Well Control

PUSAT PENGEMBANGAN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA MIGAS

PPSDM MIGAS
Losses:
 Drilling equipment and other surface equipment
 Oil and gas
 Personnel (Human Life)
 Cost and time
 Environment polution

To overcome the blowout takes a long time

and high cost.
 What is a kick?
u An unscheduled
entry of
formation
fluid(s) into the
wellbore
Influx :
Oil, gas, water or combination.

3
Why does a kick occur?

u The pressure inside the

wellbore is lower
than the formation
pore pressure (in a
permeable formation).
pw < pf
4
Causes of Kicks
KICK :
What happens if a kick is not
controlled?

ê BLOWOUT !!!
7
Blowout :
Pore Pressure
 If the pore throats through the sediment
are interconnecting all the way to
surface the pressure of the fluid at any
depth in the sediment will be same as
that which would be found in a simple
column of fluid.

 The pressure in the fluid in the pores of

the sediment will only be dependent on
the density of the fluid in the pore space
and the depth of the pressure mea-
surement.
Pore Pressure
 The formation pressure is divided into three categories. In term of gradient :
 Subnormal pressure ( G < 0.433 Psi/ft)
 Normal pressure (0.433 < G < 0.465 psi/ft)
 Abnormal pressure (0.465 < G < 1 psi/ft)

 Subnormal pressure is the hydrostatic pressure of the formation which is less than
that expected normal pressure.

 Normal pressures is the hydrostatic pressure of naturally tapped fluids in the

formation which has usually ranges from 0.433 to 0.465 psi/ft depending on the
geological region.

 Abnormal pressure is the formation pressure greates than hydrostatic pressure of

contained formation fluid. This is caused by fluids being squeezed due to rock
compaction when there is no escape of fluids due to formation is completely sealed.
 Some of the causes for abnormal pressures can be categorized as follows:
 Under compaction shale formation
 Faulting
 Artesian effects
 Gas cap
 Charge sand
 Salt dome
Prediction Abnormal Pressure

Seismic

Drilling

Logging
SEISMIC :
GEOLOGY CONDITION :
“d“ Exponent
Jordan & Shirley : Formation Pressure (EMW):

FP = (9x d)/ dc – 0.3

Note : 0.3 is trip margin of MW

Rehm & Mc. Clendon :

Required Mud Weight
dc = d x
Actual Mud Weight

dimana : R – Rate of penetration (ROP), ft / hr

N - Rotation per minute, rpm
W – Weight on bit (WOB), lbs
d - dexponent
dc - Corrected d-exponent
Drilling (d-Exponent)
Problem :
 Data :
Depth : 16000 ft, Drilling rate 9.2 ft/hour, WOB 50000
lbs, Rotary speed 60 rpm, bit size 8.5 in and actual mud
weight is 16 ppg.

Calculate :
a. d-exponent
b. dc-exponent
c. Formation pressure
Plot Depth vs dc
 Basic Pressure

Ph = 0.052 x MW x D . . . . . . . . . ( English Unit )

G = 0.052 x MW

Ph = Hydrostatic pressure, lbs/sq.in, psi, Psi

MW = Mud weight, lbs/gal, ppg
D = True vertical depth ( TVD ), feet
G = Pressure gradient, psi/ft

Gas = Less than 0.156 psi/ft ( 3 ppg)

Mixture of gas, oil, water = 0.156 – 0.465 psi/ft (3 – 9 ppg)
Salt water = 0.465 – 0.520 psi/ft ( 9 – 10 ppg)
1 cubic foot = 7.48 gallons

1 ppg x 7.48 = 7.48 pounds

1 sq. feet = 144 sq. inch

Therefore;
7.48/144 = 0.052
pound/sq.inch (psi)
in 1 ft. unit

MW, ppg PG= 0.052 x MW , Psi/ft

8.33 0.433

9 0.468

10 0.52
 Pressure Basic :
Formula : A

Ph  0.052 x MWx (TVD)

B (KOP)
Or :
h  TVD  AB  BD. cos 
α
h  TVD  KOP  BD. cos 

where  : Inclinatio n C D
Problem-2:

1. Mud weight is 9.5 ppg. Calculate hydrostatic pressure MD = 5050 ft,

Inclination 150 , KOP = 2000 ft?

