نظم المعلومات الجغرافية الهدفية الجيل الجديد
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mahmoud abdelrahmanنظم المعلومات الجغرافية الهدفية الجيل الجديد
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mahmoud abdelrahman ا
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Object Oriented GIS: The New Trend
ﺇﻥ ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﻭﳕﺬﺟﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴـﺔ ).(GIS
ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ) (Dataﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺃﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ،ﺇﺫ ﲤﺜﻞ ﳕﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎﺕ )(Data Model
ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﰲ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ .ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﳒﺎﺡ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ١ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻗﺮﺑﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﻣـﻦ
ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﻭﳛﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ) ،(Userﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺎﻡ ﺗﻘﻨﻴـﹰﺎ ﻭﺳـﻬﻮﻟﺔ
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ.
ﺇﻧﻪ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﺎﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ( ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﻴﺔ
)) (Entity-Relationship Model –(E-Rﻛﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ) (Data Modelﰲ ﲤﺜﻴﻞ
ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ .ﻓﻬﻮ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﻭﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺎﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻧﻈـﺎﻡ ﻗﺎﻋـﺪﺓ
ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻼﺋﻘﻴﺔ ) ،(RDBMSﲝﻴﺚ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻈـﻮﺍﻫﺮ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧـﺎﺕ( ﲟـﺎ ﲢﻮﻳـﻪ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﺼﺎﺋﺺ
) ( Attributesﻭﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ) (Tablesﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﲞـﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻣـﻮﺯ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻴـﺔ
ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ .ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ
ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴـﺔ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺗـﺒﲏ ﻣﻔﻬـﻮﻡ ﻭﺗﻘﻨﻴـﺔ ﺍﻷﻫـﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻮ ﺟﻬـﺔ (Object-Oriented
) .Technologyﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻳﻤﺜﹼﻞ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﻫـﺪﺍﻑ )(Objects
)ﻇﻮﺍﻫﺮ( ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﲟﺎ ﺗﻌﻨﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﲎ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﳍـﺪﻑ ﻳـﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻭﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ) (Behaviourﰲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﲝﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺎ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭـﺎ،
ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧ ﹰﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ،ﺑﻞ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺎ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺃﻭ
ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ،ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﻬﺪﻑ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻪ ﰲ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﻭﺣـﺪﺓ ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ
) (Unitﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻪ .ﺇﻥ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﺪﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﺛﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﻌﹰﺎ ) (Scalableﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﻣﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ
ﺳﻮﺍﺀ .ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﻴﻞ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ .ﻓﺎﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻫﻨﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺎ ﻓﺌﺔ ﻫﺪﻓﻴﺔ
ﻋﻠﻴﺎ ) (Super Object Classﳍﺎ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ) (Sub-classesﺗﺮﺙ ﻛﻞ ﺻـﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺳـﻠﻮﻙ
،CDE ١ان ا),@Aم )45- >2ا ;< ،=3ا)(,789:ت 45-ا./) ،123ا ,-ء ا)('
: F9Gم
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V29Wا) P7 T:Uا)( P2'QRو 42Sا)(< P2'QRـ,@[ :م ا)(,789:ت ا)45Zا 1),D =3 ،=3ا)(4Yد.
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ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ .ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺭﻳﺚ ) (Inheritanceﻫﺬﻩ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﺪﻓﻴـﺔ
ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺣﺼﺮﻫﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ،ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ ) ، (Encapsulationﻭﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺪﺩﻳـﺔ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) ،(Polymorphismﻣﻊ
ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺭﻳﺚ ،ﺗﻌﺪ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﺪﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟـﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﻭﺍﻟـﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴـﺔ
ﺍﳍﺪﻓﻴﺔ.
ﺇﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺮﻏﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﰲ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ
ﻼ( ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ،ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻊ .ﻟﻜﻦ ،ﻭﻛﻤﺎ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ )ﺇﻧﺸﺎ ًﺀ ﻭﲢﻮﻳ ﹰ
ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻵﻥ ،ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺌﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ
ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ .ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﲔ ،ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﺔ
ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ) (Database Structureﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ .ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﳕﺎﺫﺝ ﻭﺗﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ
ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﺪﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺧﻴﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﹰﺎ ﻷﻱ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ.
ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻫﺬ ﺍﳉﻴﻞ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ )ﺍﳍﺪﻓﻴـﺔ ،ﻭﺍﳍﺪﻓﻴـﺔ-ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﻴـﺔ( ﰲ
ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ:
-١ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻷﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪ ،ﻷﻧﻪ ﳛﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋـﺎﺕ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ ) ،(Intelligent Objectsﻛﻞ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﳏﺪﺩ ﺑﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ
ﻭﺳﻠﻮﻙ ،ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻮﻃﺔ ﲜـﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻓﻘـﻂ،
ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﳕﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﻳﺪﻭﻳﹰﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ
ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﰒ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﲝﺮﺹ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟـﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺟـﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﰲ
ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﻲ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ.
-٢ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﺪﰲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﻼﻗـﺎﺕ
ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ ﰲ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ .ﻭﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺗﺨﺰﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﻈـﺎﻡ
ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﺪﰲ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﱪﳎﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳـﻊ (Custom
) Programmingﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ )ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﹰﺎ( ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ.
