A standard system for the computer-encoding of

Egyptian transliteration and hieroglyphic texts

by Hans van den Berg

Introduction
Encoding Egyptian transliteration
Encoding Hieroglyphic texts
o Gardiner codes
o Phonetic codes
o Codes for arranging hieroglyphs in groups
o ...
Appendix A: Codes overview
Appendix B: List of sign numbers and phonetic values
Appendix C: List of phonetic values and sign numbers

Introduction
The hieroglyphic writing is a purely pictorial writing consisting of pictures
of things. From 3000 years of Pharaonic culture many thousands of
drawings are known, many of which often differ from each other in only the
smallest detail. In hieroglyphic texts, these drawings are not only simply
arranged in sequential order, but also grouped on top of and next to each
other. This rather complicates matters trying to register and reproduce
hieroglyphic texts using a computer.

When the first computers were introduced in Egyptology in the late 1970s
and the beginning of the 1980s, the graphical capacity of the machines was
still in its infancy. Early attempts to register the hieroglyphic pictorial
writing on computer therefore chose an encoding system to do this, using
alphanumeric codes to represent or replace the graphics. To prevent many
people from reinventing the wheel, during the first "Table Ronde
Informatique et Egyptologie" in 1984 a committee was charged with the task
to develop a uniform system for the encoding of hieroglyphic texts on
computer. The resultingManual for the Encoding of Hieroglyphic Texts for
Computer-input (Jan Buurman, Nicolas Grimal, Jochen Hallof, Michael
Hainsworth and Dirk van der Plas, Informatique et Egyptologie 2, Paris
1988), simply called Manuel de Codage, presents an easy to use and
intuitive way of encoding hieroglyphic writing as well as the abbreviated
hieroglyphic transcription (transliteration). The encoding system of
theManuel de Codage has since been adopted by international Egyptology
as the official common standard for registering hieroglyphic texts on
computer.

Encoding Egyptian transliteration

Hieroglyphic transcription is mostly used by Egyptologists as a
transliteration of the hieroglyphic writing into 'latin' writing, using
characters from our own latin alphabet differentiated by diacritical points for
sounds unknown to modern western languages. The use of these characters

with diacritical marks proved a problem to early computers. Therefore

the Manuel de Codage first of all offers a way of translating Egyptian
transliteration to the normal computer keyboard, using the easily accessible
range of key-values from "a" to "z" and "A" to "Z" without extended
characters.
According to the Manuel de Codage, the Egyptian "alphabet" is transcribed
to computer in the following way:

Thus, the hieroglyphic transcription

"wDA",

as "Dd",

as "aHa",

is written "anx",
as "STyt" and

as
as "Smsw".

An Egyptian transliteration font based on this encoding is available in

TrueType format from the CCER FTP-Corner.
How this transcription system is used as a basis for the phonetic encoding of
hieroglyphs is described in the following paragraph.

Encoding hieroglyphic texts

Being graphic images and numbering more than 5000 (when all periods are
taken into account), hieroglyphs are rather difficult to process on a
computer. They simply don't fit on the standard type of keyboard, nor do
they fit in a single character set. To be able to process them using a
computer, it is therefore best to refer to them using labels (i.e. synonyms).
Such labels can be a numerical codes referring to the position of a sign
within a character set, or even strings or names. The encoding system of
the Manuel de Codage offers two ways of recording the hieroglyphic signs:
by means of the so-called Gardiner sign list numbers and by the known
phonetic values of the signs. Moreover, the encoding system of also offers
ways for recording the layout of a hieroglyphic text, i.e. the positioning of
the hieroglyphs relative to each other, text anomalies, shading (damaged
parts), cartouches, hwt-enclosures, Serekhs, and more.

Gardiner codes

The first way of encoding hieroglyphic signs is based on an Egyptological

standard that was presented in 1927 by A.H. Gardiner in his Egyptian
Grammar. This book includes an elaborate list of more than 800
hieroglyphic signs most commonly found in Middle Egyptian texts,
subdivided into convenient categories like "Mammals", "Birds", "Trees and
Plants", etcetera. Each category is labelled by a letter of the alphabet:

Man and his occupations

Woman and her occupations

Anthropomorphic Deities

Parts of the Human Body

Mammals

Parts of Mammals

Birds

Parts of Birds

Amphibious Animals, Reptiles, etc.