2. Determine hydrostatic pressure for fresh water and salt water (G = 0.463)
at TVD = 1500 ft.

3. How much hydrostatic gradient MW = 9 ppg?

4. How much mud density to overcome formation pressure 1638 psi at TVD
= 3000 ft dan MD = 3120 ft?
 Bottom Hole Pressure

BHP = Ph + (Surface Pressure) +/- (Dynamic

Pressure)

• Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure developed by drilling

fluid

• The surface pressure is the pressure developed by the shut

in pressure when well was closed by BOP.

• Dynamic Pressure is the pressure exerted due to fluid

movement (annular friction losses and due to the pipe
movement (surge and swab).
 Bottom Hole Pressure

• BHP when No Circulation :

BHP = 0.052 x MW x TVD

• BHP while drilling or circulating :

BHP = (0.052 x MW x TVD) + AFL

• BHP while tripping in hole :

BHP = (0.052 x MW x TVD) + Surge Pressure

• BHP while tripping :

BHP = (0.052 x MW x TVD) – Swab Pressure

 Bottom Hole Pressure

• BHP when well was shut in :

SIDP
SICP Total Hydrostatic Press. In Drill string :

BHP = HSP of mud in drillstring + SIDPP

= (0.052 x MW x TVD) + SIDPP

Total Hydrostatic Press. In Annulus:

BHP = HSP of mud in annulus+ SICP +
HSP influx
= (0.052 x MW x Hm) + SICP +
(0.052 x Wi x Hi)

The correct BHP determination on annulus side

should be based on the assumption that the influx
is not migrating upward
 SURGE & SWAB
PRESSURE EFFECTS
Surge Effect
 Surge pressure are additional pressures
exerted on the well by the movement of
the pipe in the hole.

 When the pipe is run into the hole, mud

is displaced and the friction effect of the
mud following up around the bit and the
bottom hole assembly causes a
pressure surge below the bit.

 Surge pressure can cause the formation

to fracture and lost circulation
Swab Effect
 Swab pressure is the reduction in the
hydrostatic pressures whic may occure at any
point below the bit.

 This reduction of pressure is caused by an

upward movement of drill string in the hole
which creates a suction effect below the bit.

 Swab can reduce the BHP to allow influx flows

into well bore.
SWABBING
Swab Indication
 Swab can be detected by using “TRIP
SHEET”, by checking if the hole takes a
proper amount of mud when pulled the
pipe out of the hole.

 Swab also clearly indicated at surface

while tripping out pipe :
 Over pull
 No drop in mud level in the annulus
 Rise in mud level in annulus when drill
string is being pulled out of the hole.
Swab & Surge Effect
Swab and Surge may occure if :
 Mud viscosity and gel strength is high
 Pipe movement is past
 Thick wall cake ( mud cake on wellbore)
 Annular clearance against BHA is small
 Bit, reamer or stabilizer is ball up
 ECD
EQUIVALEN CIRCULATING DENSITY
Equivalen Circulating Density
(ECD)
 The ECD, is calculated mud weight (usually in
ppg) which would generate hydrostatic pressure
at any point in the wellbore equivalent to total
pressure from all sources at any point.

 The ECD is calculated from the sum of the

hydrostatic pressures and the annular pressure
losses in the well.

 Pressure losses in the annulus acts as a “back

pressure” on the exposed formation,
consequently the total pressure at the bottom of
the annulus is higher with the pump on than with
the pump off
Equivalen Circulating Density
(ECD)
• Static condition :
Bottom Hole Pressure = Hydrostatic Pressure
BHP = HP
• Circulation condition :
Bottom Hole Pressure =
Hydrostatic Pressure + Annular Pressure Losses
BHP = HP + APL

Equivalent Circulating Density :

ECD = BHP : 0.052 : TVD
Problem :
Pressure losses in annulus 200 psi and
mud weight 9.5 ppg
Depth of wellbore 1500 ft.

Calculate :
Equvalent Circulating Density :
CIRCULATING PUMP
PRESSURE
Circulating Pump Pressure
 The pressure provided by the rig pump is the sum
of all the individual pressures in the circulating
systems.

 All the pressure produced by the pump is

expended in this process, overcoming friction
losses between the mud and whatever it is contact
with :
 Pressure loss in surface lines
 Pressure loss in drill string
 Pressure loss across the bit nozzles
 Pressure loss in annulus
Pressure Losses
• Pressure losses is affected by :
Mud weight, type and roughness, area, flow velocity and
viscosity.

