the

NDT Technician
The American Society for Nondestructive Testing
www.asnt.org

FOCUS

Circumferential Scanning in Ultrasonic Inspection

Bryan Lancon
Conventional contact ultrasonic
inspection is typically performed
on relatively flat surfaces.
Indications for common
configurations such as welded
plates and T and Y connections
can be plotted and located with
ease. In many cases newer
ultrasonic units will even do the
calculations for the inspector as
long as accurate information for
wedge angle, wall thickness, wedge
delay, and in some cases, the
outside diameter (OD) and inside
diameter (ID) is input into the
ultrasonic unit. However, on those
occasions when inspection is
performed in the circumferential
direction, consideration should be
given to what the sound beam is
actually doing in the test specimen.
When conducting
circumferential scans, it is
important to understand that the
BRL Consultants, Inc.; 503 W. Rhapsody Dr.;
San Antonio, TX 78216; bryan@brlconsultants.com

Vol. 11, No. 1

sound path for one leg of sound is

going to be increased based on the
ratio of the inside diameter to the
outside diameter. If the refracted
(inspection) angle selected is too
great, a vee path will not exist and
a complete inspection of the cross
section will be impossible to
achieve. Figure 1 shows the
differences between a flat scan and
a circumferential scan using the
same refracted angle. As can be
seen, both the sound path and the

surface distance are greater for a

curved part than for a flat part of
the same thickness.
Flat Plate Calculations
Sound paths, surface distances and
discontinuity depths on flat plate
can be determined by using the
following standard trigonometric
formulas. All calculations are based
on the centerline of the sound
beam and do not take beam spread
into account (Fig. 2). Equation 1 is
FOCUS continued on page 2.

Surface distance for

flat plate scan

Surface distance for

circumferential scan

Figure 1. Differences between flat scan and circumferential scan sound

paths using the same angle on material of the same thickness.

TNT January 2012 1

FOCUS continued from page 1.

FROM THE EDITOR

Bryan Lancon has provided the text and illustrations for

Circumferential Scanning in Ultrasonic Inspection, a short
but informative summary on the topic of circumferential
scans using contact mode ultrasound for ring-shaped
objects.

Material Hazards in Penetrant Testing is another in our

Safety in NDT series. This material has been adapted from
Volume 2 of the Nondestructive Testing
Handbook on Liquid Penetrant Testing
and covers job related hazards and safety
precautions for testing personnel
performing liquid penetrant testing.
Jim Beam is our Practitioner Profile
for January. Jim describes integrity
tracking and tells us how chemical plants
and refineries keep track of the status of
the piping and equipment in their facilities.
Jim Houf, ASNTs Senior Manager of Technical Services
responds to a frequent query on records of certification.

Hollis Humphries, TNT Editor

PO Box 28518, Columbus, Ohio 43228; (800) 222-2768
X206; fax (614) 274-6899; e-mail hhumphries@asnt.org

Tech Toon

used to calculate the first leg or half-skip distance of the

sound path from the exit point to point A.
t
First leg sound path =
(1)
cos
Equation 2 is used to calculate the full-skip distance from
the exit point down to point A and back up to point B. The
full-skip distance can also be found by doubling the first leg
sound path.
Full skip distance = 2 t tan

(2)

Equation 3 is used to calculate surface distance.

Surface distance = Sound path sin

(3)

Discontinuity depth can be calculated in several ways.

Equation 4 can be used calculate discontinuity depth for
discontinuities in the first leg only.
Discontinuity depth = Sound path cos

(4)

Equation 5 can be used to calculate discontinuity depth for

discontinuities in the second leg only.
(5)

Discontinuity depth = 2 t (Sound path cos )

Examples
Discontinuity In First Leg. A signal is noted at 1.5 in.
(3.81 cm) using a 70 transducer on a 0.75 in. (1.91 cm)
part. Substituting values into Eq. 1:
t
(6)
First leg sound path =
cos
0.75 in.
=
0.342
= 2.19 in.
where 1.0 in. is equal to 25.4 mm. This shows that the
indication is in the first leg. So, discontinuity depth will be
determined using Eq. 4.
Full skip distance
Surface distance 1
Surface
distance 2
B
Exit
point

0.513 in. (1.3 cm)

Legend
t = material thickness
= transducer angle
= first leg of sound path
= second leg of sound path

Maybe I contoured
2 Vol. 11, No. 1

the wedge for the

I.d.?

