C hapl e r

15

lt

Theimplementation
of
statistical
processcontrol

r 0biectives
.,
i. . , r- . , , \ , , t , , 1 ri rrr. , , t . t . . r,r., , . . , . , r, ,\.tr, ,
1.,
." ' , , .1,, . , ' .
| I)i \.| | | | | ,

t r ' r , i i r t , , l r . i , r \ , , , r , r , . r 1 . , \ , rl rrrr,,.i U .
tr. .
'
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o t Sl ' (.
l ,' I n .\r,i ' ,,,,,,.t,,,.,t,,' .,!\r," trr.In.l ,t..n,,r ,..,.,!,, \t\
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.
r,i i r ,J .r..,\' /, rt, i rt t,t,r,,r..,;,.,.t
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t
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15.1 Inlroduction

,.ri,. .{ \ .,r ,r ,,,r

r r .t,r ,.iu.....r .r .,,,.r
,\( ,1r ,.,r , h.,- r
1
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r\i||,,nlrt.ir,\,rrtr.ra..,lrj.,rl,.r\,,t

.,!,1r,L \1"1\ ,.r,r. rrrr L,,,ol.,rL

.onhr)td rts was writtfn in 1r12.{.
t.hef.is u()rv
i vJsr.crd.,miclitcrir
'
',rr.,,rrsfa
J r,.'.rt..J.Ut,ts.
r,..r. t..,-.i\-. rr.., H,,h..vr.,r,\..,r.1
N,rrc.Ir'!\t , ,rrt t,\ rt., .. . III |, ,r .,| |. I l) .,.rt..ra.ir th,. t,r,of,..rr
( ontru for Brlsifesst-xccIence,rhe
ttcse.:rchnn.:ttdLrcationDivisi;r of
r\.rll,,r.i ( , rF,rl,rrBI ,. .,.,. .lr,,,v
t ,,r ,,,.r,.,8,....ti .i,, not u JrWhc('Sl'C nr propert], in use it has bccn shoh.n
th.t qualftv_retrted
costs.afeusLr.rltvkfown afd l()r., rnc:tth.rt dren
thc usc ot SpC l{,as
specifie.lbv . cusromc, ar te.rstirliti.l v (

.iqucs
rrcquenrry
(.qui."
r.'..',
*,np',",,
i. *lT,Ll,Til;.T".1i:r::,ii
SPC to
be of considcrabtc bcncfii

T h e m p e n re n taor n 0 f s ta t s l ca p.0cessc0nl ro

383

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, , ,q 1 .,,rts .,1
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.rr'6"ing .rn
:'ipoftant p.rt ot cory{)rate sir.rtcgy, thcv do not apf,ear
to knotr. tr,hat
.fiectr!e steps to takr in order h) carrv out the st;.teg\.
E\r\r n(nI in
n )mc or S iniz at ion s ,q u i ti tv i s s c c f i s ;n a b s i ra ctproperrv.nrd
nor as .l
nreasufabi. nnci .on iroltnb t(, pn r.l nretef.
I N ' , , r . 1 nn, . ' r ' h.rt .r.,r r...i ,. n r..i ,,.rt\.,r L ,m l ,.
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rr.r i . . r I . t llr , , r l r,,s \t' a - I\l rt,,.r,..t r.ri ,rr ,,,1tr.,t ,.j
\.fi r...1rt\
Jto u lil hr int r odr c tl .

users
0l SpCandthebenetits
x 15.2 Successlul

derived

l n J.pt h w( , r k in l,rU i n i /n rn ,rrsWh i ,h L rs cS t,(. srctesstLrIr.