Ploss = Psurf + Pdp + Pdc + Pbit + Pan.dc + P an.dp + Pchoke

= Ppompa
 Circulating Pressure

• Circulating pump pressure :

Ploss = Psurf + Pdp + Pdc + Pbit + Pan.dc + P an.dp + Pchoke

= Ppompa

Circulating pressure will be affected if :

• The pump rate is changed :
2
 SPM 2 
P2  P1 x  
 SPM 1 
• The mud weight is changed :

 MW2 
P2  P1 x  
 MW1 
Problem :
1. Pressure losses in surface line, stand pipe and kelly hose is 50
psi, drill pipe 450 psi, collars 100 psi, bit nozzles is 1700 psi
and annulus is 200 psi. Determine circulating pressure ?

2. Assuming circulating pump pressure is 3000 psi when pumping

at 100 spm. The pump speed is increase to 120 spm.
Approximate the new circulating pump pressure ?

3. Assuming circulating pump pressure is 3000 psi with a 10 ppg

mud weight when pumping at 100 spm. If the mud weight in the
system was changed to 12 ppg. Approximate the new
circulating pump pressure ?
 Pump Output Calculation

• Duplex Pump :

 
PO  0.000162 x S x 2xD 2  d 2 
• Triplex Pump :

PO  0.000243 x S x D 2

Where :
PO = Pump output, bbls/stroke
S = Stroke length, inch
D = Rod diamater, inch
 Pump Output Calculation

• Pump Stroke:

Vol.(bbls)
Stk 
PO (bbl/stk)

• Time to Pump:

Strokes
t
Pump Rate (Stk/min)
Problem :
1. Determine the output, bbls/stk, of a 5-1/2” by 14” duplex pump
at 100% and 85% efficeiency. Rod diameter 2.0 inches.

2. Determine the output, bbls/stk, for a 7” by 12” triplex pump at

100% and 85% efficeiency.

3. Drillpipe capacity 5” = 0.01741 bbl/ft, 5” HWDP capacity =

0.00874 bbl/ft and 6-1/4” DC capacity = 0.00492 bbl/ft. Pump
out the pump = 0.1090 bbl/stk. Determine pump stroke ?

4. Using data in No. 3, calculate time to pump at pump rate 30

strokes/min ?
SPR, LOT, FIT &
MAASP
Slow Circulation Pump Rate
(SPR)
 Well contol operation are performed at
reduced pump speed. Kick must be
circulated out at clow circulation rate (SPR)
with kill rate circulating pressure.

 Good drilling practices require the Slow

Pump Rate Pressure be checked and
recorded regularly by driller.
SLOW PUMP RATE TEST
 1/2 , 1/3 , to 1/4 normal spm.
 Result from this test is pressure loss at slow speed
(spm) and called as Kill Rate Pressure ( KRP ), or
Slow Circulating Rate Pressure.

SCRP (KRP) is used for ?

 Kill well at Driller’s Method ( circulation - 1 )
 Kill well at Wait & Weight Method
Slow Circulation Pump Rate
(SPR)
 The objective of SPR are :
 To ensure the slow cieculation pressure plus the SIDPP
is convenient for pump and does not exceed the
surface line rating
 To allow mud return to be weighted up and recirculated
within mud mixing capacity.
 To prevent the danger of fracturing the formation at the
casing shoe.
 To reduce annular pressure loss for better control of the
bottom hole pressure and make sure good sweeping of
influx.
 To allow longer reaction time for choke adjustment.
 To allow sufficient time for disposal of kick at surface,
especially the critical condition when gas influx at
surface reaches the Maximum pressure.
Slow Circulation Pump Rate
(SPR)
 The KRP must be recorded with bit near
bottom for each pump :
1. After the beginning of shift of tour
2. After change in drilling mud density
3. After change to the bit nozzle size or BHA
configuration
4. After mud pump repairs or equipment
changes
5. After drilling a long section of hole (500 ft) .
6. At change which cause a different
circulation.
Leak Off Test
(LOT)
 A leak off test is conducted to detrmine the pressure
at which a formation begin to leak. In another word,
the LOT is to determine the potential of exposed
formation can withstand, an exerted pressure in
excess of mud hydrostatic untill the next casing
setting depth.

 Its usually conducted after drilling out the shoe and

10 to 15 ft, of the rate hole.
Leak-Off Test
Formation Integrity Test
(FIT)
 For long open hole section drilling
whenever a weaker formation has
apparently been drilled, some company
prefer another test, namely a Formation
Integrity Test (FIT).

