HW 4 handed on 10/08/2015
MET 4305
Due: 10/28/2015
1. (Prob 1.9 from Holton) A bullet is fired directly upward with initial
speed wo at latitude . Neglecting air resistance, by what distance will
it be displaced horizontally when it returns to the ground? (Neglect
2ucos compared to g in the vertical momentum equation).
(4)
Using the vertical momentum equation while neglecting 2ucos:
dw
=g
dt
At the peak of the bullets path:
w=w o=0
from the kinematic equation:
V f =V i +at
Total time of the bullets path:
m
2 w0
s
t 0=
=
=[s]
g
m
s2
(multiplied by two since the bullet has to go up and down)
[ ]
[ ]
From Holton (1.16)
Du
uw uv
=2 sin ( ) v2 cos ( ) w + tan
Dt
r
r
Since ball is fired directly upward (u=v=0 m/s):
Du
=2 cos ( ) w
Dt
U
Du=2 cos ( ) wDt
0
Assuming
is constant:
2 cos ( )
Du=2 cos ( ) wDt
0
gt2
u=2 cos ( ) wo t
2
dx
=u
since
dt
gt
dt= 2 cos ( ) w o t
dt
dx
2
0 dt
o
Assuming
is constant:
gt2
wo t
dt
2
2 cos ( )
dx=2 cos ( )
0
x=2 cos ( )
w0 t 2 g t 3
2
6
( )
2 w0
g
2 w0
w0
g
x=2 cos ( )
2
Substituting:
t 0=
2 w0 3
g
4 w 02
(
)
= cos
6
3 g3
( )( )
g
( )
2. Estimate the magnitude of the terms in the horizontal equations of
motion for a mid-latitude (45) synoptic-scale flow considering U=18
m/s, W=12 cm/s, L=1000 km, H=8 km, and pH=12 hPa. Assume any
other values you may need. Comment on your results.
(6)
Using the horizontal equations of motion:
du
uw uvtan 1 dP
+ 2 cos ( ) w2 sin ( ) v +
=
+Fx
dt
a
a
dx
dv
vw u 2 tan 1 dP
(
)
+2 sin u+ +
=
+F y
dt
a
a
dy
For the X-Direction:
du
uw uvtan 1 dP
+ 2 cos ( ) w2 sin ( ) v +
=
+Fx
dt
a
a
dx
Breaking them down into their fundamental scales of motion:
U2
UW U 2 p H 1 U
+ f o wf o U +
+ =
+
L
a
a
L H2
Assuming the coefficient of viscosity is approximately 14.55*10-6 m2/s
Plugging in values given:
m
m
18
0.
s
s
m
m
5 1
5 1
+ ( 2 ( 7.29211510 s ) sin ( 45 ) ) 0.12 ( 2 ( 7.29211510 s ) sin ( 45 ) ) 18 +
3
s
s
100010 m
( 63001
( )
18
( )
( )(
Now using order of magnitudes rather than actual magnitudes:
1 2
O ( 10 )
6
O(10 )
4
1
4
1
+ O ( 10 ) O ( 10 ) O ( 10 ) O ( 10 ) +
1 2
O ( 10 ) O ( 10 ) O ( 10 )
O ( 10 )
O(10 ) O(10
+
=
+
4
7
7
0
6
O(10 )
O ( 10 )
O ( 10 ) O ( 10 ) O ( 10 )
Simplifying:
O ( 104 ) +O ( 105 ) +O ( 103 ) +O ( 107 ) +O ( 105 )=O ( 103 ) +O(108)
So, from this, the two largest forces acting on this air flow in
the X-direction is Coriolis and pressure gradient, therefore this
flow is in geostrophic balance.
For the Y-Direction:
2
dv
vw u tan 1 dP
+2 sin ( ) u+ +
=
+F y
dt
a
a
dy
Breaking them down into their fundamental scales of motion:
U
UW U p H 1 U
+ f oU +
+ =
+
L
a
a
L H2
2
Assuming the coefficient of viscosity is approximately 14.55*10-6 m2/s
Plugging in values given:
m 2
m
m
m 2
18
0.12
18
s
s
s
s
( 1210 2 Pa )
m
5 1
(
)
(
)
+
(
2
7.29211510
s
sin
45
)
18
+
+
=
s
kg
1000103 m
( 6300103 m ) ( 6300103 m)
( 100
1 3
m
( )
18
( )
( )(
) ( )
Now using order of magnitudes rather than actual magnitudes:
1 2
O ( 10 )
1 2
O ( 10 ) O ( 10 ) O ( 10 )
O ( 10 )
O(10 ) O(10 )
+ O ( 10 ) O ( 10 ) +
+
=
+
6
4
7
7
0
6
O(10 )
O( 10 )
O ( 10 )
O ( 10 ) O ( 10 ) O ( 10 )
4
Simplifying:
O ( 104 ) +O ( 103 ) +O ( 107 ) +O ( 105 )=O ( 103 ) +O(108)
So, from this, the two largest forces acting on this air flow in
the Y-direction is still Coriolis and pressure gradient, therefore
this flow is in geostrophic balance.
3. (Problem 3.2 from Holton) The actual wind is directed 30 to the
right of geostrophic wind. If the geostrophic wind is 20 m/s, what is the
rate of change of wind speed? Assume f = 10 -4 s-1
(4)
Rate of change of wind speed=??
f 0 Because, its in the North of hemisphere.
S: is the streamline of air parcel, so parallel to
In natural coordinate system:
v
t
s ((Rate of change of wind speed))
S: is the streamline of air parcel, so parallel to
v2
fv
R
n
cos .cos(90 ) sin
s
Then,
4. (Problem 3.20 and 3.21) The following wind data were received from
50 km to the east, north, west, and south of a station, respectively:
90, 10 m/s; 120, 4 m/s; 90, 8 m/s; and 60, 4 m/s. Calculate the
approximate horizontal divergence at the station. Suppose the wind
speeds are each in error by 10%. What would be the percentage error
in the calculated horizontal divergence in the worst case?
(6)
The distance between the locations of wind data received:
5
x= y=250 km=10 m
Horizontal Divergence equation is given by:
u v
D= +
D = Horizontal divergence (1/s)
x y
u , v = Wind speed (m/s)
x , y = the distance between two points (two wind vectors) (m)
u Au C v B v D (10+ 8 ) m/s ( 2+ 2 ) m/ s
5
+
=
+
=2 10 / s
5
5
x
y
10 m
10 m
Part (2):
Wind speed error by 10%, we let:
Point A: 90, 9 m/s
Point B: 120, 8.8 m/s
Point C: 90, 2.2 m/s
Point D: 60, -2.2 m/s
Horizontal Divergence equation is given by:
u v
D= +
D = Horizontal divergence (1/s)
x y
u , v = Wind speed (m/s)
x , y = the distance between two points (two wind vectors) (m)
u Au C v B v D (9+8.8 ) m/s ( 2.2+2.2 ) m/ s
+
=
+
=4.2 105 /s
5
5
x
y
10 m
10 m
The estimated in error by:
( 4.2 105 / s ) ( 2 105 /s )
Precent error=
100=110
2 105 /s