0.406 in. (1.03 cm)

Figure 2. Sound path in angle beam testing of flat plate.

(7)

Discontinuity depth = Sound path cos

= 1.5 in. 0.34
= 0.513 in.

Discontinuity In Second Leg. A signal is noted at 3.2 in.

(8.13 cm) using a 70 degree transducer on a 0.75 in.
(1.91 cm) part. Since the sound path is greater than 2.19 in.
(5.56 cm) but less than 4.38 in. (11.13 cm) or twice the
length of the first leg sound path as calculated in the first
example, the indication is in the second leg. Discontinuity
depth will be determined using Eq. 5.
(8)

Discontinuity depth = 2 t (Sound path cos )

= 1.5 in. (3.2 in. 0.342 )
= 0.406 in.

Circumferential Calculations
If we now add curvature to the part, we must take into
consideration the changes to our sound path due to part
radius and wall thickness. Equation 9 is used to calculate
surface distance in a curved part:1
(9)

Surface distance =

R 2 1 R 2
sin sin
90
R1

where R1 is the inside diameter radius, R2 is the outside

diameter radius and is the angle of refraction (Fig. 3).
The calculation of the surface distance and skip distance
for a circumferential scan is quite different from that for a
flat plate as described earlier. Because few individuals want
to tackle such calculations, another more practical method
uses an ID/OD notched sample. This approach is
frequently used to verify that the sound path is reaching the
inside diameter of the part and can aid in determining or
verifying distances of sound paths in the circumferential
direction. To ensure that the full thickness of the curved
part is inspected, the refracted angle must be small enough
to reflect off the inside diameter surface. Otherwise, the
inside diameter of the part may be missed. Equation 10 or
11 can be used to determine the angle required to reach the
inside diameter of a part:
(10)

(12)

Outside diameter (1 sin )

2

where t is maximum wall thickness and is the transducer

angle. Again, this will ensure that the center of the sound
beam will reach the inside diameter of the part.
An inside diameter notch on a part with the same
dimensions and diameter as the specimen to be inspected
can also be used to determine the appropriate angle. This is
a more practical approach to verify that the angle used is
correct and the unit is properly adjusted or calibrated
(standardized). Another practical method for verifying
sound paths is to draw or plot the actual dimensions on
paper. Doing so makes it easier to visualize the sound beam
in the part.
Caution should be exercised when selecting the
transducer. The size of the transducer in relation to the
radius of the part is extremely important. The contact
surface between the transducer and the part is reduced
when the radius of the part is small and the transducer size
is increased. This condition has an adverse affect on the
results of the inspection. Much of the coupling efficiency is
lost due to the small contact surface between the transducer
and the part when this condition exists. In some cases it is
necessary to have a contoured wedge so as to minimize this
condition.
FOCUS continued on page 4.

R1

R2

2t
sin = 1

Outside diameter

where t is the maximum thickness and is the transducer

angle.
Inside diameter
sin 1 = max
Outside diameter
Circumferential scanning equations allow the calculation
of the appropriate probe angle to examine the bore of any
given pipe. Another way of analyzing this problem is to

(11)

determine the thickest wall that can be inspected.

Equation 12 can be used to determine the maximum wall
thickness for a given angle:

Legend
R1 = radius of inside diameter
R2 = radius of outside diameter
= sound path for transducer angle sufficiently
small to reflect from inside diameter
= sound path for transducer angle too large to
reflect from inside diameter

Figure 3. Sound paths for correct and incorrect refracted

angles.

TNT January 2012 3

FOCUS continued from page 3.

It is obvious that the center of the ultrasonic beam needs

to reach the inside diameter of the part to ensure a
complete inspection. Thus, it is important to consider the
beam divergence or beam spread. Signal amplitude will be
maximized when the center portion of the beam reaches
any reflector and since that is the case it is necessary to
assure full coverage of the cross-section in order to detect
any discontinuities emanating from the inside diameter of
the part.
Circumferential scanning occurs more often than one
might think. Even when performing ultrasonic inspections
in the longitudinal direction on pipe or other cylindrical
parts (especially welds), a circumferential scan is required. A
scan of a pipe weld for transverse discontinuities would also
require a circumferential scan parallel to the axial direction
of the weld.
Because ultrasonic inspection is a volumetric inspection,
the technician must confirm that the complete volume of
the test piece is being adequately inspected. Test