 It is made to determine whether the

formation can support mud of higher
density.
 FORMATION INTEGRITY TEST

An F.I.T. (Formation Integrity Test) is performed by

drilling below the shoe 10’ to 50’ of new formation.
Close the annular and pressure up to a predetermined
pressure with your mud. If the formation can
withstand the applied pressure, the test is called good.
We can now calculate the EMW (Equivalent Mud
Weight).

A F.I.T. is similar to pressure testing the cement lines

or the BOP.
7 - 52
33
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SURFACE PRESSURE
(MASSP)

MASSP is the highest surface pressure that can be allowed at the top
of casing in excess of mud hydrostastic pressure that likely to cause
losses of the formation at the casing shoe depth.

MASP can be obtained :

• BOP Pressure rating or the surface equipment rating
• Casing Burst Pressure
• Formation Fracture Pressure
Choose the value of MASP from 3 citerion above, which one the lowest
value, commonly fracture formation pressure.
The weakest section in the well, commonly at casing shoe. Conduct
Leak Off Test ( LOT ).
 PROBLEM :

Depth of casing shoe = 4500 ft

Fracture Formation pressure = 3600 psi
Original mud weight = 11 ppg,
Depth of kick formation = 8000 ft.

MACP is :
a. 916 psi
b. 976 psi
c. 1026 psi
FRACTURING PRESSURE :

Formula :
Pft  PLOT  (0.052 x MWx TVDc )

Where :
Pft : Practuring pressure, psi
PLOT : Leak of test pressure, psi
TVDc : TVD casing, ft

If the pressure of drilling mud id higher than frac.

Pressure, the formation will be fracture
PROBLEM-2 :

Leak of test perform at 4500 ft Depth

MW : 11 ppg
LOT press (at surface) : 2000 psi

Calculate :
Fracturing Press?
PROBLEM :

Depth of casing D = 5000 ft

Maksimum pump pressure PP = 1500 psi
MW = 10 ppg

Calculate :
Fracture Pressure at 5000 ft ?
PROBLEM :

Casing shoe at 5821 ft. LOT Use the mud weight 9.6 ppg and
pump pressure 1250 psi.
Current mud weight is 10.1 ppg.

Calculate :
Estimated Integrity Fluid Density ?
KICK TOLERANCE
 KICK TOLERANCE
• This kick tolerance calculation based on well shut in on kick
while drilling :
SIDP
SICP Step 1: Calculate Max. Kick height at shoe (Hi) :

Hi = (MASSP-SIDPP) / (Mud Grad– Kick Grad.)

Step 2 : Cal. Max. Volume of kick at shoe (Vs)

Vs = Hi x (Annular cap DP/OH)

Step 3 : Kick tolerance (Vk), kick volume at

bottom hole when a well is shut in :

Vkk 
Vss x Max.Shoe Pressure
BHP@kick Shut in
PROBLEM :

Well depth = 10000 ft, Casing shoe = 5000 ft, MW = 10 ppg,

Fract. Gradient = 0.72 psi/ft, DC/OH Capacity = 0.0291 bbls/ft,
Length of DC = 800 ft, DP/OH Capacity = 0.0459 bbls/ft, SIDPP
= 500 Psi, Gradien influx = 0.12 psi/ft.

Calculate :
Kick tolerant ?
U-TUBE CONCEPT
 U- Tube
While drilling a well, we have a u-tube in effect.

The workstring and

the annulus form our
u-tube.

10,000 ft

The gauge should be

Bottom Hole Pressure.
U- Tube Concept:

Gas
W2 D2

D
D3
W1 D1

1 2 3 4 5 6
The bottom hole pressure at all column is equal.

PBH1 = PBH2 = PBH3 = PBH4 = 0.052 x D x W1

PBH5 = 0.052 x ( D1 x W1 + D2 x W2 )

PBH6 = 0.052 x D3 x W1 + PGas

SIDP SIDP
SICP SICP

Drill String : BHP = HPMud + SIDP

Annulus : BHP = HPMud + HPInflux + SICP
 Then surface gauge pressure =

6,000 ft of 12.5 ppg 6,000 ft of 10 ppg fluid

6000 ft

BHP = ?
Expansion and Gas migration

• Gas Expansion
P x V
Hukum Boyle Law : = Constant
Z xT
if Z & T assumed Constant,
therefore : P x V = Constant
• Gas Migration
if kick is gas, and the well is shut in too long, therefore the gas
will migrate to the surface due to gravitation effect and volume is
constant, the bottom hole pressure will increase.