has gtrcn
.1 {.rret r ( 1(nN lh, r l( U s t,)n j .rd ri v ,!r In i n .rg fmc n t sy\t(rnspush
sLrpl t(,rs
l o r'.' ds lho u! ( ) f p l r).e s s.rp rb i ti tv .rs s c s s n rc ni s
.rn p(tss.r,| tr,,t
L h .rls lt nr Us t be r,1 \rg rri r,c l ,trtr c v c r, rtr.rlc x l !,fIi l
i r(,ssu(,,rr(i k
n (x s n( ' t ne. f s s r r il! k ,,rdl { ) rn u n d frs t.rrr(ti n g()f .i thcf thc
\,rl ue (, ttr(,
,.i f!.f c e oi t lr . h. h n i q u e s
( l o s ( . c x , ) nr |n. r iion
( t o fg i n i z n tn ),r j n w h i .h S I,( .\\,rs
U sed i n((!| 1\1tl
h d s sh( ) r , n t hil t h. r(,$ ,.rsn o r,.rt c (n n n ri i n rrr (r crr.oLrr.rB fD xrt
rn,m
{fi o r m , ) n. r t { r nc n r. l t * ,.r\.rp p .rn ,n r i rr s ,)n rt,{ )t th.sc
i h.rl tr.( ()r
rn 1 )r' r eLlgcnn( l ( \ e I
l o s i l i ! e d r,ffi t .,rn l c .rd t() u nl tl sti fi rt,t{,cl ni nrs n)
rl ,,|. , , . - ' , ' , , , r , , .
\,r,r,rr,..,rr,,,r
','t h r t t \ , r r \ r \ i t in . t., | .,r
,., .r t..r..,t .,
-,,,,r,,,,,,.,;,.,r,r
'Ult
.t..r
l l " i . ' J r , t . , r r . , l, r .t .rh t,,-.,..,t,t
,.,.t .,,,^.,.,,.,r
tr.,l ,..
r,..r,r l\, , r ' . 1lh, \ i. \ l r,;1 ,,-r .. . , ., ,. , 1. .. , , , , 1, , ;,
l .u l v s uc c c s if lr lus . rs o f S tC .d n r.,n rri n s r)o n tv rvhcn
l he scni or nr.rn.rg ('nr entis bot h . 1 ,a rc ri i i n d ro n mi i te d k ) i h c conri nucd
usc nnLi
, h. r. l u rq r.-- r,, n .,r.,;,.\.,,i ..r r,{r.
i ' \'r,, f ' h r r
I.rr n.,.r .,,1,_
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. l l u r' r., !.r,tri ,,rti ,,tt.rt,,..,r-.. ,t
n ',\n v , , . ur f iI t s
h..F\(rl eJ
b ! a n ent hus iis t ic m c mb c r o f t| c ma n a g e me n ir(:.m. -t.r
Other themcs r,hich fecur in succ.,ssful uscr orgamzntrcJn
.rc:
Top man.rgemeni undersrood vnrjation and rhe inrFortrnce
of St,C
kcnnrques to su( cesshrl perfornrnce tmpro\ rment.