INBOX
Q:We have hired an ASNT NDT Level III qualified person to
conduct exams and qualify our employees as per SNT-TC-1A
(2011). Should the employers certificate for NDT include the
NDT experience of the employee as per SNT-TC-1A (2011)?
Should this certificate be signed by the ASNT NDT Level III or is
it sufficient that it is signed by the employers certifying authority?
A: Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A: Personnel Qualification
and Certification in Nondestructive Testing does not describe a
format for an employer's NDT certification document.
Paragraph 9.4 does list the information that employers are
required to maintain on file in a person's certification file, but
the employer decides what goes on their certification
documents. Some employers generate an actual certificate while
others may describe the scope of certification in a letter (usually
on company letterhead), and most will show the certified
person's name, their level of qualification, the applicable test
method(s) and the issue and expiration dates for each
certification as a minimum. All of the items listed in paragraph
9.4 are required to be maintained in the employer's certification
file for the certified person whether they are listed on the
certificate or not.
The same applies to certification signatures; it is up to the
employer to decide who signs a certificate or certification letter.

4 Vol. 11, No. 1

specifications need to be consulted.2,3 Discontinuities

located at the surface are the most detrimental. Technicians
must be sure that when performing ultrasonic inspection on
pipe in the circumferential direction they are able to provide
a full volumetric inspection by covering the inside diameter
and the outside diameter.
References:
1. Clark, B. and R. Stanley. Section 20, Ultrasonic Testing
Applications in the Chemical Industries. Nondestructive
Testing Handbook, second edition: Vol. 7, Ultrasonic
Testing. Columbus, OH: American Society for
Nondestructive Testing (1991): p 714.
2. API RP 2X, Recommended Practice for Ultrasonic and
Magnetic Examination of Offshore Structural Fabrication
and Guidelines for Qualification of Technicians.
Washington, DC: American Petroleum Institute (1996).
3. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code: Section V,
Nondestructive Examination. New York, NY: ASME
International (2009).

The wording of paragraphs 9.4.9 and 9.4.12, items that are

required to be in the certification record, can sometimes be
confusing so the clarification published by the ASNT SNT-TC1A Interpretation Panel for those paragraphs is shown below.*
Paragraph 9.4.9, "Signature of the NDT Level III that verified
qualifications of candidate for certification" means that a Level
III is required to verify that a person is qualified (eligible) to be
certified to the appropriate level of qualification by having met
the requirements of Sections 6, 7, and 8 as described in the
employer's written practice (see paragraph 9.2). The
Interpretation Panel's response is found in Inquiry 09-1 (2009,
1st Inquiry), and states that Paragraph 9.4.9 does not require
that the Level III verifying qualifications needs to be certified
in the specific test method, he just needs to be a Level III.
Paragraph 9.4.12, "Signature of employer's certifying authority,"
refers to who signs off on the certification itself. Inquiry 90-1
asked, "Should the employer's representative signing for
certification be a certified Level III examiner in the specific
discipline or can it be signed by an individual with no
certification in that discipline but is a certified Level III
examiner in a different NDT process?" and the Panel's response
was, "Whoever is identified by the employer in their written
practice as the designated representative may sign the record of
certification."
Further down in Inquiry 90-1, the Panel also clarified who can
certify personnel by stating, "The intent of paragraph 4.3.3 is
INBOX continued on page 12.

SAFETY IN NDT

Material Hazards in Penetrant Testing 1

The physical health of liquid penetrant testing personnel

should not be impaired by performance of liquid penetrant
testing. To ensure health and freedom from accidents or
injury, test personnel should be aware of job related hazards
and safety precautions.
Prolonged breathing of penetrant vapors, emulsifier
vapors or solvent remover vapors may cause headaches,
nausea or tightness or pain in the chest. To avoid this
problem, forced air ventilation exhausting to the outside of
the building may be required in addition to constant
alertness to breakdown of the system or increased
sensitivity of personnel.
General personnel restrictions regarding cleanliness of
the work area, wearing of safety shoes or limiting of loads
to be lifted manually are applicable to liquid penetrant
testing personnel and affect the ability of the operator to
perform.
During a test, liquid penetrant materials can have direct,
unsafe effects on human operators for example, topical
exposure to chemical solvents. The materials expended in
liquid penetrant tests include organic pigments, petroleum
distillates, wetting agents, corrosion inhibitors, powders and
various cleaning compounds and solvents. As a group, they
are not highly dangerous chemicals but they must be used
with care. Particular care is required when handling
unhealthy or flammable liquids and vapors. Good
ventilation must be provided.
Helpful Regulatory Agencies
A number of governmental organizations around the world
are involved with promoting and enforcing safety and health
in the work place. Others aim at protecting the environment
from contamination by industrial materials. In the United
States, three such organizations are the American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
(ACGIH), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
and the Occupational Health and Safety Administration
(OSHA).2-4 These and similar agencies are continually
examining industrial practices and materials to reduce
hazards to personnel and the environment. For example,