Fishes and Parts of Fishestions

Invertebrata and Lesser Animals

M Trees and Plants

N

Sky, Earth, Water

Buildings and Parts of Buildings

Ships and Parts of Ships

Domestic and Funerary Furniture

Temple Furniture and Sacret Emblems

Crowns, Dress, Staves, etc.

Warfare, Hunting, Butchery

Agriculture, Crafts and Professions

Rope, Fibre, Baskets, Bags, etc.

W Vessels of Stone and Earthenware

X

Loaves and Cakes

Writing, Games, Music

Strokes, Geometrical Figures, etc.

Aa Unclassified

Within each category, the signs are numbered sequentially. For instance, the
category P contains 11 signs that are numbered in the following way:

P1
P2
P3
P4
P5

P6
P7
P8
P9
P10
P11

The Gardiner sign list has since long become a standard in Egyptology,
which makes it especially suited to serve as a basis for the computerencoding of hieroglyphs. To make Egyptologists feel as comfortable as
possible, the encoding system of the Manuel de Codage has therefore
adapted the Gardiner sign list numbers as the most important way of
labelling hieroglyphs.
This means that
as M20 and

is simply encoded as A6,

as Y1.

Because the Gardiner list only covers the most common signs found in
Middle Egyptian Texts, about 800 signs, the original edition of the Manuel
de Codage also included a preliminary list of some additional 4000 signs
from all other periods of the hieroglyphic writing. The definitive list of more
than 4700 signs was published in the book Hieroglyphica (Jochen Hallof,
Nicolas Grimal, Dirk van der Plas,PIREI 1, Utrecht/Paris 1993).

Phonetic codes
The second way of encoding hieroglyphic signs offered by the Manuel de
Codage is by the signs' phonetic values. Though in the hieroglyphic writing
many signs can have many different phonetic values (depending on the
reading of the words they appear in), and many signs can have
the same phonetic value, for computer purposes only a limited number of
them can be used. For instance, it is not possible to use the phonetic

value di as reference to both

and . The computer wouldn't know
how to distinguish between the two. Consequently, a certain phonetic value
can only point to one sign. According to the Manuel de Codage, di only
refers to X8.
The other way around, however, single signs can well have more than one
phonetic value. For instance, X8 can be referred to by both di and rdi, that
is, provided rdi doesn't point to any other sign.
Since most people experienced in reading hieroglyphic texts will know
many signs by their phonetic use in Egyptian, using mostly phonetic values
instead of sign list numbers will considerably facilitate the process of
encoding. After all, i ii m Htp is a far more readable code
for

than M1 M18 G17 R4.

At the same time one has to bear in mind that not all signs can be encoded
using phonetic values. Though a sign like

can be encoded

either L1 or xpr, a sign like

has no phonetic value and can only be
encoded A1. A list of hieroglyphic signs and their possible phonetic values
can be found in Appendix B, while appendix C provides a list the other way
around.
Summarizing, hieroglyphic signs can be encoded either by their Gardiner
sign list number or by a phonetic value. A single sign may carry various
phonetic values, as long as each phonetic value only points to one sign.

Codes for arranging hieroglyphs in groups

Hieroglyphic text basically consists of rows of signs arranged in horizontal
lines or vertical columns. Within a row the signs are placed individually or
grouped, upper having precedence over lower. The encoding system treats
hieroglyphic text no different from the way the Ancient Egyptians and
modern Egyptologists regarded their reading. So,

is

encoded in the order

, just like it is read.
However, apart from listing the signs by their sign list number or phonetic

value in the order they appear, additional codes are needed to note their
positioning relative to each other.
The following codes are basic for the arrangement of single signs and
groups of signs:

- hieroglyphic sign separator

i-ii-m-Htp

: subordination of signs

Y1:Z2

* juxtaposition within a group

p*t:pt

()

cluster positioning within a

group

p*(t:Z4):pt

To be continued...

