6.
0 REKA BENTUK RASUK DISOKONG MUDAH
Ref.
Calculation
SPECIFICATION
Output
W kN/m
b
Effective span, L
= 8.25m
Characteristic actions :
Permanent, gk
= 15 kN/m
Variable, qk
= 10 kN/m
Design life
= 50 years
Fire resistance
= R60
Exposure classes
= XC1
Materials:
Characteristic strength of concrete, fck = 20 N/mm2 (Table F.1 EN
206)
Characteristic strength of steel, fyk
= 500 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of link, fyk
= 500 N/mm2
Unit weight of reinforced concrete
= 25 kN/m3 (Table A.1 EN
1991-1)
Assumed:
bar 1 = 20mm
bar 2 = 12mm
link = 8mm
SIZE
Overall depth, h = L /13
Width, b = 0.4h
Table 4.2
Table 4.4N
4.4.1.2
4.4.1.3
4.4.1.1(2)
= 8250/13 = 20mm
= 0.4x 635 = 254mm
DURABILITY, FIRE & BOND REQUIREMENTS
Min. conc. Cover regard to bond, C min,b
= 20mm
Min. conc. Cover regard to durability, C min, dur = 15mm
Min. required axis distance for R60 fire resistance,
asd = 30 + 10 = 40mm
Min. concrete cover regard to fire,
Cmin = asd - link - bar/2
= 40-8-0.5(20)
Allowance in design for deviation, Cdev
= 22mm
= 10 mm
Nominal cover,
Cnom = Cmin + Cdev
= 30mm
= 20 + 10
12
(Excluding
selfweight)
(Table 2.1 EN 1990)
Use : b x h
= 250 x 650 mm
Table 5.5 EN 19921-2
Use :
Cnom = 35mm
Ref
Table A
1.2B
:EN 1990
Calculation
LOADING & ANALYSIS
Beam selfweight = (0.25 x 0.65) x 25
= 4.06 kN/m
Permanent load (excluding selfweight)
= 15.00 kN/m
Characteristic permanent action, gk
= 19.06 kN/m
Characteristic variable action, qk
= 10.00 kN/m
Design action,
Wd= 1.35gk + 1.5 qk
= 1.35(19.06) + 1.5(10.00)
= 40.73 kN/m
Output
Wd= 40.73 kN/m
L=8.25m
Shear force,
V = wd L/2
= 40.73(8.25)/2
= 168.0 kN
M
BENDINGMOMENT
M = wdL2/8
= 40.73(8.25)2/8
=346.6 kNm
MAIN REINFORCEMENT
Effective Depth,
D = H Cnom - link - bar
D = Cnom - link - bar/2
= 587mm
= 49mm
Design Bending Moment, Med
K = M/Bd2fck
= 346.6x106 / (250 X 5872 X 20)
= 0.201
= 346.6 Knm
Redistribution = 0% Redistribution ratio, = 1.0
Kbal = 0.454 ( - k1)/ k2 0.182( - k1)/k2]2
= 0.363 ( - k1) 0.116 ( -k1)2
= 0.167
K > Kbal
Compression reinforcement is required
z
= d [ 0.5 + 0.25 kbal/1.134 ]
= 0.82d
13
Using : EC2
K1 = 0.44
K2 = 1.25
Ref
Calculation
= 0.82(587)
= 481.8 mm
X
= (d-z)/ 0.4 = 263.1 mm
d/x = 49/263.1 = 0.19 < 0.38
: the compression steel will have yielded
fsc = 0.87 fyk
Output
Area of compression steel
As = ( K Kbal) fckbd2 / 0.87fyk (d - d)
= ( 0.201 0.167) x (20 x 250 x 5872)
0.87 x 500 x (587 -49)
= 250 mm2
Area of tension steel
As = kbalfckbd2 / 0.87fyk Z bal + As
= 0.167 x (20 x 250 x 5872)
+ 252
0.87 x 500 x 481.8
= 1623 mm2
Minimum and maximum reinforcement area,
As, min = 0.26(fctm/fyk) bd
= 0.26 (2.21/500) bd
= 0.0011 bd
use= 0.0013bd
= 0.0013 x 250 x 587 = 119mm2
As,max = 0.04AC = 0.04bh
= 0.04 x 250 x 650
= 6500mm2
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
Design shear force, VEd =168.0 Kn
Concrete strut capacity
VRd, max = 0.36b wdfck ( 1- fck/250) / (cot + tan )