6 Vol. 11, No. 1

certain ingredients used formerly in nonaqueous developers

and some penetrant aerosols have been required to be
replaced. Most notably, these include the elimination of
halogenated solvents and hexavalent chromium. This article
discusses some chemical hazards to personnel safety and
health. Because most filtered particle test fluids consist of
particles suspended in light petroleum distillates, the
discussion below regarding liquid penetrant fluid materials
applies to the filtered particle fluids as well. Environmental
concerns with respect to liquid penetrant test effluents are
discussed elsewhere in Vol. 2 of the NDT Handbook, third
edition.1
Topical Exposure to Penetrant Materials
Penetrant test materials are carefully screened for health
hazards and are qualified as safe for humans in an industrial
operation. When used in accordance with manufacturers
instructions, no health hazard should be encountered
(Fig. 1). Humans vary from person to person and may react
differently to liquid penetrant materials, usually with allergic
reactions. Allergies usually manifest themselves as dermatitis
on the hands or arms. Other forms of allergic reaction are
more subtle and need to be evaluated by competent medical
personnel. If allergies persist, the operator may be unable to
perform penetrant testing routinely.
Practically all liquid materials used in liquid penetrant
testing, including penetrant, cleaner and developers, have
very good wetting and detergent properties. Most of them
exhibit excellent solvent power for fats and oils. If these
materials are allowed to remain in contact with body
surfaces for extended periods, the natural oils will be
dissolved from the skin, causing it to become rough and red
and eventually to crack. In this condition, secondary
infection can take place, causing severe irritation or
dermatitis.
Skin Care. Preventive measures to lessen the likelihood of
skin infection should be used to protect personnel who
handle liquid penetrant processing materials and test parts
that carry these materials on their surfaces. In many
instances, synthetic rubber or other impervious gloves are

essential for handling baskets and test parts during liquid

penetrant processing. Useful guidelines have been issued by
federal agencies.2-4
The operators hands or any skin surfaces contacted by
liquid penetrants or processing materials should be washed
thoroughly with soap and water at least twice during each
8 h shift or working period and before eating. This washing
(together with impervious gloves where required) is usually
enough protection if contact with liquid penetrant
processing materials is only occasional.
Where continued or prolonged contact with processing
materials is necessary, a protective cream resistant to the test
materials should be applied to the skin and renewed, after
thorough washing of hands, arms or portions of the body
exposed to processing materials, as often as this cream
wears off. If the skin reddens, the inflammation can often
be relieved by the use of cream or lotion such as lanolin
that contains animal fat. Lanolin cannot restore the oil lost
from the skin but it can serve as a substitute for the lost
skin oil. If loss of oil causes dry skin to crack, these cracks
may permit infections to develop from any sources in the
environment. Skin damage, or dermatosis, could result from
neglect of precautions.
Flammability of Penetrant Materials
Flash point is the temperature to which a material must be
raised to create vapors of a type and quantity that produce a
combustible or explosive mixture with the air immediately
above the surface of the liquid. There are several ways to
measure flash points. In general, the technique of
measurement involves raising the temperature of the liquid
in a predetermined schedule and periodically introducing a
flame or other ignition in the atmosphere immediately
above the liquid surface. The temperature at which the
vapor-and-air mixture first ignites is the flash point.
Just what constitutes a safe flash point depends on the
conditions under which a material is used and how it is to
be shipped. In the United States, changing regulations of
federal or state or local regulations may dictate minimum
allowable flash points. Requirements of the most recent
regulations should be determined and followed in choice of
penetrant processing materials and work locations. Even if
materials are used in very small quantities where ventilation
is good, care should be taken to insure that harmful vapors
do not accumulate. In the case of portable kit-type liquid
penetrant test materials (aerosols), the materials are kept in
small containers that are completely closed. Though these
materials are brought into the open in such small quantities
that normal air circulation should dilute their vapors to less
dangerous concentrations, care should be exercised to
prevent the accumulation of vapors.