The following is a temporary continuation of the text

extracted from the Glyph for Windows manual:
Hieroglyphic groups like
,
and
where signs are placed next to and
on top of each other can be constructed using the codes ":" (subdivision) and
"*" (juxtaposition).
The code ":" is used to place one sign (or sign group) over another.
is
achieved by the simple code x:r (or Aa1:D21). More signs can be vertically
placed within a group by adding more ":"-statements;n:t:f gives
.
The code "*" is used to put two (or more) signs next to each other in a
group.

is achieved by p*t:pt, while

should be encoded S:N23*Z1.

Please note the fact that the code p*t:pt does not result in

, because like

in mathematics "*" has precedence over ":". In

to t, and only then they are put over pt.

first p is put next

It is of course possible to put more than two signs next to each other in a
group, as is demonstrated by N5:10*10*10

and Htp:t*p*t

There can be several combinations of ":" and "*" within a single group, as is
demonstrated by n:xt:x*t
, having ":" twice and one "*". Groups can
have up to 4 horizontal layers (i.e. allowing three times ":") in WinGlyph.
PLACING GROUPS WITHIN GROUPS
Though ":" and "*" are quite sufficient for constructing the most common
and simple groups, one may be faced with a group like , where there is
actually the group nested inside the
group. Such nested subgroups can
only be achieved using the brackets "(" and ")". Thus,
should be
encoded p*(t:Z4):pt. Like in mathematics, the group placed between the
brackets has precedence over ":" and "*". The code p*t:Z4:pt without the
brackets would have the wrong result .
The use of the brackets for subgroups seldom applies to texts in lines and
will mostly be needed for encoding columned texts (see below).
THE END-OF-LINE MARKER "!"
A block of hieroglyphic text can be divided into separate lines (or columns)
using the end-of-line marker "!", which serves as physical Hard Return. It
has to be placed at the point where the line should end and a jump to the
next line should follow. For instance,

was encoded
z:A1*Z1-p-Z7-wn:n-i-n:p*Z7-E15-x:D43-Z7-Y1:n-A1-r:n-f-!
sxt-t:Z4-A1-p*Z7:n-sxt-t:N23-H-mA-A-t-U32-N33:Z2-niwt-i-s-t-!
wn:n-N42:t-B1:f-U7-r:t-A2-B1-r:n-s-!

It is important to note that in this code the end-of-line marker "!" each time
is preceded by a "-" (dash). The end-of-line marker should never directly
follow a hieroglyphic sign code, but should always be separated from it by

either a dash (thus forming "-!"), or a single or double space (see CODES
FOR GRAMMATICAL AND LEXICAL USE).
When a hard return is used in the middle of a code line this will not at all
affect the formatting of the hieroglyphic output. The example code could
just as well have been entered like
z:A1*Z1-p-Z7-wn:n-i-n:p*Z7-E15-x:D43Z7-Y1:n-A1-r:n-f-!
sxt-t:Z4-A1-p*Z7:n-sxt-t:N23-H-mA-A-tU32-N33:Z2-niwt-i-s-t-!
wn:n-N42:t-B1:f-U7-r:t-A2-B1-r:n-s-!

The output would be the same. Only the end-of-line marker makes the
hieroglyphic text jump to a new line.
Applying hard returns in one's code is very useful to keep the code lines
from becoming too long and running out of the window.
THE END-OF-PAGE MARKER "!!"
WinGlyph supports the encoding, display and printing of multiple
hieroglyphic pages within one code file. The end-of-page marker "!!" can be
used to indicate a page break . Its use is much the same as with the end-ofline marker "!". The "!!"-code should be placed at the end of the last line of
the page, at the point where the page should end and a new page should
begin. A code like
z:A1*Z1-p-Z7-wn:n-i-n:p*Z7-E15-x:D43Z7-Y1:n-A1-r:n-f-!
sxt-t:Z4-A1-p*Z7:n-sxt-t:N23-H-mA-A-tU32-N33:Z2-niwt-i-s-t-!!
wn:n-N42:t-B1:f-U7-r:t-A2-B1-r:n-s-!

would result in
being the last word on the page and
starting on
the next page. Please note the fact that the end-of-page marker is also
preceded by a "-" (dash), giving the combination "-!!".
CARTOUCHES, ETC.
For royal name enclosures, the encoding system supports the use of
cartouches, Serekhs, walled enclosures and Hwt-signs. In the current
version, WinGlyph only supports cartouches and and Hwt-signs.
The royal name code should be placed between two special codes "<" and
">", the first one for starting and the second one for closing the cartouche
shape. To these codes a special code should be added indicating the kind of
royal name needed:

normal cartouche
< normal beginning > normal end
<1 normal beginning 2> normal end
<2 inversed beginning 1> inversed end
Examples:
<-i-mn:n-m-HAt:t->

