Vorlesung Tiefbohrtechnik 1
Introduction to Rotary-Drilling Technology (inc. Rig Count)
Drilling a Well, Drilling methods
Rock Mechanics I
Drilling Mud: Functions, Properties, Rheology
Rock Mechanics II, Well stability
Borehole hydraulics, Overbalance vs. Underbalance
Drilling bits, Selection criteria
Drilling optimisation concepts
Drill-string basics
Downhole motors I (Theory, Moineu Motoren)
Downhole motors II (Turbinen, Selection Criteria)
Special drilling systems (Drilling Hammer, Coring)
Formation pressure, Frac-gradienten
Measuring drilling parameters
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
INTRODUCTION:
Accurate Pore Pressure Prediction (PPP) is the basis for:
Drilling fluid density.
Well Safety.
Rapid Drilling Rate.
Prevention of Kicks.
Selecting Casing Setting Depths.
Cement Slurry Density.
Avoid Lost Circulation
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
PORE PRESSURE PREDICTION TECHNIQUES
Before Drilling.
During Drilling.
After Drilling.
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
BEFORE DRILLING
Seismic Method of Pore Pressure Prediction
A pre-drill estimate of pore pressure can be obtained from seismic
velocities given a suitable velocity to pore pressure transform.
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
Eaton Method:
Eaton method which direct transform
from velocity to pore pressure
The Bowers Method:
Bowers method assess the effective
stress from the velocities and calculate
pore pressure.
Pp = Pobs (Pobs Phyd) x (Vi/Vn)
Pp = Predicted pore pressure
Pobs = Overburden pressure (rocks and
fluids)
Phyd = Hydrostatic pressure
Vi = Interval Velocity (seismic data)
Vn = Normally compacted shale velocity
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
Uncertainties in pore pressure from seismic data is reduced by information
while drilling : sonic log, mud weight, and pore pressure data.
Source: www.cggveritas.com
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
DURING DRILLING
Using Logging while drilling method.
Using d-Exponent method.
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
d-Exponent Equation
Equation used for measuring d- Constant
Well Engineering & Construction by Hussain Rabia
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
D-Exponent Method
d = d exponent
dc = corrected d exponent
ROP= Rate of penetration.
RPM= Rate per minute.
WOB= Weight on bit.
B= Diameter of the bit
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
Procedure to determine dc
Plot dc value on a semi-log paper against depth.
Establish the normal pressure trend line through dc value corresponding
to known clean normally pressured shale.
Plot the actual dc value alongside the trend line.
Calculate the pore pressure using Eaton Method and Ratio Method
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
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Plot of depth and dc exponent
Well Engineering & Construction by Hussain Rabia
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
11
Equations
Eaton Method:
Ratio Method
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
12
AFTER DRILLING:
It based on Well Logging like Resistivity, Density which depend upon:
Porosity measurements
Salinity of pore water.
Temperature.
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
13
Well Engineering & Construction by Hussain Rabia
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
14
Well Engineering & Construction by Hussain Rabia
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
15
CONCLUSIONS
In order to determine which type analysis is adequate, it is necessary to
consider structure of area, the faults, salt bodies, lithology and evaluate
quality of seismic data.
During drilling we can used D exponent, which will help in knowing the
pore pressure.
Understanding Pore and Frac Pressure helps reducing well control
problems and optimizing drilling operations
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
16
Measuring drilling parameters
It is necessary at all time to know the bit
position and well trajectory (path)
WHY?
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
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Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
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Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
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Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
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Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
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Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
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Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
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Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
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Terminology
Inclination Angle
q, a, I
Direction Angle
f, e, A
4
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
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Types of directional wells
Type II
Type I
Type III
KOP
EOC
Build
and Hold
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
Build-Hold
and Drop
Continuous
Build12
TBT I 2014
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Kickoff Methods
35
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
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Survey Methods
Single-Shot
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
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Survey Methods
Multishot
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
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Survey Methods
Steering Tools
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
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Survey Methods
MWD
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
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Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
32
Drilling Parameter describing well path: I, A, DMD
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
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Building Hole Angle
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
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Holding Hole Angle
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
35
Pendulum Effect
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
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