This document describes methods for determining the elevation of an object using trigonometric leveling with a theodolite. It discusses the single plane and double plane methods. For the single plane method, elevation is calculated using vertical angles measured from two instrument stations in the same vertical plane as the object. For the double plane method, elevation is calculated using vertical angles and horizontal angles measured from two non-collinear instrument stations not in the same vertical plane as the object. Equations are provided relating elevation to measured angles and distances for both methods.
This document describes methods for determining the elevation of an object using trigonometric leveling with a theodolite. It discusses the single plane and double plane methods. For the single plane method, elevation is calculated using vertical angles measured from two instrument stations in the same vertical plane as the object. For the double plane method, elevation is calculated using vertical angles and horizontal angles measured from two non-collinear instrument stations not in the same vertical plane as the object. Equations are provided relating elevation to measured angles and distances for both methods.
This document describes methods for determining the elevation of an object using trigonometric leveling with a theodolite. It discusses the single plane and double plane methods. For the single plane method, elevation is calculated using vertical angles measured from two instrument stations in the same vertical plane as the object. For the double plane method, elevation is calculated using vertical angles and horizontal angles measured from two non-collinear instrument stations not in the same vertical plane as the object. Equations are provided relating elevation to measured angles and distances for both methods.
This document describes methods for determining the elevation of an object using trigonometric leveling with a theodolite. It discusses the single plane and double plane methods. For the single plane method, elevation is calculated using vertical angles measured from two instrument stations in the same vertical plane as the object. For the double plane method, elevation is calculated using vertical angles and horizontal angles measured from two non-collinear instrument stations not in the same vertical plane as the object. Equations are provided relating elevation to measured angles and distances for both methods.
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1/ 7
KITSW-Civil Engineering Department
EXPERIMENT 11
SINGLE PLANE METHOD
AIM: Determination of elevation of the object Apparatus: Theodolite, tripod, levelling staff, plumb bob, measurement tape. Theory: TRIGINOMETRIC LEVELLING This is an indirect method of levelling. In this method the difference in elevation of the points is determined from the observed vertical angles and measured distances. The vertical angles are measured with a transit theodolite and The distances are measured directly (plane surveying) or computed trigonometrically (geodetic survey). Trigonometric levelling is commonly used in topographical work to find out the elevation of the top of buildings, chimneys, church spires, and so on. Also, it can be used to its advantage in difficult terrains such as mountaineous areas. Depending upon the field conditions and the measurements that can be made with the instruments available, there can be innumerable cases. Assuming the instrument stations and the object to be in the same vertical plane, the following two cases arise. Determination of elevation of object when the base is inaccessible the Instrument Stations and the Elevated Object are in the Same Vertical Plane If the horizontal distance between the instrument and the object cannot be measured due to obstacles etc., two instrument stations are used so that they are in the same vertical plane as the elevated object. Fig. 2 Procedure 1) Set up the theodolite at O1 and level it accurately with respect to the altitude bubble. 2) Direct the telescope towards O2 and bisect it accurately. Clamp both the plates. Read the vertical angle 1. 3) Transit the telescope so that the line of sight is reversed. Mark the second instrument station O2 on the ground. Measure the distance O 1O2 accurately. Repeat steps (2) and (3) for both face observations. The mean values should be adopted. 4) With the vertical vernier set to zero reading, and the altitude bubble in the centre of its run, take the reading on the staff kept at nearby B.M. 5) Shift the instrument to O2 and set up the theodolite there. Measure the vertical angle 2 to F with both face observations. With the vertical vernier set to zero reading, and the altitude bubble in the centre of its run, take the reading on the staff kept at the nearby B.M * Instrument axes at same level * Instrument axes at different level