Well Control Principle :

Well Control doesnt allow to kill the well without expansion of gas
(Gas migration is not permited)

We have to keep :
Bottom Hole Pressure Constant.
Gas Migration :
Gas Expansion :
 Migration and Gas Expantion
PDp PDp PDp PDp

PCsg PCsg PCsg PCsg

Depth = 10.000 ft Gas migrates Constant BHP Constant BHP

Bit = 8 ½ “ to 5000 ft Gas reaches 5000 ft Gas reaches surface
Mud = 10 ppg
DP = 4 ½” – 16.60 lbs/ft VGas = 15 bbl VGas = 25.36 bbl VGas = 69.20 bbl
DC = 6 ½“ x 2 ¾” – 18 jts PGas = 5720 psi HGas = 507 ft HGas = 1384 ft
SIDP = 520 psi HGas = 300 ft PGas = 3384 psi PGas = 1240 psi
SICP = 690 psi BHP = 5720 psi BHP = 5720 psi
Pit Gain = 15 bbl BHP = 8164 psi PCsg = 784 psi
PCasing = 3120 psi
FP = 5720 psi
WInflux = 3 ppg
TYPE OF INFLUX

Height of influx column Hi (ft) =

Pit Gain (bbl) / volume anulus (bbl/ft )

Formula:

SICP - SIDP = 0.052 x Hi x ( OMW - Wi )

OMW - Wi = ( SICP - SIDP ) / ( 0.052 x Hi )

Comparison :
Density of water = 8.33 ppg
Density of gas = 1 - 2 ppg
 PROBLEM :

Annulus capacity between DC and open hole is 0.022553

bbl/ft. Lenght drill collar = 600 ft
Annular capacity DP and open hole is 0.0561 bbl/ft. Mud
gain 25 bbl. Original mud = 10.5 ppg. Depth = 8000 ft. SIDP
= 600 psi. SICP = 870 psi.

Calculate :
a. Height of influx
b. Density of influx
The Sign of Well Kick

• Increase in flow-line rate - Stop pumps, check flow

• Increase in pit volume - Stop pumps, check flow
• Increase in SPM & - Stop pumps, check flow
decrease in circ. pressure
• Drilling break - Stop pumps, check flow
• “D” exponent - Stop pumps, check flow
• Increase in cutting - Stop pumps, check flow
size & shape
• Water cut mud / - Stop pumps, check flow
increase salinity
• Gas cut mud - Stop pumps, check flow
When Well Kick happen ?

• While drilling -
• While tripping -
• While changing the bit -
• Drill Stem Test -
• Work Over
• Etc. Onshore or Offshore
*****
If the well kick occured :
• Shut in the well as procedure
• record SIDP, SICP, Pit Gain
• Report
• Prepare to kill the well
Note : It will be better to shut in the well as soon as
possible to reduce pressure at surface and pit gain.
Cause of Well kick:
The cause of well kick is hydrostatic pressure of mud is less than the
formation pressure :
 The hydrostatic of mud decrease
- Drilling mud weight decrease
Decreasing of MW is caused by contamination of formation fluid (gas, oil
and water).
Ex : the bit penetrate gas formation, Swabb effect
- Height of drilling mud decrease
Drilling mud enter to the formation, late to fill mud into the drill string when
pull out of the string.
Mud Loss:

Formation fracture
- MW of mud is too high
- viscosity of mud is too high
- squeeze effect

Drilling bit penetrate cavernous formation

Wet Pull

Drilling mud in drill string is lifted up when

pull out the string.
Drilling mud poured out on the rotary table
when releasing DP.

Condition :
DP float is installed in the drill string
Size of nozzle is too small
Wet Pull

Decreasing of mud volume :

Vol  ( L.DPdisp )  ( L x DPcap )

DP displacement :
DPdisp  0.000971.(ODdp  IDdp )
2 2

DP capacity :
DPcap  0.000971.( IDdp )
2
Problem :
1. Calculate volume in bbls to fill 9500 ft casing 5 in OD; 4.494 in
ID.

