Shear modulus From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity,
denoted by G, or sometimes S or , is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the shear
strain:[1]
Shear modulus
Common symbols
SI unit
pascal
Derivations from other quantities
G=/
where = shear stress; is the force which acts is the area on which the force acts in engineering,
= shear strain. Elsewhere,
Shear strain
is the transverse displacement
is the initial length Shear modulus' derived SI unit is the pascal (Pa), although it is usually expressed in gigapascals (GPa) or in thousands of pounds per square inch (ksi). Its dimensional form is M1L1T2. The shear modulus is always positive.
Contents 1 Explanation 2 Waves 3 Shear modulus of metals 3.1 MTS shear modulus model 3.2 SCG shear modulus model 3.3 NP shear modulus model 4 See also 5 References
Explanation The shear modulus is one of several quantities for measuring the stiffness of materials. All of them arise in the generalized Hooke's law: Young's modulus describes the material's response to uniaxial stress (like pulling on the ends of a wire or 6/4/2015 3:46 PM
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putting a weight on top of a column),
Typical values for
the bulk modulus describes the material's response to uniform
Material
pressure (like the pressure at the bottom of the ocean or a deep
(at room temperature)
swimming pool) the shear modulus describes the material's response to shear stress Diamond[2] (like cutting it with dull scissors).
The shear modulus is concerned with the deformation of a solid when it
experiences a force parallel to one of its surfaces while its opposite face experiences an opposing force (such as friction). In the case of an object that's shaped like a rectangular prism, it will deform into a parallelepiped. Anisotropic materials such as wood, paper and also essentially all single crystals exhibit differing material response to stress or strain when tested in different directions. In this case one may need to use the full tensorexpression of the elastic constants, rather than a single scalar value. One possible definition of a fluid would be a material with zero shear modulus.
shear modulus (GPa)
478.0
Steel[3]
79.3
Copper[4]
44.7
Titanium[3]
41.4
Glass[3]
26.2
Aluminium[3]
25.5
Polyethylene[3] 0.117 Rubber[5]
0.0006
Waves In homogeneous and isotropic solids, there are two kinds of waves, pressure waves and shear waves. The velocity of a shear wave, is controlled by the shear modulus,
where G is the shear modulus is the solid's density.
Shear modulus of metals
Influences of selected glass component
additions on the shear modulus of a specific base glass.[6]
The shear modulus of metals is usually observed to decrease with increasing temperature. At high pressures, the shear modulus also appears to increase with the applied pressure. Correlations between the melting temperature, vacancy formation energy, and the shear modulus have been observed in many metals.[9]
Several models exist that attempt to predict the shear modulus of metals (and possibly that of alloys). Shear modulus models that have been used in plastic flow computations include: 1. the MTS shear modulus model developed by[10] and used in conjunction with the Mechanical Threshold Stress (MTS) plastic flow stress model.[11][12] 2. the Steinberg-Cochran-Guinan (SCG) shear modulus model developed by[13] and used in conjunction with the Steinberg-Cochran-Guinan-Lund (SCGL) flow stress model. 3. the Nadal and LePoac (NP) shear modulus model[8] that uses Lindemann theory to determine the
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temperature dependence and the SCG model for pressure
dependence of the shear modulus.
MTS shear modulus model
The MTS shear modulus model has the form:
where 0 is the shear modulus at 0 K, and D and T0 are material
constants.
SCG shear modulus model
The Steinberg-Cochran-Guinan (SCG) shear modulus model is pressure dependent and has the form
Shear modulus of copper as a function of
temperature. The experimental data[7][8] are
shown with colored symbols.
where, 0 is the shear modulus at the reference state (T = 300 K, p = 0, = 1), p is the pressure, and T is the temperature.
NP shear modulus model
The Nadal-Le Poac (NP) shear modulus model is a modified version of the SCG model. The empirical temperature dependence of the shear modulus in the SCG model is replaced with an equation based on Lindemann melting theory. The NP shear modulus model has the form:
where
and 0 is the shear modulus at 0 K and ambient pressure, is a material parameter, kb is the Boltzmann constant, m is the atomic mass, and f is the Lindemann constant.
See also Shear strength Dynamic modulus Impulse excitation technique
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References 1. IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006) "shear modulus, G (http://goldbook.iupac.org /S05635.html)". 2. McSkimin, H.J.; Andreatch, P. (1972). "Elastic Moduli of
9. March, N. H., (1996), Electron Correlation in Molecules
and Condensed Phases (http://books.google.com /books?id=PaphaJhfAloC&pg=PA363), Springer, ISBN 0-306-44844-0 p. 363 10. Varshni, Y. (1970). "Temperature Dependence of the
Diamond as a Function of Pressure and Temperature".
Elastic Constants". Physical Review B 2 (10): 3952.
/10.1063%2F1.1661636). 3. Crandall, Dahl, Lardner (1959). An Introduction to the
11. Chen, Shuh Rong; Gray, George T. (1996). "Constitutive
behavior of tantalum and tantalum-tungsten alloys".
Mechanics of Solids. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 27 (10):
ISBN 0-07-013441-3.
2994. Bibcode:1996MMTA...27.2994C
4. Material properties (http://homepages.which.net
/~paul.hills/Materials/MaterialsBody.html) 5. Spanos, Pete (2003). "Cure system effect on low temperature dynamic shear modulus of natural rubber"
(http://adsabs.harvard.edu /abs/1996MMTA...27.2994C). doi:10.1007/BF02663849 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02663849). 12. Goto, D. M.; Garrett, R. K.; Bingert, J. F.; Chen, S. R.;
(http://www.thefreelibrary.com
Gray, G. T. (2000). "The mechanical threshold stress
/Cure+system+effect+on+low+temperature+dynamic
constitutive-strength model description of HY-100
+shear+modulus+of...-a0111451108). Rubber World.
steel". Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 31
6. Shear modulus calculation of glasses
(http://www.glassproperties.com/shear_modulus/) 7. Overton, W.; Gaffney, John (1955). "Temperature
(8): 19851996. doi:10.1007/s11661-000-0226-8
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11661-000-0226-8). 13. Guinan, M; Steinberg, D (1974). "Pressure and
Variation of the Elastic Constants of Cubic Elements. I.
temperature derivatives of the isotropic polycrystalline
Copper". Physical Review 98 (4): 969.
shear modulus for 65 elements". Journal of Physics and
Homogeneous isotropic linear elastic materials have their elastic properties uniquely determined by any two moduli among these; thus, given any two, any other of the elastic moduli can be calculated according to these formulas. Notes
There are two valid solutions.
The plus sign leads to . The minus sign leads to .
Cannot be used when
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Effect of Dislocation Density Evolution On The Thermomechanical Response of Metals With Different Crystal Structures at Low and High Strain Rates and Temperatures
Effect of Dislocation Density Evolution On The Thermomechanical Response of Metals With Different Crystal Structures at Low and High Strain Rates and Temperatures