KITSW-Civil Engineering Department
Instrument axes at same level
In Fig. 2, Let h = FA 1 = angle of elevation from O1 to F 2 = angle of elevation from O2 to F S = staff reading on B.M., taken from both O 1 and O2, the reading being the same in both the cases. d = horizontal distance between the two instrument stations. D = horizontal distance between O1 and F From triangle O1AF, h = D tan 1 -------------------------- (i) From triangle O2AF, h = (D + d) tan 2 ------------------- (ii) From Eqs. (i) and (ii) D tan 1 = (D + d) tan 2 or D (tan 1 - tan 2) = d tan 2 or D =
d tan 2 (tan 1 - tan 2 )
Hence, h = D tan 1 =
d tan 2 tan 1 (tan 1 - tan 2 )
R.L. of F = R.L. of B.M. + S + h
KITSW-Civil Engineering Department
Instrument axes at different level
Depending upon the terrain, three cases arise: A. Instrument axis at O2 higher that that at O1 (Fig. 3)
h1 - h2 = AA = S2 S1 = S From triangle O1AF, h1 = D tan1 -------------------------- (i) From triangle O2AF, h2 = (D + d) tan2 -------------------- (ii) Subtract Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i) to get h1 - h2 = D tan1 - (D + d) tan2 S = D tan1 D tan2 d tan2 = D (tan1 tan2) - d tan2 or D (tan1 - tan2) = S + d tan2 or D =
(S + d tan 2 ) (tan 1 - tan 2 )
But, h1 = D tan1 or h1 =
(S + d tan 2 ) tan 1 (tan 1 - tan 2 )
and R.L. of F = R.L. of B.M. + S1 + h1
KITSW-Civil Engineering Department
B. Instrument axis at O1 higher than that at O2 (Fig. 4)
h2 h 1 = S 1 S 2 = S From triangle O1AF, h1 = D tan1 -------------------------- (i) From triangle O2AF, h2 = (D + d) tan2 -------------------- (ii) Subtract Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii) to get h2 h1 = (D + d) tan2 - D tan1 S = D tan2 D tan1 + d tan2 = D (tan2 tan1) + d tan2 or D =
(d tan 2 S) (tan 1 - tan 2 )
But h1 = D tan1 or h1 =
(d tan 2 S) tan 1 (tan 1 - tan 2 )
Hence, R.L. of F = R.L. of B.M. + S1 + h1
Observation table :
KITSW-Civil Engineering Department
Instrument R.L @ Station B.M
Reading on staff kept at B.M.
Vertical angle ()
Horizontal distance between instrument station and object
Result: The reduced level of the given object is : __________________________
R.L o f the object
KITSW-Civil Engineering Department
EXPERIMENT 12
DOUBLE PLANE METHOD
AIM: Determination of elevation of the object when base is inaccessible. Apparatus: Theodolite, tripod, levelling staff, plumb bob, measurement tape. Determination of elevation of object when the base is inaccessible the Instrument Stations and the Elevated Object are not in the Same Vertical Plane Let P and R be the two instrument stations not in the same vertical plane as that of Q. The procedure is as follows: 1) Set the instrument at P and level it accurately with respect to the altitude bubble. Measure the angle of elevation 1 to Q. 2) Sight to the point R with reading on horizontal circle as zero and measure the angle RPQ1 , i.e, the horizontal angle at P. 3) Take a backsight s on the staff held at B.M. 4) Shift the instrument to R and measure 2 and there.
In Fig. 7, AQ = horizontal line through A Q = vertical projection of Q Thus, AQQ is a vertical plane Similarly, BQQ is a vertical plane Q = vertical projection of Q on a horizontal line through B PRQ1 = horizontal plane Q1 = vertical projection of Q R = vertical projection of B on a horizontal plane passing through P
KITSW-Civil Engineering Department
and = horizontal angles
1 and 2 = vertical angles measured at A and B respectively. From triangle AQQ , QQ = h1 = D tan 1 --------------- (1) From triangle PRQ1 , PQ1R = 180 - ( + ) = - ( + ) From the sine rule,
PQ1 = D1 =
PQ 1 sin
d sin sin ( + )
RQ 1
= sin
= sin ( + )
------------------ (2)
d sin sin ( + )
and RQ1 = D2 =
RP
= sin [ ( + )]
--------------------- (3)
Substituting the value of D in (1), we get
h1 = D1 tan 1 =
d sin tan 1 sin ( + )
R.L. of Q = R.L. of B.M. + s + h1
As a check, h2 = D2 tan 2 =
d sin tan 2 sin ( + )
If a reading on B.M. is taken from B, the R.L. of Q can be known by adding h 2 to R.L. of B. Observation table : Instrument R.L @ Station B.M
Reading on staff kept at B.M.
Vertical angle ()
Horizontal distance between instrument station and object
Result: The reduced level of the given object is : __________________________