&
T

x
I

3 8 4 Sta l s l ca P rocessC ontro

.: All thc pcoplc ifrolved in thc useofthe techniqurs understood $41at
ihey \^,c'rcbcnrg asked io do nnd i{h\' it should hclF them.
; lrainhg, f(,lloxed b,v clear.rnd rvritten instructions on rhe agrced
proccdurcs, tras slstematicnlly intro(tuced .tnd nnlo$,ed up.
Ih.se rcquirernents arc, of colrrse, cortanrcd wiihin ihe gcncral prifc i p l c s o f g (x)d Ltu.rl i tvm.rn.rtcnrcnt.
I h c b o rl c fi t sh) bc l l eri | ed from thc .ppl i cati on of rrari sti calmetho.i s ('f
pro&ss control are nr.rny irnd !ified. A m,rior spin,off is rh., impro!(,d
o r(.o n ti n u i l rg rcf uLrtronfor c{nrsi stentqu.rl i i \ pn)dLrctsor scrY i coThis
l (' .rd sh i . s h adv of.' \p.rndi ng, al w nys hcul th\,,shnfe of thc nl :rrkct,o r
i n ]p fo i l .l e ffr' .ti !cncss/cffi (i cncy. l ho i mpr{ )\' r,(lpro.r' ss cofsi sk,nc y
d c rl v ..l .i U s(s n dl rcct rcducl ()n rn f\rcrnrl tri l nr(, cosr rvi rrantv
. l ,Ir' ..,.r.1 . r' , r,.,. t l .. rt..Irl rl ,,,.,r.r r,l ., 1,,..,, ;..,,.1s
,
.
.o rrc s p o n d' ng | 1\l ' r.ti on i rr .osts of i ntonr.rl f.ri l u' 1, s.rrp, r1,tr,o r k,
w .rs t(d l i n rr, sc.ondn| .! or l ow vi l U e pr(nl Lr.r,ch.. gencrnh,sn b(,rus
l n r| a rs c i n pR rl r.l i !i ty, L)\,(\l rr.i ng th. si zf oi rhc ' hi cj (l cn phr\t '
w h i .h i s rl r\{,I{ t l o tfodu.i F n(nr (onl (n' l rl | rrgpR xl U ctsor servnl s.
Ih . E r.i t( r d( grec of fR r csscrD tftrl al l ow s rn ,)\ ff.rl l rcdu.i (' r i n th e
(h c (k i n g /i nsP ({ti (nr/ksi i ng rl l orts, ofkj l (sul l i ng j n n rc(l u.l i (n or
ftrl c p l o v n r, nl ol srrff. l l x l r.n(fi ts.rr(, rr)t.,nrl rncd k)I subsr.rnr i, r l
l o !v c ri n Bo l tol .rl q(| .rl i t\,reLrt.{ l .osts, I()r Idrl i i i (nr,rl i nfo rnti (!r sufh
.rs v e n d ()f f .rti ng .ri l ow s Inorc ( l fi ci fnt m.rnn8.nr(nt of nrc.rssu.h i s
p u r.h rs i rl l t, (l fsi gn, nr.rfLcti nl t,rnd e\ fn .r..oLrnti ng
'Itrl, mijor r('qoirc,|nenlslh.n .rPp0nr t,) b. ncccss.rry foi the succtssfrrl
i n rfl rmc n h lrcnoi S I' C ,nn{l thfserft P fcscrrii n.l l orgrni znti on s,hrch
c (D ti n u e n ) use th(,tu.hrrkl u.s sLr.cessful l rn(l
v
rl eri \' ('the bcncl i i s:
.{ tr.rnr\I,i r
l l . ,l ,.' r.rIl n. ,l . rR i If,l .r,l .,,.
r,Ir.,;' .ni r!
2 D ..l i (.1 tcd.rnd $el l i nkJrmcd qu.l i tv rcl .rtc.lnr.rnage(s).
It h .s .l s o bi ,en noi .c1bi , th(' author and hi s col l eagu.' sthrr rhc i nter
(\rti o n o f . ' thi fd p.rrt)' sl rch .rs a consD i tnntor extrrnal rrai ner ha s
a vcr) fositlvc effect.

a 15.3 Theimplementation
olSPC
Srccessfulimplemcniihon of SPCdcpcndson the approachto the work
being structurccl.This appliesto all organizntions,.rvlnrcvcrtheir sjze,
technologyor product/scrlice range.Uns ccessfulSPCinplcnenration
programnlcsusuallyshow lvakness.'s
$ithin either the sh.uchrreof the

&

T tre m p e n rerl a t 0 n c f sl atrslca pr0fes\ c0nj roi 385 I

p( ) j. c l or . on rn i tl n c n l h ) i t. An \ p r)c i d ur..rdoP hrJ ft\l Lri R ,s(nn| l rtl _
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se n i o r n r.i n rg c n x ,n rto d r o L r i (\tty.: ()t th. trofk.l rrt.n i l ],
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fh{r sft(\ti (rr ol n \P l ,fj rr(
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r ( if llr f r rtr(!l r r.l rrr

tr,rtnrrr,

lljf lif : , t l, . r f f i (r$ h i (.h L ,s u rtt\i h .rs l (,h c (j \.krj ,rj .stj rr(j f!.Iri ^l i (j ,rs
\ l lJ nr r r s rj J lr(rrl .rl rIrj l i ()fl (j !(!n trr.rtn r) rt.()Lrtsr(trl tr,t(!i
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nri Ij j I,j l
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t i n.i (t(!rl ,rtl () th,.
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Pr o p 0 se d rell0d0'uqv