= (0.36 x 250 x 587 x 20 (1-20/250)
Cot +tan
=338Kn
=486Kn
= 22 deg cot = 2.5
= 45 deg cot = 1.0
VED < VRD,max cot = 2.5
VED < VRD, max cot = 1.0
Therefore angle < 22o
= 0.5 sin -1 [VED / 0.18bwdfck(1-fck/250)]
= 0.5 sin-1 (
168.0 x 103
)
(0.18 x 250 x 587 x 20 (1- 20/250)
14
Use : 3H 12
(339 mm2)
Use : 6H 20
(1885 mm2)
Ref
Calculation
Output
=0.5 sin-1 (0.35)
= 10.1o
Use: = 22.0 o
Shear links
tan = 0.40 cot = 2.48
=VED/0.78fykd cot
ASW/S
=168.0 x 103 /(0.78x 500x 587x 2.48)
=0.297
ASW = 101 mm2
Try link: H8
Spacing
s = 101/0.30
=339 mm
9.2.2 (6)
9.2.2 (5)
Max. spacing , s max = 0.75d =0.75x 587 =440mm
Use :
H8-325
Minimum links
= 0.08fck1/2bw/fyk
ASW/S
=0.08 x(20) x 250/ 500
=0.179
ASW = 101 mm2
Try link: H8
Spacing
s = 101/0.18
=562mm > 0.75d
=440mm
Use :
H8-425
Shear resistance of minimum links
V min = (ASW/s)( 0.78fykd cot )
=(101/425) x (0.78 x 587 x 500 x 2.5)
=134kN
Links arrangement
168kN
X = (16-134)/40.7
=0.83m
134kN
134kN
168kN
15
Ref
Calculation
Additional longitudinal reinforcement
Output
Additional tensile force,
F td =0.5 vEd cot
= 0.5 x 168 x 2.48
= 208 Kn
MED,max/Z = 346.6 x 106 / 481.8
= 719 kN > F td
Additional longitudinal reinforcement,
As = F td/0.87fyk
= 207.94 x 103 / 0.87 x 500
= 478 mm2
Use : 2H 20
(628 mm2)
DEFLECTION
Percentage of required tension reinforcement
= As,req/bd
= 1624 / 250 x 587
= 0.011
Reference reinforcement ratio,
o = ( fck)1/2 x 10-3 = (20)1/2 x 10-3 = 0.0045
Percentage of required compression reinforcement
= As,req / bd
= 252 / 250 x 587
= 0.002
Factor for structural system , K = 1.0
> o (use equation 2)
1/d = K [11 + 1.5 fck o/ + 3.2 fck(o/ 1)3/2] -> (1)
1/d = K [11 + 1.5fck o/ + 1/12 fck/]
->(2)
= 1.0 (11 + 3.21 + 0.23)
=14.4
Therefore basic span-effective depth ratio, l/d =14.44
Modification factor for span greater than 7m
= 7/span = 7/8 =0.85
16
Ref
Calculation
Modification factor for steel are provided,
As,prov / As,req =1885 / 1624 =1.16 < 1.5
Therefore allowable span-effective depth ratio
(i/d) allowable =14.44 x 0.85 x 1.16 =14.22
Actual span effective depth
(i/d)actual =8250 /857 =14.1 < (i/d)allowable
Table 7.1 N
CRACKING
Limiting crack width, w max = 0.3mm
Steel stress,
fs = fyk/1.15 x [Gk + 0.3 Qk/(1.35Gk + 1.5 Qk)](1/)
= (500/1.15) x [19.1 + 0.3(10) / 1.35 (19.1) + 1.5 (10)](1.0)
= 236 N/mm2
Max allowable bar spacing = 150 mm
Bar spacing
s = [250-2(35)-2(8)-(20)]/2
=72 mm < 150mm
17
Output
Ref
Calculation
DETAILING
Output
18
7.0 REKA BENTUK RASUK SELANJAR
Ref
Calculations
SPECIFICATION
Dimension:
Span, L
Width, B
Slab thickness
Beam size
Output
= 8.00 m
= 3.00 m
= 110 mm
= 225 x 500 mm
Charasteristic loads:
Finishes, etc = 1.5 kN/m2
Variable, qk
= 3.0 kN/m2
Materials:
Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
Charasteristic strength of concrete, fcl = 25 N/m2
Charasteristic strength of steel, fyk = 500 N/m2
Charasteristic strength of link, fyk = 500 N/m2
Nominal concrete cover
= 30 mm