٢
-٣ﳝﻜﻦ ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﻭﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻫﻨﺪﺳـﺔ ﺍﻟـﱪﺍﻣﺞ
ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌـﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ (Computer –Aided Software Engineering Tools-
) ،CASEﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺬﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺣﺪﺓ ) .(UMLﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﰲ
ﻼ ﻭﻣﻄﻮﻋﺎﹰ ،ﺑﻞ ﻳـﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄـﻴﻂ
ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﹰ ،ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﹰﺎ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣ ﹰ
ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺃﻳﹰﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ،ﻭﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﺳﻬﻞ ﰲ ﻛـﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﺣـﻞ
ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ.
-٤ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺌﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟـﻨﻈﻢ ﻣـﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻜـﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻠـﺔ ﻟﻺﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣـﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳـﺪﺓ
) ،(Reusableﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺳﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻊ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺭﺻﺎﻧ ﹰﺔ ﻭﺛﺒﺎﺗﹰﺎ
) (Stableﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌـﺎﺕ ﺃﻗـﻞ ﻋﺮﺿـﺔ ﻟﻼﺧﻄـﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﻔﲑﻭﺳﺎﺕ ) ،(Bugsﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧ ﹰﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ .ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ )ﺍﳍﺪﻓﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﱪﳎﻴﺔ( ﺍﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺛﻮﻗﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺃﻣﺮﹰﺍ ﺳﻬﻼﹰ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﱪﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻐﲑ ﻭﻇﻴﻔـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ
ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ) (Methodﻟﻠﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ .ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ
ﻋﻦ ﺑﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ) (Platformsﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ.
ﻼ )(Seamless؛ -٥ﻷﻥ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ) (Data Modelﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﳍﺪﻓﻴﺔ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﺘـﺼ ﹰ
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺇﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﳎﺰﺋﺔ ) (Tilesﺃﻭ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﺷـﺒﻜﻴﺔ
) -(Gridsﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺼﺤﺢ ﺃﻱ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰﺀ
ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻭﻗﺖ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻟﻴـﺴﺖ ﻣﻘﻔﻠـﺔ )ﻣﻨﻔـﺼﻠﺔ(
) (Locked-outﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺚ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺈﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺮﻉ .ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ
ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ) (Network Connectivityﻟﺘﺘﻢ ﺁﻧﻴـﹰﺎ
) ،(On-the-flyﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻗﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭ ) (Repeatedﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﳉـﺔ
ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ) (Post-processingﻳﺪﻭﻳﺔ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ.
-٦ﺇﻥ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﺪﰲ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﻭﺑﲔ ﻧﻈـﻢ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﻮﺍﻋـﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﻴﺔ ،ﻳﻌﺪ ﺃﻣﺮﹰﺍ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻟﻸﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ) (ITﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ
ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺮﺕ ﻭﺑﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﳕـﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻـﺔ
) (Proprietaryﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ،ﻭﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ،ﲡﺪ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺃﻭ
ﺇﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺻﺮﻓﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﰲ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﺎ .ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ
٣
ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﺪﰲ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﻲ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ
ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ،ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ
ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ) (Methodsﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ـﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺌـﺔ،
ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ.
-٧ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﳍﺪﻓﻴﺔ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺼﻨﻌﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﲔ ،ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﱪﳎﲔ .ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻳﻔﻜﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻫﺪﰲ ﻭﺃﺣـﺪﺍﺙ )(Events
)ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﳎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ( ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺗـﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ
ﺇﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﱪﳎﲔ ﻭﺍﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ.
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﳉﻴﻞ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺭﻭﺍﺟﹰﺎ ﻛـﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﻣـﻦ ﻗﺒـﻞ
ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻮﺭﻳﻦ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ .ﻟﻠﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ،ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟـﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﲝـﺚ ﺑﻌﻨـﻮﺍﻥ:
ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﲝﺚ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻧﺸﺮ ﰲ ﳎﻠﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﲝﻮﺙ
ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ )ﻋﺪﺩ ١٤٢٧ (١١٤ﻫـ.
ﺩ .ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺿﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﺪﻱ
ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﻭﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻙ.
ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﺳﻌﻮﺩ
٤
Figur ١: UML key
( ) دة Instantiation اثiMQlإ
Aggregation q2(Zj
Abstract Class
Inheritance rJر8j
@ ? >= ء8 7 8
Aا7BCإ8
Composition p2)8j
Creatable Instantaible
Class Class
١..*
Association n<ر 1Jدi:j
Multiplicity
Figure ٢: Inheretence in GIS Object Programming and Process
Junction_Feature
C
@ أاع
ااهH
Standard
Complex_Junction
Feature
Simple_Junction Types
Feature Feature
أاع
H KّMُ
SwitchGear- ااه
Transformer Switch Cabinet Costom
Feature
٥
Figure ٣: Encapsulation in GIS Object Programming and Process
K
تZا
Dataset
Feature_Dataset Table
ObjectClass Relationship_Class
Feature_Class