Caution: smoking around highly flammable materials

must be prohibited.
Some of the materials intended for use in small portable
kits may have considerably lower flash points due to the
propellant used in the aerosols. While aerosol cans may have
penetrant material contents that have flashpoints as low as
5 C (40 F), they are commonly propelled by a mixture of
butane and propane, and these propellants have flash points
far below zero. Consequently, the spray from the aerosol
can is highly flammable. When used with the precautions
and in the manner prescribed by their manufacturers and in
work areas with ensured good ventilation, these materials
can be used safely. However, it should always be borne in
mind that spray application of flammable liquids reduces
the product to the form of a fine mist composed of minute
droplets. In this form, atmospheric contamination becomes
more acute and the flammability hazard is increased.
Where liquid penetrant materials are used in large open
tanks with extensive exposed surface area, the problem is
entirely different. The large surface area can foster rapid
liberation of vapors. The dipping of test parts or baskets
into the liquid can promote evaporation. In addition, the
sides of the tank above the liquid surface level act as a
barrier that retains the vapors and can permit a high vapor
concentration to accumulate.
In the United States, Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) regulations established the
minimum flash point at 93 C (200 F) for flammable
liquids in large open tanks, used without special precautions.
The determination of flash point is required by the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration for these
SAFETY IN NDT continued on p 8

Figure 1. When used in accordance with manufacturers

instructions, penetrant test materials are qualified as safe for
humans in an industrial operation: spray application of
portable penetrant onto part.

TNT January 2012 7

FEATURE continued from p 7

applications. It has also been required that specified

automatic fire protection apparatus must be installed and
maintained in operating condition when liquids with flash
points below 93 C (200 F) are used in open tanks with
liquid surface areas larger than 1 m2 (10 ft2).
Many plants have their own regulations as to permissible
flash points for solvents and similar materials used in open
tanks. In cases where such rulings do not exist, the choice is
the responsibility of the facility management, under
applicable state and federal regulations. As a rough guide, a
flash point of 93 C (200 F) should be considered as the
minimum allowable for liquid penetrant processing materials
used in open tanks, unless required special safety
precautions can be enforced and suitable safety equipment
is made a part of the installation. In the United States,
compliance with all applicable Occupational Safety and
Health Administration or other federal, state and local
regulations is essential.
Precautions for Solvent Removers. Test operators and their
management should be aware that most solvent removers
present fire and health hazards. Do not use flammable
solvents near ignition sources. Use volatile solvents only
with ventilation adequate to carry solvent vapors away from
closed areas. Before repair by welding after solvent
applications, use care to make certain that all volatile
material has evaporated from test parts.
Sometimes it is not possible to use solvent cleaners and
developers only in open, ventilated areas. When testing must
take place inside tanks or other closed areas, inspectors
should work with a companion. Within closed tanks, all
personnel should be provided with adequate ventilation or
with equipment to supply breathing air.
Safety Considerations for Developers. All of the developers
procured as dry powders offer, to some extent, the
possibility of personnel inhalation of developer dust. The
extremely fine particle size of the dry developer makes it
likely to become airborne. This product should be applied in
a well-ventilated area or within a hood equipped with an
exhaust system to reduce inhalation. Nonaqueous wet
developer also involves some hazard because of inhalation
of the solvent carriers in which the developer particles are
suspended. The solvent carriers are normally flammable.
Precautions for use of flammable solvents should be
observed when using nonaqueous developers.
Material Safety Data Sheets
To keep track of toxic and hazardous chemicals, each
employer needs to keep on file a material safety data sheet
8 Vol. 11, No. 1