Assumed : bar 1 = 20 mm
bar 2 = 16 mm
link = 6 mm
Design beam 1a/A-D
Beam 1a/A-D
w kN/m
8.0 m
w kN/m
8.0 m
19
w kN/m
8.0 m
Ref
Calculation
Output
EFFECTIVE FLANGE WIDTH
b
bw = 225 mm
hf =110 mm
h
h = 500 mm
b1 =1400mm
b
Effective flange width,
b eff = beff i +bw b
beff i= 0.2bi + 0.1lo 0.2lo
Span A-B, C-D
l =0.85l = 0.85 x 8000 = 6800 mm
b eff,1 = 960 mm <1360 mm Use : 960 mm
b eff,2 =960 mm <1360 mm Use : 960 mm
b eff =960 + 960 + 225 = 2145 mm < 3025 mm
= 2145 mm
Span B-C
l = 0.7 l = 0.70 x 8000 = 5600 mm
b eff,1 = 560 mm <1120 mm Use : 560 mm
b eff,2 =560 mm <1120 mm Use : 560 mm
b eff = 560 + 560 + 225 = 1345 mm < 3025 mm
= 1345 mm
ACTIONS
Actions on slab :
Self-weight = 0.11 x 25
Finishes etc
Chac. Permanent load, gk
Chac. Variable load, qk
20
= 2.75 kN/m2
= 150 kN/m2
= 4.25kN/m2
= 3.00 kN/m2
Ref.
Calculation
Action on beam 1a/A-D :
Distribution of action from slabs to beam are as follows :
Panel 1-1a/A-D :
LY/LX = 8.00/3.00 =2.7 > 2.0, one-way slab
Shear coefficient, v = 0.50
Panel 1a-2/A_D:
LY/LX = 8.00/3.00 =2.7 > 2.0, one-way slab
Shear coefficient, v = 0.5
Characteristic permanent action:
Wo = 0.225 (0.50 0.11) x 25
W1 = vnLx = 0.50 x 4.25 x 3.00
W2 = vnLx = 0.50 x 4.25 x 3.00
Gk
=
=
=
=
Characteristic variable action :
W1 = vnLx = 0.50 x 3.00 x 3.00
W1 = vnLx = 0.50 x 3.00 x 3.00
Qk
= 4.50 kN/m
= 4.50 kN/m
= 9.00 kN/m
Output
2.19 kN/m
6.38 kN/m
6.38 kN/m
14.95kN/m
Design load,
Wd = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk
= 1.35(14.95) + 1.5(9.00)
= 33.68 kN/m
ANALYSIS
Continuous beam with equal spans, uniform action and
Qk < Gk
use moment and shear coefficient
From table 3.14 BS8110 Part 1
Wd kN/m
Wd kN/m
Wd kN/m
Lm
Lm
Lm
D
0.11 FL
0.11 FL
Shear Force
0.09 FL
0.07 FL
0.09
FL
0.45 F
F = WD L kn
0.55 F
0.6 F
= 33.67 x 8.0 = 269 kN
21
0.6 F
0.55F
0.45 F
Bending Moment
Ref.
Calculation
MAIN REINFORCEMENT
Span A-B & C-D
Effective depth, d = h Cnom - link 0.5 bar = 454.0 mm
Bending moment,
M = 0.09 FL
= 0.09 X 269 X 8.0 = 194 kNm
Mf = 0.567 fckbhf (d - 0.5h)
= 0.567 x 25 x 2145 x 110 ( 454.0 55 )
= 1334 kNm
M < Mf
K
z
9.2.1.1
Output
neutral axis within the flange
= M/fck bd2
= 194 x106 / (25 x 2145 x 454.0 2)
= 0.018
= d [ 0.5 + 0.25 K/1.134)] = 0.98d
Area of tension reinforcement
As = M/0.87 fyk z
= 194.0 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 454.0)
= 1034 mm2
Use : 5H 20
(1571 mm2)
Minimum and maximum reinforcement area,
As min = 0.26 (fctm /fyk ) bd
= 0.26 ( 2.56 / 500) bd
= 0.0013bd use= 0.0013bd
= 0.0013 x 225 x 454.0
= 136 mm2
As max = 0.04 Ac = 0.04 bh
= 0.04 x 225 x 500
= 4500 mm2
Support B & C
Effective depth, d = h Cnom - link - bar = 444.0 mm
Bending moment,
M = 0.11 FL
= 0.11 X 269 X 8.0
=237kNm
K = M/ bd2 fck
= 237.1 x 106 / ( 225 x 4442 x 25)
= 0.214
Redistribution = 0% redistribution ratio, = 1.0
K bal = 0.454( - k1)/k2 0.182[ - k1)/ k2]2
= 0.363 ( - k1) 0.116 ( - k1)2
= 0.167
22
Use : EC2
K1 = 0.44
K2 = 1.25
Ref.