2. How much volume of mud to fill 5 stand DP 4-1/2 in OD; 93 ft/std

Capacity DP 0.01421 bbls/ft ; Displacement = 0.00663 bbls/ft if
DP pulled out wet pull
(Ans : 6.6 bbls)

3. How much volume of mud to fill 3 stds DP 4-1/2 in OD (pull wet)

93 ft/std; Casing 10-3/4 in OD; 10.192 in ID.
Ans : 5.5 bbls
Wet Pull :

DP displacement :
DPdisp  0.000971.(ODdp  IDdp )
2 2

Or : DPdisp  (Cascap  DPcap )

Where :
DPdisp : Drillpipe displaceme nt , bbl / ft
ODdp : Outside Diameter drill pipe, inch
IDdp : Inside Diameter drill pipe, inch
Wet Pull :

Vol. decrease of mud in hole :

Vol  0.000971.L.(ODdp )
2

Level of mud (∆h) :

Vol
h 
An.cap

Annulus Capacity:
Ancap  0.000971.( IDc  ODdp )
2 2
Wet Pull :
 Pressure loss of hydrostatic pressure :

Ph  0.052.MW .(h)

Problem-3
 Drill pipe : 5”OD, 4.276”ID, 1 stand = 91 ft
 DP wet pull : 10 stand
 Casing : 9-5/8”OD, 9.1 ID
 MW : 11 ppg
Calculate :
a. Decrease volume of drilling mud in the hole?
b. Decrease height of drilling mud in the hole?
c. Decrease hydrostatic pressure of mud at the bottom hole?
 Problem :
Calculate :
Length of DP is pulled out the hole before hydrostatic pressure decrease 180 psi
DP is plugged  Not U-tube

A
L
B

h Capacity casing = A + B + C = 0.07583

Capacity DP =A = 0.01719
Displacement DP = B = 0.00827
10.5 ppg
Dry Pull

Drilling mud in drill string isn’t lifted up

when pull out the string.
Drilling mud isn’t poured out on the rotary
table when releasing DP (dry).

Condition :
DP float is not installed in the drill string
Size of nozzle is big
Dry Pull

Vol. decrease of mud in hole :

Vol  0.000971.L.( DPdisp )

Level of mud (∆h) :

Vol
h 
An.cap  DPcap

Pressure drop of Ph:

Ph  0.052.MW .h
Problem-4
 Drill pipe : 5”OD, 4.276”ID, 1 stand = 91 ft
 DP Dry pull : 10 stand
 Casing : 9-5/8”OD, 9.1 ID
 MW : 11 ppg

Calculate :
a. Decrease volume of drilling mud in the hole?
b. Decrease height of drilling mud in the hole?
c. Decrease hydrostatic pressure of mud at the bottom
hole?
Brp ft DP ?

DP 5.5 “OD 4.778 “ID

DP cap = A = 0.02218 bpf

H
16.9 ppg DP Disp = B = 0.00721 bpf
Ann.Vol. = C = 0.03514 bpf

Csg 9 in OD 8.150 ID
A 1. What length of DP is pulled out (pulled dry)
before BHP decrease 75 psi
B
2. With same data;
Calculate length of DP if pulled wet ?

16954 ft MD/TVD
Slug
 Usually slug is pumped into drill string before drill
string pulled out of the hole.
 Slug pushes drilling mud down in drill pipe.
 Around 1 stand of DP is empty

To determine height of Slug (hs) :

hs x  s  MW .(hs  he )
Slug
To determine height of Slug (hs) :

hs x  s  MW .(hs  he )

Where :
hs : heigh of slug , ft
 s : density of slug , ppg
he : height of empty drillpipe , ft
Problem-5
 Pull out program Drill pipe : 5”OD, 4.276”ID
 Empty DP : 60 ft below rotary table.
 Density of slug : 16 ppg
 MW : 10 ppg

Calculate :
a. Height of slug?
b. Volume of slug is filled into DP?
Sign of Kick While Drilling :

 ROP increase (drilling break)

 Gas connection (gas-cut mud)
 Mud temperature increase
 Chloride content in mud increase
 RPM increase,
 Hook load increase and decrease if influx enter to hole.
 Cutting size at shale shaker increase
 Pump pressure decrease*
 Pump stroke increase*
 Mud gain and return flow increase
Indicator of Kick
While POH Drill String
 Volume drilling mud which is filled into the hole less than
displacement volume of drill string/calculation.
Example :
From calculation, volume of mud which should be filled
into the hole is 3 bbls. Actually, volume of mud that filled
into the hole is 2 bbls. Its mean that the formation fluid
has entered the hole.

 Drilling mud flows up to the surface when mud pump

stopped.
Indicator of Kick
While RIH Drill String
 Volume drilling mud which flow from the hole is more
than displacement volume of drill string/calculation or trip
volume.
Example :
From calculation, volume of mud which should flow from
the hole is 3 bbls. Actually, volume of mud that flow from
the hole is 4 bbls. Its mean that the formation fluid has
entered the hole.

 Drilling mud flows up to the surface when mud pump

stopped.
Well Control Phases :
1. Primary Well Control
This well control is the maintenance of drilling fluid hidrostatic
pressure.

