, it is effective
against aspergilus, blastomyces, cryptococus, side effects are nephrotoxicity, muscle spasm, chills, fever,
hypotension), nustatin)
Terbinafine
(inhibits epoxidation of squalene and use in mucoccutaneous fungal infections, side effect is GI-upset)
Block nucleic acid syn
Flucytocine (inhibits RNA and DNA polymerases , use as a synergist with amphotericin B, side effect is
GI-UPSET, headache.)
Disrupt microtubule functions
Griseofulvin
grees lga du full
Anti viral drugs
Drugs for herpes
(Saday cycle ty gana ha ya Fos Car ty)
(Acyclovir {first convert into triphosphate form, then interfere with viral DNA polymerase and
inhibit viral DNA replication} Gancyclovir (first convert into deoxyguanosine triphosphate.
Then competitively incorporate with DNA polymerase and terminate the elongation
process.),Foscarnet)
Drugs for HIV
Fusion Inhibitor ino fever hoya ha,Mery vir nu
(Enfuvirtide, Maraviroc)
Protease Inhibitor anie da vir ty rito da vir
(Indinavir, Ritonavir)
Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors
Nucleosides Zidi didi nu nasao (Zidovudine,AZT Didanosine,DDI)
Non-nucleosides Ni Vir Apna Aya (Nevirapine, efavirenz)
Drugs for influenza virus Aman khtm ho jy ga, agr zana
shalta raha ( amantadine {blocks attachment , penetration, an
uncoating of influenza virus A}, zanamavir oseltamvir {inhibit
influenza virus A and B neuraminidase, dec the chance of
penetration})
Drugs for HBV AND HCV areba ki lamozene (INF,
Lamivudine, ribavirin {ribavirin becomes phosphorylated and
inhibits IMP dehydrogenase and RNA polymerase})
HIV Drugs:: Imp POINTS
NRTs are used together with a protease inhibtor.
HAART has often dec viral DNA,so dec inf.
NNRTs are those RTIs which don't require
metabolic activation.
NNRTs inhibits reverse transcriptase at a site
different from NRTs.
Tenofovir is an NtRTI commonly
conformulated with NRTI.
Anti protozoal
drugs
AntiProtozoal Drugs
1..Antimalarial agents * Chloroquine *Mefloquine
*Primaquine *Quinine *Antifolates
2..Drugs for Amebiasis * Metronidazole
*Diloxanide *Emetine *Iodoquinol
3..Others *Pneumocyctosis *toxoplasmosis
*Leishmaniasis *Trypanosomiasis
Antihelmintics Drugs
Against Nematodes *Albendazole
*Diethylcarbamazine *Ivermectin *Mebendazole
*Pyrantel pamoate
Against Trematodes *Bithionol *Ketrifonate
*Oxaminiquine *Praziquajtel
Against Cestodes *Albendazole *Mabendazole
*Niclosamide *Praziquantel
Anticancer Drugs
Alkylating Agents (Cyclophosphamide,cisplatin)
Antimetabolites(5-Flourouracil,methotrexate)
Natural Products
(Etopside,paclitexal,vincristine)
AntitumorAntibiotics (Bleomycin,Mitomycin)
Hormonal (Prednisone, Tamoxifen)
Miscelleneous (Cetuximab, Imatinib)
Drug to Modulate Immune Functions
Immunosuppresants
Corticosteriods (Prednisone)
Immunophillin ligands (cyclosporins, tacrolimus)
Mycophenolate, mofital
Cytotoxic drugs (Azathioprine)
Immunoglobulin based agents (Etanercept)
Immune Potentiators
Aldesleukin
Interferons
Anti microbial & Anti septic
Miscelleneous AntiMicrobial
Metronidazole, Mupirocin, Polymyxins
Urinary Antiseptics
Nitrofurantoin,Nalidixic acid, Methenamine
Disinfectants & Antiseptics
Alcohols, Aldehydes Acids, Halogens, Oxidizing
Agents, Heavy metals.
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