(normal cartouche)

<1-i-mn:n-m-HAt:t-2>

(normal cartouche)

<2-i-mn:n-m-HAt:t-1>

(inversed cartouche)

Hwt-shape
<h1 Hwt-beginning type 1:
<h2 Hwt-beginning type 2:
<h3 Hwt-beginning type 3:
h1> Hwt-ending type 1:
h2> Hwt-ending type 2:
h3> Hwt-ending type 3:
Examples:
<h1-F35-h2>

and <h1-F35-h3>

(note the difference!)

<h2-F35-h1>

and <h3-F35-h1>

(note the difference!)

In addition, so-called nul-beginnings and endings (<0, <h0, 0> and h0>) are
available for those cases where a royal name enclosure overruns the length
of a line.
RED-COLORED TEXTS

Black is the default color for hieroglyphic text in WinGlyph, but there are of
course instances where one also needs red colored hieroglyphs, for instance
with Coffin Texts or New Kingdom funerary papyri. There are two special
codes available to note a switch in color of the hieroglyphic text from black
to red and vice versa.
A switch to the red color is indicated with "$r" and a switch (back) to black
with "$b". The color code is entered in between the hieroglyphic codes as if
it were a sign itself and is therefore always preceded and followed by either
a "-" (dash) or " " (space). For instance,
$r-x:p-xpr:r-m-b-i-k-G6-n:T:r-nTr-$b-i-A1-G5-A40-mD40-D54-r-k-r-Dd-d-w-niwt

causes

to appear in red and

to appear in black.

SHADING
Shading

is used to indicate that a text is damaged. This damage can have

resulted in lacunae in the text (f.i.

recognizable-- hieroglyphs (f.i.
entered in different ways.

) or damaged--but
). In code such damages can be

If the damage concerns a single sign (not in a group) the shading can be
noted by placing the code "#" right after the sign code:
is encoded A#.
If only part of the sign is damaged one can attach to the "#"-code the
numbers of the sign quadrants to be shaded. For shading each sign is
subdivided into 4 quadrants, their numbers being ordered as follows:

If one wants only quadrant 1 to be shaded the code would be A#1 , only
quadrant 2 would be A#2 , etcetera. Of course combinations of quadrant
numbers are possible: A#12 , A#13 , A#123 , etcetera.
Logically, A#1234
equals A# .

If the damage covers more than one sign or group the passage to be shaded
should be set between the codes "#b" (shading beginning) and "#e" (shading
end):

is encoded
ir:n-A1-n:A1-N36-aHa-#b-a:t-pr-t-w-#e-s-Ax-x-ti-i

Note the fact that the shading codes are entered in between the hieroglyphic
codes as if they were signs themselves and are therefore always preceded
and followed by either a "-" (dash) or " " (space).
In case hieroglyphs are completely illegible or lost (f.i.

or
) one can use quarter, half and full quadrant shading codes
in their place. The code "/" gives a quarter shaded quadrant , "h/" gives a
horizontal half shaded quadrant
quadrant

and "//" gives a full quadrant

place of the lost signs:

Y7 and

, "v/" gives a vertical half shaded

. These codes are used in

is encoded /*t:pt,

is encoded b-h/:t-

is encoded b-a-H-//-mw.

One could use a sequence of "//"-codes to indicate a larger destroyed part.

The code r:n-//-//-A1 gives
, where one actually notes that 2
hieroglyphic signs are lost (twice a full shaded quadrant). This is quite
different from r:n-#b-..-..-#e-A1
(see above) where one sees
that signs were lost but actually no number is given. Consequently, r:nh/:/*/-v/-v/-A1
shows that there are still visible traces of the
signs lost (one horizontal sign with two small signs beneath followed by two
vertical signs) giving much more information than with

MIRRORING SIGNS
Sometimes signs need to be mirrored compared to the orientation they have
in the sign list. This can be achieved by attaching the code "\" (backslash) to
the sign. For instance, the code A1\ gives the sign A1
as its mirror
image: . A good example is the use of the signs C12 and C2 in the
royal name
where C12 is needed in mirrored appearance
(code: C12\) in order for the Amun figure to face the Ra figure. Hence, the
correct code for the cartouche would be <-C12\-C2-N36:ms*s*s->.