2. Secondary Well Control

This well control involves detecting and bringing an influx to
the surface after primary control failed, utililizing
surface/subsurface blowouts preventer (BOP)

3. Tertiary Well Control

This well control involves the technique used to control
blowout once primary and secondary control failed. The well
is brought back to primary well control to continue drilling
activities.
Primary Well Control :
 Hydrostatic pressure : The pressure at the bottom hole caused by
drilling mud when drilling mud is not circulated (static), developed
by the height and density of a non moving fluid column.

 To prevent formation fluid flow into the wellbore (kick), hidrostatic

pressure must be at least equal to the highest pressure
permeable zone of the open hole.

 The unit of HP is POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH (PSI).

 Gradien fresh water = 0,433 psi/ft (SG = 8.33 ppg), salt water =
0.465 psi/ft (SG = 8.94 ppg)
Primary Well Control
Formula :

Ph  0.052 x MWx (TVD) … (1)

… (2)
G  0.052 x MW

Where :
MW = Mud weight (ppg)
TVD = True vertical depth (ft)
Bottom Hole Pressure Condition
 Hydrostatic mud = formation pressure
Ph = Pf (BALANCE)
 Hydrostatic mud > formation pressure
Ph > Pf (OVERBALANCE)
 Hydrostatic mud < formation pressure
Ph < Pf (UNDERBALANCE)

Kick happen in UNDERBALANCE

Practically, in drilling operation, the mud is designed overbalance
around 0.3 – 0.5 ppg
Secondary Well Control:
 Control is given by BOPE

 If the kick happen, there are 3 option:

1. Divert
2. Soft shut in
3. Hard shut in
When Should a Well be Shut in ?
 A well should be shut in when there is
an influx of formation fluids, and when
broaching (fracturing to the surface)
will not occur.

 Casing setting depth should be

carefully selected using all available
data in order to minimize the
likelihood of formation breakdown at
the time of well closure.
Shut In Procedure :

While drilling While tripping

(pipe on bottom)
Diverter Procedure

 If existing casing does not strong enough to overcome the pressure from the
formation, diverting the formation fluid to the safe distance from the rig should be
done and same direction with wind blow.

 Diverting while drilling:

1. stop rotary, pick up Kelly/top drive
2. Oven valve to safe distance from the rig
3. Close diverter
4. Pump at maximum rate with drilling fluid, seawater or heavy mud from
reserve pits. Should you decide to continue using drilling fluid, remember
that it may soon be depleted, forcing the switch to seawater or another
source of fluid.
Soft Shut in :
 When cloisng the well and drilling mud still flowing, the shock effect posibly happen
and it can arise bottom hole pressure. The formation can be fracture especially
shallow well. Shoft shut in method can reduce this effect.

 Soft shut in Procedure :

1. Stop rotary, pick up kelly/top drive
2. Stop mud pump
3. Open HCR
4. Make sure remote choke is open
5. Close annular
6. Close remote choke
7. Record SIDPP, SICP and mud gain
Hard Shut in :

 For deep wells, hard shut in can be applied.

 Hard shut in procedure:

1. Stop rotary, angkat kelly/top drive
2. Stop pump
3. Make sure remote choke is close
4. Close annular
5. Open HCR
6. Record SIDPP , SICP and mud gain
While Tripping :
1. Pick up DP, set slip
2. Connect FOSV in open position.
3. Close FOSV
4. Open HCR valve.
5. Close annular BOP.
6. Close choke.
7. Connect kelly or Top drive.
8. Open FOSV
9. Record SIDP, SICP and Pit gain.
10. Report
CONTROLT ERTIER (Kill the well) :

Principle:
Constant Bottom Hole Pressure Method.
• Driller’s Method
Circulation - 1 : Circulate out the influx by using OMW
Circulation - 2 : Circulate (pump) KMW to displace OMW

• Wait & Weight Method

Making Kill Mud Weight.
Pump the KMW to circulate out the influx

• Concurrent Method
Pump the OMW to circulate out the influx while weighted the
mud gradually.
 WELL CONTROL

Driller’s Method

• Kick is Controlled in two stages :