Calculation
K
d
z
X
d/x
Output
>
kbal
Compression reinforcement is required
= c + link + 0.5 bar
=44mm
=d (0.5 + 0.25- kbal /1.134)
= 0.82d =0.82 x 444 =364.4mm
= (d-z)/0.4 =199.0mm
Use : 5H 20
(1571 mm2)
=44/199.0 = 0.22 < 0.38
the compression steel will have have yielded
area of compression steel
As = (k- kbal) fckbd2/0.87fyk (d- d )
= (0.214-0.17)x (25 x 225 x 4442)
0.87 x 500 x (444-44)
=299mm2
Area of tension steel
As = (k- kbal) fckbd2/0.87fyk z bal + As
= 0.167x (25 x 225 x 4442)
0.87 x 500 x 364
+ 299
= 1466mm2
Asmin = 0.0013 bd
Asmax = 0.04 bh
=136mm2
= 4500mm2
Span B-C
Effective depth , d =h-cnom link- bar =444.0 mm
Bending moment,
M =0.07FL
=0.007 X 269 X8.0 =151 kNm
Mf =0.567 fckbhr(d-0.5h)
=0.567 x 25 x 1345 x 110 (454.0-55)
=837 kNm
M < Mf
neutral axis within the flange
K =m/fckbd2
=151 x 106/ (25 x1345 x454.02)
=0.022
Z = d(0.5+ 0.25-k/1.134) = 0.98 d
23
Use : 2H 16
(402mm2)
Ref.
Calculation
Output
Area of tension renforcement
As = M/0.87fyk =
= 150,9X106/(0.87 X 500 X 0.95 X 454.0)
=804mm2
Asmin =0.0013 bd
Asmax =0.04 bh
=136mm2
= 4500mm2
Use : 3H 20
(943mm2)
6.2.3
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
Design shear force, VEd =168.0 Kn
Concrete strut capacity
VRd, max = 0.36b wdfck ( 1- fck/250) / (cot + tan )
= (0.36 x 250 x 587 x 20 (1-20/250)
Cot +tan
=338Kn
= 22 deg cot = 2.5
=486Kn
= 45 deg cot = 1.0
Support A & D
VED =0.45 F = 0.45 X 269 =121 kNm
< VRD,max cot = 2.5
< VRD, max cot = 1.0
Therefore angle < 22o
Shear link
Asw /s = ved /0.78fyk dcot
= 121.2 x 103/ (0.78 x 500 x 454 2.48)
=0.277
Try link : H6
Asw = 57mm2
9.2.2 (6)
6.2.3 (7)
Spacing, s =57/0.2777
= 204mm < 0.5d
= 341 mm
Additional longitudinal reinforcement
Additional tensile force,
f td = 0.5 ved cot
= 0.5 x 121 x 2.48
= 150 kN
MEd max/z = 194.0 X 106/431.3
=450 kN
> F td
As req =F td/0.87fyk
=150 x 103 /(0.87x 500)
= 345mm2
24
Use :H6-200
Use :2H-200
Ref.