ROTATING SIGNS
Sometimes signs need to be rotated compared to the form they have in the
sign list. A well known example is O29 which appears in the sign list
horizontally
while it is often needed standing vertically as in .
To rotate a sign a special code has to be added to the sign code indicating the
kind of rotation to be performed. The kind of rotation is noted either with an
"\r" for a rotation counter-clockwise or a "\t" for a rotation clockwise,
followed by a number. In total, there are 6 different rotations possible
(demonstrated by A1):
A1\r1 gives

(rotation -90) A1\t1 gives

(rotation +90)

A1\r2 gives

(rotation -180) A1\t2 gives

(rotation +180)

A1\r3 gives

(rotation -270) A1\t3 gives

(rotation +270)

FORCED SIGN SCALING

For aestetic reasons it might sometimes be needed to scale a sign otherwise
than the size it has by default in the sign list. For instance, certain signs are
scaled larger ('fatter') in Ptolemaic texts than in texts from earlier times. A
Ptolemaic

has a different look from

One can force a certain scaling upon a sign by attaching to its sign code a
"\"-code (backslash) followed by a number indicating the scaling
percentage. For instance, A1\80 gives
, but p\120*t\120:pt gives

reduced to 80%

; p*t:ptgives

Because the automatic grouping of signs by a computer program may

sometimes cause certain signs to be scaled too small or too large within a
group, the rescaling option is also useful to correct such anomalies. A good
example is kA*kA:kA, which causes WinGlyph to produce the incorrect
image . A manual rescaling of the lower sign to 80% (code kA\80) is
useful here to obtain the correct image
. Please note that some of these
scaling anomalies are caused by WinGlyph fitting the groups within a square
of limited width (actually 1x1) and that this can be avoided by setting
WinGlyph's "Wide groups" option (see below).
DIFFERENT ENCODING FOR LINES AND COLUMNS

There is only a difference between encoding for lines and for columns
concerning the use of groups. For instance, the group
would in lines be
encoded i-A26. In columns, the same encoding would result in . To get
the sign A26 places next to the sign i one should use the code i*A26 instead.
Likewise, with lines the code anx-n:x (read:
followed by the group
)
would produce
, and with columns it would logically produce
columns one would like to have this as
, one should rather
encode anx*(n:x) instead (read:
next to the group
). In
consequence,

. If in

should be encoded i-A26-anx*w:Z2 for lines, but for

columns as i*A26-anx*w-Z2

CHANGING THE LINE SPACING FOR INDIVIDUAL LINES

Though the line spacing for the complete hieroglyphic text can be set in
WinGlyph by one parameter, it might happen that at certain points in the text
a different line spacing is needed. One can simply do this by adding a
special line spacing code to the end of the preceeding line, following the
end-of-line marker "!". This line spacing code consists of the "="-sign
followed by number representing the desired line spacing and a closing
percentage "%"-sign, for instance "=150%". The line spacing is noted as a
percentage of the normal height of a hieroglyphic line. A spacing of 150
means that the amoung of space left between lines will be 150% of a normal
line height. For example,
sw-t:Htp-di-!=100%
sw-t:Htp-di-!=200%
sw-t:Htp-di-!

gives:

In this example, the first line is spaced at 100%, meaning that it get no extra
space is given below. The next line at 200% receives a full line height space
in between. So, as a rule spacing starts at 100%. Any spacing lower than

100% causes the next line to be drawn over the current one. For
example, sw-t:Htp-di-!=50% sw-t:Htp-di-! gives:

CODES FOR TEXT-CRITICAL NOTATIONS

The encoding system knows the following codes for text-critical notations:
Start End Usage
[& &] hieroglyphs added by the publisher (not present in original)
[{ }] hieroglyphs taken out by the publisher (present in original)
[[ ]] hieroglyphs erased by the Egyptian writer
[" "] nowadays lost hieroglyphs that were read by earlier scholars
[' '] hieroglyphs later added by the Egyptian writer
In the hieroglyphic text they appear respectively as

and .