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lh, ( ( r r ' lr 5r (,r! o i t| l ,rL rl h (,.s ,r.(1 l ri \.( , (,,r,tLr(:.rork i n hr.tpi r1l
( if ijr r r / ir ( ' s 1 ()rn rt)n r\. p | 1 \l ' k .t ( (rrs i s i ( ,nr! . r(l Inpl .rx,Il \t,!
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' : hnl|' r ' s
t ' t , s \ l( ) f i. t n !l | (i n i t S I,(' ttrts ,s
ti \(.n l rft()!\. rrrrl ff ttr(,\,l i (,U s
. Lr b ln. r ( ling5w h i ( h .rl .1 t()ri re ti t c s s .rl l r .rt\tr,f! i n
{ tr(,pro(.:s

quality
Beview
managemenl
systems
' I he' qnnlit v n rtl l s ' o f l h e o rg .n i /n i (n r
h .s n(j I\!rri ng t,r ttx,possi l j l
it \ ( ) f help bf i n g o t \a l L rc I ((n p n n \ n r .r,,or nr.r1 rhL h.rrtl ,qL,rti tl
t r obl( m s ' , in r .y o \ e n t i t r!i l d 1 \\,.!sb c n .frt from .r r(,\i r\! ot s.t!i ti t\
nr . nagc nr ( ' nis v s te ' n s .l h ,,i j rs t n )rmn t s n ' t shoLrtdtrr n r!fi f| 1)| l l ,r{.

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1 8 6 5 1 JrstLr p o, pss Lonl ot

o t th f o bj (,rl l l cs, pr(,I]Lrnm(,of rvork, !| ung
and fcpofrrng nrrr ch| ,i ,n ' . l \,hn| ,r,r,.,r,.' f.r,,.t,i t
r.Inr.....,rr r,i i rr-, .. r,.., 1t , , .
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rl t. r.. r...l .rrr..m,,r.l
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anddestqn
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s.,,,,\,..
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*
T he mp e m e n ta to n o l 9 ta t s t c a p rocesscontr0

387

\Vhere the.lualitv stairls of .tn organization is pnrticlrlarli, low nnd no

reliable records arc a\ ail.tblc, it mr\] provc nc(css.rv kr start the lvLrrk
b! d.ria collectron from cithcr boughFh goods/scr!i.f (tr comp.nlv
tri r(tu c t s / s en ic c s . I h i s s c n rc hl o r.l n i .r i s , o f c o u rs c,onl y a prcl i nurary
1o process control. ln somc organilatirnls with !cry lo\\' .lLr.liiy staius,
,t m.r! be ]rc(jcss.rrr n) start work on hough-in goods/servj.es i'xclu
j \ (,l v so ns n) llh r ilrrn th c fi n $ e r i n tr.rd s .
l n l h i ' m . r t or it ! of c . r 5c sth c p ftrb l c m sc .tn b c s o h e J o nl v b) thci doP i j oo
o i tro tt er F ( , . c s s c onh rrl k ' .h n i q u e s . l h c s c h \h n i qucs h.\. be.n l ht
'!b [,ct oi r c nc i{ Rl c mp h rs i 5 i h r(u g h (\rt th . ' \' o rl LlrnLl n.rv i (,rn]snrr
!,mf ti mos r n\ c lr t c Lln , .o n \ r' \' th c i n rf f.s \i (n th rt th. k\Jrni qu( s .11
r)$ v. Irr f n(t , ns p( ) iI h J (N i u rl i c r, th . h \ h n i q L ks I rr \. b..n ,r\,ri l ,rbl c