(MSDS) for each chemical. These are provided by the

manufacturer either in printed form, on the manufacturers
website or both and they are usually easily available at the
workplace. The form and content of these sheets are
specified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health, and much of the necessary information is
provided online in government-sponsored web pages.
Personnel working with penetrant inspection should review
these data that outline and describe the recommended
precautions that should be taken when using the materials.
Other Safety Concerns
Several important components1 of safety in penetrant
testing are not addressed in this brief article.
1. Electrical safety is addressed in codes and standards for
fire and electric safety.
2. Care should be taken to avoid exposure to ultraviolet
radiation other than UV-A. Personnel using ultraviolet
lamps should avoid looking directly into the light source.
Eyewear capable of blocking ultraviolet radiation should
be worn when conducting fluorescent penetrant
inspections. It is also recommended that inspection
personnel should wear long-sleeved clothing to minimize
exposure.
3. Safety requires good lighting and good housekeeping in
work areas. (Maintaining good vision and appropriate
ambient lighting is also essential for reliable visual
observation of penetrant test indications.)
It is the responsibility of the employer to provide a safe
working environment for its personnel. Supervisors need to
study and follow applicable laws and guidelines indicated by
the federal, state, and local authorities, as well as procedures
specific to the employment contract and workplace.
References
1. Chapter 2, Part 8, Health and Safety Precautions.
Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Vol. 2,
Liquid Penetrant Testing. Columbus, OH: American
Society for Nondestructive Testing (1999).
2. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Physical
Agents, seventh edition. Cincinnati, OH: American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
(2001, 2011).
3. Guide to Occupational Exposure Values. Cincinnati, OH:
American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (2011).
4. NIOSH Publication 77-101, Occupational Diseases A
Guide to Their Recognition. Atlanta, GA: Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, for the National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2011).

Crossword
Challenge
Ultrasonic Testing*
Across
2. Beam divergence is a function of the beam transmitted through a
medium, and it _________ if the frequency or crystal diameter
decreases.
4. The resolving power of a transducer is directly proportional to its
_________.
9. When testing a part with a rough surface, it is generally advisable to
use a _____ frequency transducer and a more viscous couplant
than is used on parts with a smooth surface.
11. Used to confine the sound beam to the proper range of
angles in cases where the diameter of tubing being inspected is
smaller than the diameter of the transducer.
12. Compression waves whose
1
particle displacement is parallel
4
5
6
to the direction of ___________
7
are called longitudinal waves.
15. Waves that travel around gradual
curves with little or no reflection
from the curve are called
_______ waves.
16. Acoustic impedance is the
12
product of the density of the
13
material and the velocity of
15
_____ in the material.
17. Loss of ultrasonic wave energy
16
17
during the course of propagation
19
in a material due to absorption
20
and scattering.
20. Angle beam testing of plate will
often miss laminations that are
________ to the front surface.

Down
1. Inspection of _______ is often impractical because of coarse grain
structure.
2. Surface waves are the mode of vibration that is quickly damped out
when testing by the _________ method.
3. The angle formed by an ultrasonic wave as it enters a medium of
different velocity than the one from which it came and a line drawn
perpendicular to the interface between the two media is called the
angle of ___________.

5. In general, discontinuities in _______ products tend to be oriented

in the direction of grain flow.
6. The motion of particles in a shear wave is __________ to the
direction of beam propagation.
7. Waves that travel at a velocity slightly less than shear waves with a
mode of propagation that is both longitudinal and transverse with
respect to the surface.
8. At an interface between two different materials, an _________
difference results in division of sound energy into transmitted and
reflected modes.
9. In steel, the velocity of sound is greatest in ____________ waves.
10. The property of certain
2
3
materials to transform electrical
energy to mechanical energy
8
and vice versa is called the
9
10
_____________ effect.
11. Significant errors in ultrasonic
thickness measurement can
occur
if the velocity of
11
propagation deviates
substantially from an assumed
14
________ value for a given
material.
13.
In
a basic pulse echo ultrasonic
18
instrument, the component that
produces the voltage that
activates the transducer is called
a ______.
14. The _______ scanning speed
possible is primarily determined by the pulse repetition rate of the
test instrument.
18. A point, line or surface of a vibrating body marked by absolute or
relative freedom from vibratory motion is referred to as a ____.
19. Wave mode with multiple or varying wave velocities.
Answers on page 12.

*Content for Crossword Challenge: Ultrasonic Testing adapted from

Supplement to Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, Book B (Q&A
Book): Ultrasonic Testing

TNT January 2012 9

PRACTITIONER PROFILE

Jim Beam

As many do, Jim Beam began his career in nondestructive testing

in a roundabout way. More than 20 years ago, he was a pipefitter
looking for a career that wasnt subject to the cyclical swings of new
construction. When a chance reference presented itself, he quickly
recognized an opportunity to put his particular work skills together
into a perfect fit.
Q: How did you begin your career in NDT?
A: I found myself in the inspection field quite by accident. In
1990, I was a pipefitter who detailed piping jobs and
installed piping in commercial piping systems. I was a
card-carrying, union journeyman pipefitter. Id been out of
work for about 6 months when my neighbor, an inspector,

construction business ebbed and flowed, it occurred to me

that none of the plants were getting any younger and there
would always be new construction so, I just saw
inspection as an opportunity. I was very interested in the
ultrasonics that I saw used. I asked my employer if they
could teach me, or if there was a course or class where I
could learn more. So, they put me through some schooling.
One thing led to another and I was able to put all of my
work experience together. Much of my work was getting
the paperwork, the mechanical integrity tracking piece put
in place. I am now one of the senior visual inspectors at a
large refinery in the mid-west. I work both in the field and
in the office and I have my API 510, 570 and 653 and my
AWS CWI. In addition to visual certifications, I still carry
company NDT certifications as a Level II MT, PT and UT.
Q: Can you explain integrity tracking?