These codes are used in between the hieroglyphic codes as if they were
signs themselves:

is encoded:
dwA-A4-[[-ra:Z1-C12-]]-[{-R8-}]-[&-m-&]-sbA-A-w-N5

CODES FOR NON-HIEROGLYPHIC TEXT

The encoding system of the Manuel de Codage and consequently WinGlyph
also support adding latin and transliteration text in between the hieroglyphic
text. By default, WinGlyph assumes that a text is in code hieroglyphic,
unless the code is preceeded by a special code indicating a switch to another
font. Switching between fonts is done by the code "+" followed by a
character identifying the font to be switched to. The following codes and
their respective fonts are available:
+s hieroglyphic
+t transliteration font

+l latin font (normal)

+i latin font (italic)
+b latin font (bold)
How these codes are used as switches is demonstrated in the following
demonstration code:
+b
+s
+s
+t

+l
+l
+l
+i

A demonstration from the grammar by G. Englund +s-!

i-r-q:n-A24-n:k-T12-A24-ib:Z1-k-mH:mDAt-k-q:n-iD32-k-m-Xrd-A1*B1:Z2-k-!
s-n-D20-A2-k-N42:t-B1-k-mA:ir-A-k-pr:Z1-k-!
ir qn.n.k Ar ib.k mH.k qni.k m Xrdw.k zn.k Hmt.k
mA.k pr.k +s-!
If you are brave, and control your heart,+s-!
you shall embrace your children,
you shall kiss your wife,+s-!
you shall see your home.
(Sh.S. 132-134) +s-!!

results in:
A demonstration from the grammar by G. Englund

ir qn.n.k Ar ib.k mH.k qni.k m Xrdw.k zn.k Hmt.k mA.k pr.k

If you are brave, and control your heart,

you shall embrace your children,
you shall kiss your wife,
you shall see your home.
Please note that each line that ends with a non-hieroglyphic font is closed
with "+s-!"; before the end-of-line marker "!" is used you first have to
switch back to the hieroglyphic font.
Using switches, you can also use different fonts in the same line:
+b 102. +s z:A1*Z1 +t s +l 'man' is common for +b 'someone'

gives:

102.

s 'man' is common for 'someone'

ADDING COMMENTARY TO A CODE

You can add commentary by using the code "++". Any text following that
code until the next font switch (+s, +t, +l, +i and +b) will be ignored by
WinGlyph and consequently not printed. In the example above, the first line
set in bold (following +b) could just as easily have been put as commentary
by changing the font code "+b" to "++".
ADDING TEXT OVER THE HIEROGLYPHIC LINE
In many text editions it is custom to write over the hieroglyphic line the
hieroglyphic line number placed on a vertical line. This can also be done in
the encoding system, for which the code "|" (ASCII number 124) is used. All
text behind the "|" until the next "-" (dash) will be placed in superscript over
a vertical line.
CODES FOR GRAMMATICAL AND LEXICAL USE
The availability of bodies of encoded hieroglyphic texts on computer, with
all the signs accounted for in code, offers good prospects for a possible
computer-aided grammatical analysis of these texts. Though the
grammatical analysis of hieroglyphic texts is beyond the scope of this
manual, it is relevant to mention a few codes available in the encoding
system for grammatical and lexical use.
Basic requirement for an analysis of the hieroglyphic code is a separation of
the words and sentences, as well as notation of the grammatical endings.
The following codes are available for this:
word separation: " " (single space) or "_" (single underscore)
sentence separation: " " (double space) or "__" (double underscore)
grammatical ending: "="
A small example:

sw-N42:t_wr&=t:r_<-ti-Z4-i-i->_anx-=ti_r:n:n_
i-t:f-=s_i-i-w-i-A-A52_r:n:n_G14&X1-B1-=s_
V14-w-i-A-B1__+s-!