Panforeducation
andtraininq
l l ri s i \ I lwr y s r c qir ir c (ls ,h c th c r i t i s t(Jl i u n .h i n .$r nrrnrl l ,mfl s!\
t(,rr{)r h) nr r ini. r in r r i trrl )R )!1.rfc \i s l i n * { )n c . 1 rr)(nl ,,f ()fg.rnrz.rti on\
{r, I In in ing is Us (lul i rx l p ro l i l ,rb l r o n l V w h e n i l i s l i ort(.| l l o the tccl r
ri .rl p f oc f s s c s o. t hos c (J frts s L rp p l i c rs n n .l(rs t,J n l (Js l d!c.rti on D rusl
Ih ( n .r)U n l o f t i I]r( sp(rrl If.rl rr)l
'1 ,r .rl lh( l( ) l) ( ) f ihc or g n n i ^ t(n r.
t.. l i fg c , lor e\ nm f lc , \!i l h tfo t,r. t.e p .rrn tl (n rn n .l q(| .rl i i i e(lt({(l us,
,r sh o n lf . r ining f n) gf , rn rn rr c ,rf:
l (tr s e n i o r n r.rrrn g c r fr,trrsl i l ().ri nt,l (
In r!i dc n g( r ! l if l( \ l rrl (n
i h fn r 1oinillnt ( . n. d l o l l (,r! u p w 1 )rk$ j l l ri n th (i r (\ff or{r i /nl l (rr?(,
t(,\'rd f n g( n) d int r o c l u .tr,f t(,r rrrrl d l r rr.rrl g fts crx,ugl rt().' rrbl {
i h (m t o lollo\ { op n n d { rr.(\rfn g o rv o rl w i th i n thci r tl onr.ri rr,r,r
Iri l q Lr nlit \ ,r uir S ( f s o n d x ri rh t r(r(l g i v e tl ifD r tl r' l r(fnl i vc t(l
JL rl h c f lhr if s lLr di(s c i l l r( r b v s !p e fv i \' (l ,i r n n s upcrvi sr(l st!(1\r ol
l fn n t he pe( ) plcnnd p ()\' i d i ' l h (n r $ rth .rn n d .' qu.rt('
rsl rnrl i rrg
' rnd( ,n! stkl uc.
()I th r lf f hni( lLr c ss o th ( i r n r.v u s r l h fn r !fi i h o L rt. r s(.s(
ol

Follow-up
education
andtraining
lor tho contlnLred
suc.essfulur.'of Sl'C, all edLrcntl(,n
nnd ifninint
nrrst b('ii)llo\^,'.1
up during thc introduckJr)pcriod.Ir(tl(nvup can
t.rki' .n\, forms ldc.ll\r .n in housco\pert vvill provide the lerd
pft)gr.mnr('sThc mostsatisfa.
lhroughthodfsiSnof impk'mentaiion
torv straiegvis k) si.ft sm,1lland boild Lrp.rb.rfk oi knor'lc.:tge,lnd
e\perience.Techn!uesshouldbc nrtrodLrced
alongsideeristing m.'th(trls
oi prc.ess control, if thel' exist. lhis allo{'s.omparisons to bc nr.rd|
betweenthe ne$, and old methods.When c(rnficlen.chasbecn built up
trom thesecomparisons,the SPCteclurques\^'il] almost take o\er thf
.ontrol of the processes
ihemselves.Improvementsin one or i\,ro arers

&
!

:a a

S1 ati strcaI Process C ontrol

ot tlrcorsrnrz.tion'soper.ti()ns
usinEthjr ippronchwill qLricklrcst.b
lish thc tc.h|iqL,esis r.,ti.rbk,nldholsf,rf un.tcrsiindlng,rn.t
.ontrol
Tho.rulhln and his cl)|c.rgues hn\ | ii)rnxl thr r
nn(,ihi,f slrc.csstri fornutn
r,l r I l ,,\..l r.
nrr,,.,.r.,,.t..,F t.,,,\\_.rf
'
t.r.t,.t. ,n.t,\,.rt ..r.1. 5
r\l ' r. r\, .1r,,.,, rr., i .r< 11 .,,,.t..$...i ,\i ,r.' rr,\,,.1.
\ r t,,r2..i \
r,(n k s h (!. A t thi s. tl ftcg.r(,s (,r th. i ni ri .rl tr.i ni ng,orrrs(,prcs.| t
l hf
.
..t,,.,. \r,.., ri ,
' -l l .,l rl h ir,{ ,,r.,
t,.,!,,.,,,{ ,,,,,. ,.i ,,,,1 ti ,." r,.,,i .",
l 1 l i .,
\ |
' ,..,.,' \ - ri ,* .,, .,,,tr .,.r):..\ q..rt!r1-