When you drive by

any refinery or
chemical plant, you
might wonder how
they keep track of
all the piping and
equipment in them.

A: When you drive by any refinery or chemical plant, you

might wonder how they keep track of all the piping and
equipment in them. There are mechanical integrity
programs that have been put in place to monitor the
condition of all the critical pieces. These MI programs use
drawings and other documentation to help monitor the
condition and drive the inspections, repairs and
replacements of all that you see. Each piece can be tracked
down so that nothing drops through the cracks.
Q: Is that documentation computerized?

gave me a reference and told me to talk to the company

that is now my current employer. They were looking for
someone that could help put together a mechanical
integrity program for piping systems in a refinery
environment. Before I became a pipefitter, I had worked
for an engineering firm in piping design for petrochemical
plants. My ability to draw isometrics and P&IDs was key.
P&IDs are process and instrumentation diagrams,
technical drawings that refineries and chemical plants use
basically as a bible. Isometrics are drawings used to
document piping systems. I went to work for my current
employer to do what I thought would be a simple, quick
little drawing job. Having worked in piping construction, I
knew a little about some of the inspections that took place
on the systems that I installed. And, I got to see a lot more
of the actual inspections and the way they related back to
the industry. Having been out of work off and on as the

10 Vol. 11, No. 1

A: I cant speak for all the plants. As time goes by, more and
more of our tracking and documenting systems are being
computerized in specialized programs. At the plant where I
work, most of the drawings of piping used for inspection
are still hand drawings of what actually exists in the field.
The drawings are all numbered individually with what we
refer to as line numbers. All these can be related back to
the process and instrumentation diagrams to verify
everything has been drawn for inspection. The entire
thickness monitoring program is computerized. Each line
is documented from the time that the piece of pipe is
newly installed and can be compared to the most recent
inspection. We can look at the results of the UT or RT
inspections and, based on the condition of the piping and
the remaining thickness, we can extrapolate the corrosion
rate and determine the remaining life of each piece. With
that, we can set the next inspection date or schedule repair
or replacement.

Q: As a senior visual inspector, do you make inspections yourself ?

A: I make inspections and Im also responsible for people
that do them for me. Im not the one running the UT
scope anymore but occasionally, I will pick one up. If one
of my projects requires MT, PT or UT, Im basically on a
radio to get someone here to provide me with the
information I need. My principal job here at the refinery is
as a visual inspector. Im the primary API 653 inspector
and I typically cover tankage.
Q: Why did you choose visual testing over other NDT methods?
A: That was where I saw more opportunity. I wanted to grow
beyond the idea of just supplying somebody numbers. I
saw the next step for growth was to use what I knew and
put myself in the spot to analyze the data. Theres a whole
field of inspectors out there that make most of their living
on observation crawling through pieces of equipment to
quantify its serviceability. In the field, they become an
API 510 visual inspector. The American Petroleum
Institute has a set of certifications. API 510 is for pressure
vessels in service, API 570 is for in-service piping systems
and API 653 is for atmospheric storage tanks. These are all
jumping off points into the visual inspection field for
people on the NDT side of the petrochemical
environment.

work that has to be done can seem overwhelming. The

work isnt often accomplished in just a day. A project or
repairs might last for weeks and this can wear on you
when youve worked 12 to 13 hour days for three to four
weeks on the night shift.
Q: Have you ever had or been a mentor?
A: I consider myself a mentor all the time. Ive never been
afraid of somebody taking my job. Ive always thought
that if I was training a guy to do the same things that I
do, I was easing my workload. It might mean that I could
actually take a day off. Over the years, Ive helped people
study for visual exams and for different API exams and
for becoming an AWS certified welding inspector. Its nice
to work with someone younger that wants to listen and
learn. And its nice to walk away feeling that youve helped
contribute something to their future.
Q: What advice would you offer to one considering an NDT
career?
A: Take every learning opportunity that you can. If its
offered, take it. If you know about it and its possible that
your company might support you, ask for it. Never settle
with what you know today. This field is so broad and so
big and theres so much room to grow in it.
You can reach Jim Beam at jhbeam1@gmail.com.