In this example, the words are separated by a single underscore "_", the
sentence is ended by a double underscore and the grammatical endings with
"=".
Appendix A: Codes Overview
- sign separator
* sign separator: juxtaposition
: sign separator: subordination
( ) subgroup
! end of line marker
!! end of page marker
.. one-group blank
. half-group blank
$r color change to red
$b color change to black
#1234 sign/group shading (quadrants)
#b shading start (phrase level)
#e shading end (phrase level)
// whole shaded quadrant (

h/ half horizontal shaded q. (

v/ half vertical shaded q. ( )

/ quarter-group shading ( )
\ horizontal sign mirror (
\r1 rotation:

\r2 rotation:
\r3 rotation:
\t1 rotation:
\t2 rotation:
\t3 rotation:
[& ... &] added hieroglyph(s)
[{ ... }] superfluous hieroglyph(s)
[[ ... ]] erased hieroglyph(s)
[" ... "] previously readable sign(s)
[' ... '] sign(s) added by scribe
< > cartouche (start ... end)
<1 2> cartouche (start ... end)
<2 1> cartouche (end ... start)
<0 0> c. without start/end
<h1 h1> Hwt-sign start/end type 1
<h2 h2> Hwt-sign start/end type 2
<h3 h3> Hwt-sign start/end type 3
<h0 h0> same as <0 ... 0>
| inserting text
^ ^ running text arrow (<----->)
++ comments line
+s hieroglyphs

+t transliteration
+l latin text
+i latin italics text
+g greek text
+c coptic text
o red dot
O black dot
= grammatical ending indicator

Appendix B: List of sign numbers and phonetic values

A12 = mSa
A15 = xr
A17 = Xrd
A21 = sr
A33 = mniw
A38 = qiz
A47 = iry
A50 = Sps
A51 = Spsi
J1 = x
J11 = mAa
J13 = gs
J13 = im
J15 = M
J17 = sA
J20 = apr
J21 = wDa
J27 = nD
J28 = qd
J30 = Xkr
J5 = Hp
J8 = qn
B3 = msi
C10 = mAat
C11 = HH
C3 = DHwty

C4 = Xnmw
C6 = inpw
C7 = stX
C8 = mnw
D1 = tp
D10 = wDAt
D153 = R
D19 = fnD
D2 = Hr
D21 = r
D21 = rA
D24 = spt
D25 = spty
D27 = mnD
D28 = kA
D3 = Sny
D34 = aHA
D36 = a
D4 = ir
D45 = Dsr
D46 = d
D50 = Dba
D52 = mt
D56 = gH
D56 = gHs
D56 = rd
D56 = sbq
D58 = b
D59 = ab
D60 = wab
D61 = sAH
D9 = rmi
E17 = zAb
E22 = mAi
E23 = l
E23 = rw
E24 = Aby
E34 = wn
E6 = zzmt
F12 = wsr
F13 = wp
F16 = db
F18 = Hw
F18 = bH
F20 = ns

F21 = DrD
F21 = idn
F21 = msDr
F21 = sDm
F22 = kfA
F22 = pH
F23 = xpS
F25 = wHm
F26 = Xn
F29 = sti
F30 = Sd
F31 = ms
F32 = X
F33 = sd
F34 = ib
F35 = nfr
F36 = zmA
F39 = imAx
F4 = HAt
F40 = Aw
F42 = spr
F44 = isw
F44 = iwa
F46 = pXr
F46 = qAb
F5 = SsA
G1 = A
G14 = mwt
G16 = nbty
G17 = m
G18 = mm
G2 = AA
G21 = nH
G22 = Db
G23 = rxyt
G25 = Ax
G27 = dSr
G28 = gm
G29 = bA
G32 = baHi
G35 = aq
G36 = wr
G37 = nDs
G38 = gb
G39 = zA

G4 = tyw
G40 = pA
G41 = xn
G42 = wSA
G43 = w
G44 = ww
G46 = mAw
G47 = TA
G54 = snD
H2 = pq
H2 = wSm
H3 = pAq
H4 = nr
H6 = Sw
I1 = aSA
I10 = D
I11 = DD
I2 = Styw
I3 = mzH
I4 = sbk
I5 = sAq
I6 = km
I8 = Hfn
I9 = f
K1 = in
K3 = ad
K4 = XA
K5 = bz
K6 = nSmt
L1 = xpr
L2 = bit
L7 = srqt
M1 = iAm
M11 = wdn
M12 = xA
M12 = 1000
M13 = wAD
M16 = HA
M17 = i
M18 = ii
M2 = Hn
M20 = sxt
M21 = sm
M22A = nn
M23 = sw