r , . , . r . . , ir . ,r {r . \ . r r , . r
. r . , . , r, ., ,. . , . ,;.r. .E' .r
':,'.,,:'1'l l' ,,r . tIi,. i,,r r,,t,rt\ I , r , , . , . , .
Tackle
oncprocess
0r pr0b/enl
ata tim0
ln Ir,rfr ofr. ril,rlt{,fsltr,rc$,iI tr(..rrrLIrjb.r()1p11rr\!,s
,,, pn,l,t,,nrs
. r..t rir r,,: r , r, .{r.r.,,rrt,., . .,
r.. r,r,,,.-jr .,r.\ r',.
t,r
t,..t (
r- . r ||, t, .r'rrt\ .i i,,.1t.r t,..t,, .t, rt,.,,,.t,
r r,,\t r,tr t., t..,, tf

I ' n I r lr i, . 1 , , . r , r ', . , , , t . r i I L i
i,.t,r,,.,,.,,r .r,ttrr,t,l
. r , . i r , . . . r . . r,, ., .. . | , . . .
'i rr ','rrl .. I r,i,.,\
., || \ . . | | ; |, . i
r .,
t,
;ir
. i { \ ' , ' , j( 1. l|t , t ! . r \
l {, t . r . t t ( , n r ( ) r . l t r . r n 1 ) | ( , t , R ! e s s / l ) r ( ) l r t ( , , I s j n r U / t i r r r

c ()u s l r i s l (, .n!.rg. rtx, i nh!.sl ,rf(l , ,,,,,,utt,,,,_r

,,i ,,,,,,.,,p,.1,t" , t,,,r
,!rl y p R ^ i J (l tl r.rt fv.fv(rr. i | \()l !,\l i s (()nrl Jcr(11
r() Lr{.ri tf rheif
s e k \i c (l .rf(| I he .(j ()R Ii n.rl i (rj()t ttr(,,(,.r!I

(rr,
r,1N
", ,
,,,,,,,
,,,,,,.,,.,
,,,,,,iil,lii::l
',r nscr(!.,i,,,r
;li,ii;llllll:.1
Record
allobserved
dataindtail
/\ \ (1 \ ( d n Ir D trIl r i n rtl tl
i s rhe t,rrl un,l () r,.(!rl
l )cs()i ()f1,.rni /.rti ()ns
o L ,s ,,rv rrrrr rs
Ihi
\
oi
tr,rrnk,.rfs i h.rr ftt(ari !f rn,rl V si s()l D cr
f,ot(,rtr,

r.,f.,,.,,.r,. , , , " . , . t . . , , , , , , . , , . . . , . , t , , , , , . , ; , , . it . , ,

i \r' r' ,

tl r' .. rr.1,,r,,,1.,.tr\,.

ri .r,,Irst

..| | ,,tral

l h (,' i r1 s p c . l ()f' si rt' i s.rtft!L(!rrk,rhrtu,()t rrxnv{rnrrnrs!sl (Jns

I.hi \
' l ,r,l l \. ' ,,.| ' - trr. tl r. I.i ,.. r,.r rr,-.,\t t,\ ,, ..," r, I r..r.r r..r rl - |
a ' fri a t, t. rrr n.. | ,,t, ,,r\..,r,,n s,,r.,.,
.,1,r| _,rl
thrt
h,
d .i a ,r!,rft.n oh tosr,ri t rns r. . D .hi tc(l dnl ...,,,
b,, r,,,,,i i i ; ,.,.,-