Calculations
Output
9.2.2 (6)
Support B & C
VEd = 0.60 F = 0.60 x 269 = 162 kN
< VRd, max cot = 2.5
< VRd, max cot = 1.0
Therefore angle
< 22
Shear links
Asw / s = VEd / 0.78 fyk d cot
= 161.6 x 103 / (0.78 x 500 x 454 x 2.48)
= 0.369
Try link : H6
Asw = 57 mm2
Spacing, s = 57 / 0.369
= 153 mm < 0.75d = 341 mm
Use : H6 150
Additional longitudinal reinforcement
Additional tensile force,
Ftd = 0.5 VEd cot
= 0.5 x 162 x 2.48
= 200kN
As req = Ftd / 0.87fyk
= 200 x 103 / (0.87 x 500) = 460 mm2
Use : 3H 16
( 603 mm2)
Support B & C
VEd = 0.55 F = 0.55 x 269 = 148 kN
< VRd, max cot = 2.5
< VRd, max cot = 1.0
Therefore angle
< 22
Shear links
Asw / s = VEd / 0.78 fyk d cot
= 148.2 x 103 / (0.78 x 500 x 454 x 2.48)
= 0.338
Try link : H6
Asw = 57 mm2
Spacing, s = 57 / 0.338
= 167 mm < 0.75d = 341 mm
Use : H6 150
Additional longitudinal reinforcement
Additional tensile force,
Ftd = 0.5 VEd cot
= 0.5 x 148 x 2.48
= 183 kN
As req = Ftd / 0.87fyk
= 183 x 103 / (0.87 x 500) = 422 mm2
Use : 3H 16
( 603 mm2)
6.2.3 (7)
9.2.2 (6)
6.2.3 (7)
25
Ref.
9.2.2 (5)
Calculation
Minimum links
Output
9.2.2 (6)
Asw / s = 0.08fck1/2 b w / fyk
= 0.08 x (25) x 225 / 500
= 0.180
Try link : H6
Asw = 57 mm2
Spacing, s = 57 / 0.18
= 314 mm
< 0.75d = 0.75 x 454 = 341 mm
Use :
H6 - 300
Shear resistance of minimum links
Vmin = (Asw / s) (0.78dfyk cot )
= (57 / 300) x (0.78 x 454 x 500 x 2.5)
= 83 kN
Link arrangement
121
148
162
83
83
162
148
121
x1
|
x2
|
x3
|
x1 = (121 83) / 33.67 = 1.14 m
x2 = (162 83) / 33.67 = 2.34 m
x3 = (148 83) / 33.67 = 1.94 m
6.2.4
Transverse steel in the flange
The longitudinal shear stresses are the greatest over a distance x
measured from the point of zero moment.
x = 0.5(L/2) = (L/4) = 8000 / 4 = 2000 mm
The change in moment over distance x from zero moment,
M = (wL/2) (L/4) (wL/4) (L/8) = 3wL2/32
= 3 x 33.7 x 8.02 / 32
= 202.04 kNm
The change in longitudinal force,
Fd = [ M / (d 0.5hf) ] x [ (b bw) / 2b ]
= 202.04 x 103 x (2145 225)
(454 55)
(2 x 2145)
= 227 kN
26
Ref
Calculations
Longitudinal shear stress
Output
VED = FO / (hfx)
= 227 x 103 / (110 x 2000)
= 1.03 N/mm2
VED > 0.27fck = 0.27 x 2.03 = 0.55 N/mm2
Transverse shear reinforcement is required
Concrete strut capacity in the flange
vED max = 0.4fck (1-fck / 250) / (cot + tan )
= ( 0.40 x 25 ( 1- 25 / 250)
( cot + tan )
= 3.59 N/mm2 = 27 deg cot = 2.0
= 4.50 N/mm2 = 45 deg cot = 1.0
vED < vED, max cot = 2.0
vED < vED, max cot = 1.0
therefore angle < 27o
= 0.5 sin -1 [ vED / 0.2 fck(1 - fck / 250)]
= 0.5 sin -1 {
1.03
}
{0.20 x 25 (1 25/250)}
= 0.5 sin -1 {0.23}
= 6.62o
Use : = 26.5o
tan = 0.50
cot = 2.0
Transverse shear reinforcement
Asf / sf = vED hf / 0.87 fykcot
= 1.03 x 110 / (0.87 x 500 x 2.0)
= 0.13
Try : H10
Asf = 79 mm2
Spacing, sf = 79/0.13 = 605mm
27
Ref.
