The document discusses the exchange force model in nuclear physics. It explains that in the nuclear exchange model, an incident particle like a proton can change into a neutron, while a backward neutron can change into a proton. Something is exchanged between nucleons, saturating the nuclear force. This exchange involves virtual particles that cannot be directly detected but produce forces. Mesons, which have masses between electrons and nuclei, are the exchange particles that carry the nuclear force. The document then provides information about the Geiger-Nuttall law, which relates the decay constant of radioactive isotopes to the energy of the alpha particles emitted, with shorter-lived isotopes emitting more energetic alpha particles.
The document discusses the exchange force model in nuclear physics. It explains that in the nuclear exchange model, an incident particle like a proton can change into a neutron, while a backward neutron can change into a proton. Something is exchanged between nucleons, saturating the nuclear force. This exchange involves virtual particles that cannot be directly detected but produce forces. Mesons, which have masses between electrons and nuclei, are the exchange particles that carry the nuclear force. The document then provides information about the Geiger-Nuttall law, which relates the decay constant of radioactive isotopes to the energy of the alpha particles emitted, with shorter-lived isotopes emitting more energetic alpha particles.
The document discusses the exchange force model in nuclear physics. It explains that in the nuclear exchange model, an incident particle like a proton can change into a neutron, while a backward neutron can change into a proton. Something is exchanged between nucleons, saturating the nuclear force. This exchange involves virtual particles that cannot be directly detected but produce forces. Mesons, which have masses between electrons and nuclei, are the exchange particles that carry the nuclear force. The document then provides information about the Geiger-Nuttall law, which relates the decay constant of radioactive isotopes to the energy of the alpha particles emitted, with shorter-lived isotopes emitting more energetic alpha particles.
The document discusses the exchange force model in nuclear physics. It explains that in the nuclear exchange model, an incident particle like a proton can change into a neutron, while a backward neutron can change into a proton. Something is exchanged between nucleons, saturating the nuclear force. This exchange involves virtual particles that cannot be directly detected but produce forces. Mesons, which have masses between electrons and nuclei, are the exchange particles that carry the nuclear force. The document then provides information about the Geiger-Nuttall law, which relates the decay constant of radioactive isotopes to the energy of the alpha particles emitted, with shorter-lived isotopes emitting more energetic alpha particles.
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Exchange force model of nuclear physics
Exchange force model come from the molecular
and atomic physics. The exchange is just as some electrons are share during the covalent bonding. If all valances are filled then it can not affect the presence of the third nuclei there. In nuclear exchange model the incident particle change its characteristics. An incident proton change into neutron whiles the backward neutron change into proton. The something is exchanged between the nucleons. And this something saturates this nuclear force. According to the analytical result of theoretical physics, the important term field introducation. Like gravitational and electromagnetic. If particle produce the field then presence of external body intract with field directly not to the first object directly. According to the QFT the first object does not set up a classical field throughout the space but instead emits field quanta. The second object can then absorb those field quanta and remit back to the first object. The two
object are thus related by there exchange of the
field quanta exchange. Nucleons are spin half particles. It is clear that only integer spin can exchange 0 or 1 and must carry electric change. The exchange particle violate the rule of conservation of energy and momentum (p). This type of particle called virtual particle. Virtual particle can not be detected at this instant. But only force can be experience due to this particle. Exchange paritlces that carry the nuclear force are called mesons. Mesons came from greek Meso meaning middle. Because the predicted mass was between the massed of the electron and nuclean. The pi mesons is simple exchange paricle in nuclear potential. GeigerNuttall law From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In nuclear physics, the GeigerNuttall law or GeigerNuttall rule relates the decay constant of a radioactive isotope with the energy of the alpha particles emitted. Roughly speaking, it states that short-lived isotopes emit more energetic alpha particles than long-lived ones.
The relationship also shows that half-lives are exponentially
dependent on decay energy, so that very large changes in halflife make comparatively small differences in decay energy, and thus alpha particle energy. In practice, this means that alpha particles from all alpha-emitting isotopes across many orders of magnitude of difference in half-life, all nevertheless have about the same decay energy. Formulated in 1911 by Hans Geiger and John Mitchell Nuttall,[1] in its modern form the GeigerNuttall law is
where is the decay constant ( = ln2/half-life), Z the atomic
number, E the total kinetic energy (of the alpha particle and the daughter nucleus), and a1 and a2 are constants. The law works best for nuclei with even atomic number and even atomic mass. The trend is still there for even-odd, odd-even, and odd-odd nuclei but not as pronounced. Cluster decays The Geiger-Nuttall law has even been extended to describe cluster decays , decays where atomic nuclei larger than helium are released, e.g. silicon and carbon. Derivation A simple way to derive this law is to consider an alpha particle in the atomic nucleus as a particle in a box. The particle is in a bound state because of the presence of the strong interaction potential. It will constantly bounce from one side to the other,
and due to the possibility of quantum tunneling by the wave
though the potential barrier, each time it bounces, there will be a small likelihood for it to escape. A knowledge of this quantum mechanical effect enables one to obtain this law, including coefficients, via direct calculation. This calculation was first performed by physicist George Gamow in 1928.
Negative Mass and Negative Refractive Index in Atom Nuclei - Nuclear Wave Equation - Gravitational and Inertial Control: Part 1: Gravitational and Inertial Control, #1
Negative Mass and Negative Refractive Index in Atom Nuclei - Nuclear Wave Equation - Gravitational and Inertial Control: Part 1: Gravitational and Inertial Control, #1