',',,..r,..n. 1 n r, , . r, . , t \ . . t (, . . , r. r. rr. t , r, , , t . , . , , , . , , . , , , , ,
. i, , ,
rr!r', .,.,Lr. rriI r. \ , . r, r. . , r, , , , -, . . , , . ri. t , , , r, r. , t, . , , p , -, " . . it
,n8

illst oLrisidethf'ljnrits lhn

is k) (t.tibcr.rl(,lv
r.,()r|l ,yroncouslv;
mt.nsurc{lpar.meicr
'r

[,4easure
thecapabi]ity
0f procsses
1 r.,.
" .- r.rfd l, r\ r,.,.t hp.,..e, , J.,nJ 1,,r r-, m..J. .,. Jn. hi ti tv,)r
.,rr fr\' r,e \, .r. b, n-,..r-Ll ,r J,| - r. rfi !
Lr,,,hst, 11 t, .(!ul r. rn.

The mpemental
conlrol 389 I
on of slalislicapr0cess
assessed
.s attributrsand !vh!'nnleasurcdas variables.Oncthe capabil'
iw of the processis knosn, it can bc conpan'd with the requircments.
Suchcomparisonwill shot\ $rhcihcrthc processcan achievethe pro.ess
Whcl1rthc processis adequatethe processcap
or scrvicercquiremc'nts.
ibilitv data.ar1beuscd to sci np conirol chartsfor future processconhol
and datarecording.{4rere the processis nlcapablc,thc basisis Laidfor a
rational decisionconcernnrgthe requircd nction - thc rcvision of thc
requirements
or revisir,l of thepr(ress.

l\,4ake
use011he
dataontheprocess
lhis mlry bc cumulatcd, provide fecdback,or refined in some w.ry
Cuslrm tcchniqucsfor thc idcntificatnrnof either shori or lont trrm
.hangcr can gilc vitnl hformain)n, not onlv for processcontrol, but
rls() f()r fault finding .rnd ftrturc'pl.rflnint. rhc fccdb.rckof processdat,r
.rr.rblcsrrmcdi.rl nctnnl to bc plnnnc.l .nd hrki'rr this lvill result in
'tcndy improvrments ovcr time b both procosscontrol nnd
pl1duct/sorricoquility. As thc conformancc
b rquircment improv(s,
ih. dnt.r.in be ft'finrd.'lhis may ftluirc c'ithorgft'.tor prccisionin
or lcss frcqu('ni intervcntion for colloction.Thc rcfinc
'n.rsurenlcnt
mlrt of ihc dxti mustbc d ir.ct.d h)r irrd thr coniinuingimprovi'm('nt
ol ihc pn)ccss(
s nnd pr)ductof sc'r!'ice
consistency.

A f in a l co m m ent
.\ good qu.rlitv manaBonrent
systenrprovidcs.r found;rin)nfof ihc sucIt is not p,)ssibhh)'gr.rft'SI'C
.ossful.rppli..rtl(Dof SPCtcchniqucs.
onto n poor systom.Without wcll-undcrstrx)dprocedureslirr the opcrrti(,r of proccsses,n$pcction/tesi, nnd for the re.ordin,t of data, SPC

Many organizationswould benefitfrom theimplcmeniationofstaiisiical

methods of procssconirol and the undorstanding of variation this
brinBs.lhe systematicstructurdapproachto their introductj(tr1,
which
is recommendedhere,provides a poh'erful spcarhcadwith which k)
improve conJormance
torequirementsand consishnceofproducts and
services.Increasedknowledge of processcapabiliiy will also assistin
r"drLFlinf,
Je. i-run-.rndnrodu,t 'ert|', dc-'qn.
Thc importanceof the systematicuse of siaiisticalmethodsof process
.ontrol in all typcs of activity cannotbe over mphasized.To compete
internationally,both in home marketsand overseas/or to improve cost
and efficiency,ortanizationsmust continueto adopt a pro.
cffccfiveness
lessionalapproachto ihe collection,analysisand useof processdatd.