M24 = rsw
M26 = Sma
M29 = nDm
M3 = xt
M30 = bnr
M34 = bdt
M36 = Dr
M4 = rnp
M40 = iz
M6 = tr
M8 = SA
M9 = zSn
N1 = pt
N11 = Abd
N11 = iaH
N14 = dwA
N14 = sbA
N15 = dwAt
N16 = tA
N18 = iw
N20 = wDb
N24 = spAt
N25 = xAst
N26 = Dw
N27 = Axt
N28 = xa
N29 = q
N30 = iAt
N35 = n
N35A = mw
N37 = S
N4 = iAdt
N4 = idt
N40 = Sm
N41 = id
N5 = hrw
N5 = ra
N5 = zw
N8 = Hnmmt
N9 = pzD
O1 = pr
O11 = aH
O15 = wsxt
O18 = kAr
O22 = zH

O25 = txn
O28 = iwn
O29 = aA
O30 = zxnt
O34 = z
O35 = zb
O36 = inb
O38A = qnbt
O4 = h
O42 = Szp
O45 = ipt
O47 = nxn
O49 = niwt
O50 = zp
O51 = Snwt
O6 = Hwt
P4 = wHa
P5 = TAw
P5 = nfw
P6 = aHa
P8 = xrw
Q1 = st
Q2 = wz
Q3 = p
Q6 = qrsw
R1 = xAt
R1 = xAwt
R11 = Dd
R11 = dd
R14 = imnt
R15 = iAb
R16 = wx
R22 = xm
R4 = Htp
R5 = kAp
R5 = kp
R7 = snTr
R8 = nTr
R8A = nTrw
R9 = bd
S1 = HDt
S10 = mDH
S11 = wsx
S12 = nbw
S15 = THn

S15 = tHn
S18 = mnit
S19 = sDAw
S20 = xtm
S22 = sT
S23 = dmD
S24 = Tz
S26 = Sndyt
S27 = mnxt
S29 = s
S3 = N
S3 = dSrt
S30 = sf
S32 = siA
S33 = Tb
S34 = anx
S35 = Swt
S37 = xw
S38 = HqA
S39 = awt
S40 = wAs
S41 = Dam
S42 = abA
S42 = sxm
S42 = xrp
S43 = md
S44 = Ams
S45 = nxxw
S56 = K
S6 = sxmty
S7 = xprS
S8 = Atf
S9 = Swty
T10 = pD
T11 = sXr
T11 = zin
T11 = zwn
T12 = Ai
T12 = Ar
T12 = rwD
T12 = rwd
T13 = rs
T14 = qmA
T17 = wrrt
T18 = Sms

T19 = qs
T21 = wa
T22 = sn
T24 = iH
T25 = DbA
T28 = Xr
T29 = nmt
T3 = HD
T31 = sSm
T34 = nm
T6 = HDD
T9 = pd
U1 = mA
U10 = it
U11 = HqAt
U13 = Sna
U13 = hb
U15 = tm
U16 = biA
U17 = grg
U21 = stp
U22 = mnx
U23 = Ab
U24 = Hmt
U26 = wbA
U28 = DA
U31 = rtH
U32 = zmn
U33 = ti
U34 = xsf
U36 = Hm
U38 = mxAt
U6 = mr
V1 = 100
V12 = arq
V13 = T
V15 = iTi
V19 = TmA
V19 = XAr
V19 = mDt
V2 = sTA
V20 = 10
V20 = mD
V22 = mH
V24 = wD

V26 = aD
V28 = H
V29 = sk
V29 = wAH
V3 = sTAw
V30 = nb
V31 = k
V32 = msn
V33 = sSr
V37 = idr
V4 = wA
V5 = snT
V6 = sS
V7 = Sn
W10 = iab
W11 = g
W11 = nzt
W14 = Hz
W17 = xnt
W19 = mi
W2 = bAs
W22 = Hnqt
W24 = nw
W25 = ini
W3 = Hb
W9 = Xnm
X1 = t
X8 = di
X8 = rdi
Y1 = mDAt
Y3 = mnhd
Y3 = zS
Y5 = mn
Y6 = ibA
Y8 = zSSt
Z11 = imi
Z4 = y
Z7 = W

Appendix C: List of phonetic values and sign numbers

... (in preparation) ...