Q: Do you work with a crew?

A: At the site where I work, we have more than 50 individuals
that work in the nondestructive testing field. There are
technicians and assistants. We have some that are X-ray.
Most carry Level IIs in MT, PT and UT.
Q: How important is ongoing training?
A: Education should be the highest priority for everyone. My
training is always ongoing whether its through my current
employer or elsewhere. For example, I attend the API
Inspection Summit and there are also tank seminars and
other types of inspection and equipment seminars that I
attend to stay current. My company has been a big sponsor
of training. At a minimum, they have made it possible for
me to go and reimburse my expenditures.
Q: Whats the best part of your work?
A: Its a challenge and I always like a challenge. For the last
eight years, Ive worked primarily as a tank inspector and I
coordinate all of the testing done on tanks, all methods. At
first I thought it was going to be a boring job. When you
see a large tank, you know that its got a flat floor in it, its
welded together and yes, there are a bunch of inspections
to be done on it. But, my original concept of the tank as a
simple tin can was totally incorrect. There are more code
issues, more corrosion problems, more construction
related pieces to tanks and more state and federal
guidelines involved that make everything much more
complicated than for a simple can.
Q: Whats the worst part of your work?
A: The same challenges that I like to have in my work, can at
times wear and tear on you. Sometimes the amount of

TNT January 2012 11

the

NDT Technician

ASNT
the NDT Technician
PO Box 28518
Columbus, Ohio 43228-0518

The American Society for Nondestructive Testing

www.asnt.org

Volume 11, Number 1

January 2012

Publisher : Wayne Holliday

Publications Manager : Tim Jones
Editor : Hollis Humphries
Technical Editor: Ricky L. Morgan
Review Board: W illiam W. Briody, Bruce G. Crouse,
Anthony J. Gatti Sr., Edward E. Hall, James W. Houf, Jocelyn
Langlois, Raymond G. Morasse, Ronald T. Nisbet, Angela
Swedlund
The NDT Technician: A Quarterly Publication for the NDT Practitioner
(ISSN 1537-5919) is published quarterly by the American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, Inc. The TNT mission is to provide information
valuable to NDT practitioners and a platform for discussion of issues
relevant to their profession.
ASNT exists to create a safer world by promoting the profession and
technologies of nondestructive testing.
Copyright 2012 by the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. ASNT is
not responsible for the authenticity or accuracy of information herein. Published
opinions and statements do not necessarily reflect the opinion of ASNT. Products or
services that are advertised or mentioned do not carry the endorsement or
recommendation of ASNT.
IRRSP, Materials Evaluation, NDT Handbook, Nondestructive Testing Handbook,
The NDT Technician and www.asnt.org are trademarks of The American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, Inc. ACCP, ASNT, Level III Study Guide, Research in
Nondestructive Evaluation and RNDE are registered trademarks of the American
Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.

INBOX continued from p 4

[for Level IIIs] to train and examine Level I and Level II personnel for certification in the methods
in which he or she [the Level III] is qualified."
To summarize:
1. A Level III can only certify personnel in the methods in which that Level III is certified;
2. Any Level III can verify that a person is qualified (eligible) to be certified; and
3. The employer's designated representative may sign the record of certification.
* The Inquiries and Responses referenced above can be found in the ASNT publication, Interpreting
SNT-TC-1A, which is available to ASNT members as a PDF download in the members only
section at www.asnt.org. A printed version can be purchased online at ShopASNT,
www.asnt.org/shop/index.ihtml or by contacting the ASNT Book Department at (800) 222-2768.
Reference item number 2040.
Respectfully,
James W. Houf
Senior Manager, ASNT Technical Services Department
E-mail, fax or phone questions for the Inbox to the Editor: hhumphries@asnt.org,
fax (614) 274-6899, phone (800) 222-2768 X206.
Answers for Crossword Challenge: Ultrasonic Testing
Across
2. increases
4. bandwidth
9. lower
11. collimator
12. propagation
15. surface

16. sound
17. attenuation
20. parallel
Down
1. castings
2. immersion

3.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

refraction
wrought
transverse
rayleigh
impedance
longitudinal
piezoelectric

11.
13.
14.
18.
19.

constant
pulser
maximum
node
lamb

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