&
t

3 9 0 Sl a t rstrcalprocessC onl rol

s
I Ackn
gem
owled
ents
tr ,..r ,., ( r ,,*r ,,..:,,n,.,.,.,r
,.,r r ,..r
" ,,.,,,,,'
., . t,r tn,\
1 " ,,,',,,"
i, .', r, n . . l

. n , ih -. , . . . , . . , t . , , . . , . . , , . , h t . , . , r, , . , * , , t r. . , ! , , t . , . ,
j,'
tnr pftp,rr.rrrorr
(rfthis.h.plef.rr is rheout.om,,
,,r
*"^,1,1|"i,
o r.ti !c u 1 ,fk i n l r.l l )i ng (r-gnfrzi l i orr
to o\.r.c(j ",".1,
D r(,Lh(, b .i rrs
h)

,r.(c P t.rf.c ol sJ)C.rrr(li rD P r)!1,

fo l onl .rn.r

s
r Chapter
hightights
t.,!.,1 ,,,,,t

tr.,r.rt.,,,.,.,..,,,.t,.,.,
i
.
|
t,r.ri h.t..;..,,r,,, !.i ,,t...,..i
' ,i rr.r
.' tr' L L ,l cl \
rrl r, 1.,r,.11,,t.r,.

.r,.t,,

I
t.,.r.r.,t.,r,..r

lll:: ll,' r,r:l'

, , .r',"''
, , , , . h r. . r. i, . , . ,

.:1.:,".
,\l
r r)tr\. ' ll"$, ,| rrr,r L r
[.Ir,rj t
5 (i (!.\s i ' r t us(,rs,,r S t(.h,r\c, typi { ,rth,

,,

.t, .

, , r1 i, rr, . . i

LorrJl i Ic{l trr)w t(,(l s(,.r1 ) l( ,

i,',,,
iiJlt iltltlt,ill'ljll;
",,,'".r,
^,
'".r
'*
|litill;,,:iliiili;:li
si,( inlr\ rL , (ri(in . . r, r(r. , ; , . , i; , . . , ; , , i, , "i."i;t s, 'k, J, "n ir' ' n P P ' r" h r { r
, r,.,,,.,
,.,,si,i:,,t.i"';;;,;.;,::,
:lii:ll,;l
:lll,ilill,llilillll
lil:
|| ,
, t \ r. , , t , ,
t . , r, . , 1

I '. ..t ,1,\ .t.,,t.,,r,..

,," ff.,,.r
{ .,' ,,.r.,t.,r.1...,,.1 .,,.. r.t..,,t ,
"
:
l r.i .' ,. r, .\' .

,l ' r., -tl

." ," .,'

.,,.r .,,t,,.t,..r ,. ,,rt,,,, .(. 1

.,r ,, I
.. ....i I a1,.,r i i .r ,. rt,r ,.,..,r.r. rt ,
.,,t..,,,.r,,r,..t,
r;r ,

"'
r ,,.,, r ||..,r 1.ir ,L,.",..
"r
1
,
.
'1 .,1 "tlll,l
,
,.,r .., ,,,'
r.,,.
r , ,.t..r .,.ir .., {r .
.1
." 1
l,.i ,1r..,,.,, ..r r ..r r ._.n.r
t,r.' .i ,i ,,,r" .t..,,,t
.r,.t" ..,,...t,,.,t

r,...t.,,t
. r,..,..,r..
J )n { $ s ..' f .' l r rtres.rn!1nr.rk( U s(.oi (t.rl ,r1,I rtr
Iro..ss
r\ i t(r(,d n rJn.t(j rr!l s\sn,nr
ff(^.i (l .s
nj r sLr...ssi rr l
r,." ' ,-r(l ' r
r..tr.,,,,
," , r. ..trr ,.r ..,r,F.,.,,u.,,,11
,,r.t
rr
r ' ,i, r st.r i l ,,:, ,.,
tl r.

r,.,,

L re r\r' r i r) ri )f(' \.(l p(,fi i )fnrnn(.

...r,.,,,

r,,i

, I l ,r, i ,"!

.,

, .,, I L

&

r Beferences
andfunherreading

.,',/,1
,;,\.,
"1il;"1;,,lllilill.'ii
liilii,:llfi
Jlt"^,/r,fis