Calculation
Minimum transverse steel area,
Output
As,min = 0.26( fctm / fyk) bhf
= 0.26 (2.56 / 500)bhf
= 0.0013 bhf Use = 0.0013bhf
= 0.0013 x 1000 x 110.0
= 147 mm2/m
DEFLECTION
Check at span A-B
Percentage of required tension reinforcement,
= As,req / bd
= 1034 / 225 x 454 = 0.010
Reference reinforcement ratio,
o = (fck)1/2 x 10-3 = (25)1/2 x 10-3 = 0.005
percentage of required compression reinforcement,
= As,req / bd
= 0 /225 x 454 = 0
Factor for structural system, K = 1.3
> o
use equation (2)
1/d = K [ 11 + 1.5 fck o/ + 3.2 fck(o/ 1)3/2] (1)
1/d = K [11 + 1.5fck o / + 1/12 fck / ] (2)
= 1.3( 11 + 3.71 + 0.00)
= 19.1
Therefore basic span-effective depth ratio, 1/d = 19.12
Modification factor for steel area provided,
=As,prov/ As,req
= 1571/1034
= 1.52 > 1.50
28
Use:
H10-400
(196 mm2/m)
Ref.
Calculation
Output
Therefore allowable span effective depth ratio,
(1/d)allowable = 19.12 x 0.88 x 1.50 = 25.23
Actual span effective depth
(1/d)actual = 8000/454.0 = 17.6 < (1/d)allowable
OK!
CRACKING
Limiting crack width, wmax = 0.3 mm
Steel stress,
fs = fyk / 1.15 x Gk + 0.3Qk / (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk)(1/)
= (500/1.15) x [(14.9 + (0.3 x 9.0)) / 33.7] x 1.0
= 262 N/mm2
Max allowable bar spacing = 150 mm
Bar spacing
s = [ 225 2(30) 2(6) (20)]/2
= 66.5 mm < 150mm
OK!
29
Ref
Calculations
Output
DETAILING
30
ANGGARAN BAHAN
Ref
Calculations
Simply supported beam
Output
Konkrit
Isipadu konkrit = Panjang (P) x Lebar (L) x Tinggi (H)
= 8.25 x 0.25 x 0.6
= 1.24m3
Tetulang
Panjang 1 batang tetulang = 12 m
Jenis tetulang 3H-20 (2), 3H-12
Panjang tetulang 3H-20 = 6 x 8.25
= 49.5 m
Bilangan tetulang 3H-20 = 4.125
Panjang tetulang 3H-12 = 3 x 8.25
=24.75 m
Bilangan tetulang 3H-12 = 2.06
Continuous beam
Konkrit
Isipadu konkrit = Panjang (P) x Lebar (L) x Tinggi (H)
= 24 x 0.225 x 0.45
= 2.43 m3
Tetulang
Panjang 1 batang tetulang = 12 m
Jenis tetulang 3H-20, 2H-20 (4), 2H-25 , 1H-20 (2)
Panjang tetulang 3H-20 = 3 x 8
= 24 m
Bilangan tetulang 3H-20 = 2
Panjang tetulang 2H-20 = 4 x 8 (2)
= 64 m
31
Bilangan tetulang 2H-20 = 5.33
Panjang tetulang 2H-25 = 2 x 8
= 16 m
Bilangan tetulang 2H-25 = 1.33
Panjang tetulang 1H-20 = 2 x 8
= 16 m
Bilangan tetulang 1H-20 = 1.33
32
6.0 KESIMPULAN
Kesimpulannya rasuk merupakan satu komponen dalam struktur bangunan
yang sangat penting. Tugasnya adalah untuk menerima dan menanggung beban dari
bumbung, lantai dan sebagainya. Penggunaan rasuk sangat la luas seperti di dalam
pembinaan ianya digunakan untung membuat jambatan, bangunan dan sebagainya.
Rasuk terdiri daripada pelbagai jenis antaranya ialah rasuk sokong mudah, rasuk
julur, rasuk selanjar dan sebagainya. Dalam pembinaan rasuk ianya haruslah di reka
bentuk terlebih dahulu mengikut spesifikasi yang telah ditetapkan dan ianya perlu
melepasi ujian kiraan supaya tiada sebarang kegagalan terjadi.
Terdapat pelbagai jenis sistem rasuk yang biasa ditemui dalam bidang
kejuruteraan, antaranya adalah rasuk disokong mudah, rasuk julur, rasuk terbina
dalam, rasuk juntaian dan rasuk berterusan. Setiap keadaan ini mempunyai kekuatan
yang berlainan bersesuaian dengan setiap kegunaannya. Apabila menerima bebanan,
setiap rasuk akan mengalami pesongan di mana rasuk tersebut akan melentur
mengikut arah daya yang dikenakan. Setiap rasuk mempunyai satu tahap di mana ia
akan melentur pada satu kedudukan yang maksimum apabila beban dikenakan.
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