ICP
• Shut in Well and check SICP Then :
SICP
• A. Circulate Out Kick with Original Weight
Mud
– Open choke, bring pump up to kill speed while
MUD
maintaining constant casing pressure (SICP).
– With the pump at kill speed, switch to drillpipe
pressure, maintain constant ICP (initial choke Drill pipe
pressure) on the drillpipe by manipulating
choke.
– After kick is circulated out, close - in well while Gas Influx
maintaining constant casing pressure.
– When the well is totally closed - in, SICP must
be the same as the original SIDPP. If not, BHP
resume circulation until all the influx is
circulated out.
 Profil Tekanan – Driller’s Method circulation -1
PDp PDp PDp PDp PDp
PCsg PCsg PCsg PCsg PCsg

0 1 2 3 4
PDp
SIDP

KRP

PCsg
 Profil Tekanan – Driller’s Method circulation-2
PDp PDp PDp PDp PDp
PCsg PCsg PCsg PCsg PCsg

0 1 2 3 4
PDp
SIDP

KRP

PCsg
Problem :
The depth target 10.000 ft, casing already cemented 9 5/8” – 47 lbs/ft, 5.000 ft.
Drilling Data :
Diameter of bit = 8 ½”.
Drill pipe = 4 ½” – 16.60 lbs/ft
Drill pipe capacity = 0.0170 bbl/ft)
Drill collar = 6 ¼” x 2 13/16” – 630 ft.
Annulus Capasity = 0.0489 bbl/ft.
Mud weight = 10 ppg.
Pump Output = 0.09442 bbl/strk.
Casing Internal Yield (Burst)= 3.950 psi.
Lot. MW = 10.4 ppg.
BOP stack rating = 5.000 psi.
Surface test pressure = 1.750 psi.
KRP at 60 spm = 350 psi.
Kick happen at 8.500 ft, then the well is shuted :
SIDP = 600 psi
SICP = 770 psi.
Pit Gain = 15 bbl.
Calculate :
• Hitung KMW, ICP, FCP, STB, BTS
• Height of influx
• Type of influx
 WELL CONTROL

Wait & Weight Method

Circulate Out Kick with Weighted Mud

ICP

• Open choke, bring pump up to kill speed SICP

while maintaining constant casing
pressure.
• Follow DP Press vs. Pump Strokes MUD
schedule to adjust DP pressure as kill
weight mud travels to the bit.
Drill pipe

• When the heavy mud is at the bit, stay

with DP pressure and maintain constant
FCP on the DP until the kick is expelled Gas Influx
and the heavy mud reaches the surface.
• Stop pump. Check for flow.
BHP
 Press

OMW = 9.5 ppg

KMW = 11.1 ppg
SIDP = 700 psi
3000 SICP = 750 psi
KRP = 60 spm at 300 psi
ICP = 1.260 psi
2500 FCP = 370 psi
ICP 1260 STB = 1.620 strk
2000 Press Drop = 88 psi/160 strk

1500

1000

FCP
500
370

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Stroke 0 160 320 480 640 800 960 1120 1280 1620
Pump Press 1260 1172 1084 996 908 820 732 644 556 468
370
Time (min) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 30
27
 Pressure profile – Wait & Weight Method
PDp PDp PDp PDp PDp
PCsg PCsg PCsg PCsg PCsg

0 1 2 3 4
PDp
SIDP

KRP

PCsg
 WELL CONTROL

Comparison

Weight & Wait Method Driller's Method

Advantages: Advantages:

- Lowest casing pressure - Can start immediately.

at surface. - Easier to learn.
- Best option if you have to wait
- Sometimes lowest casing on Barite.
pressure at the shoe.

- Only one circ. to kill well. Disadvantages:

Disadvantages: - Need two circulations.

- Highest casing pressure for
- Long waiting time, cuttings longest period of time.
could settle, could get stuck. - Usually highest casing shoe
pressure.
- Gas can migrate.
Data :
Casing 9 5/8” - 6000 ft, Bit - 8 1/2”, Mud : 9.6 ppg
Drill pipe - 4 1/2” - 16.6 lbs/ft Capacity - 0.0142 bbl/ft
Drill collar - 6 1/2” x 2 3/4” - 21 jts Capacity - 0.0073 bbl/ft
Triplex Pump 6 1/2” x 8 1/2” (0.0785 bbl/stk) Capacity - 0.0785 bbl/str
KRP @ 9800 ft, 50 SPM = 384 psi
Depth of kick 10000 ft
SIDP = 780 psi SICP = 960 psi Pit Gain = 15 bbl

Calculate :
1. Formation pressure
2. KMW
3. ICP
3. FCP
4. Volume drill string = volume drill pipe + volume drill collar
5. Surface To Bit Strokes
6. Surface To Bit Time
 WELL CONTROL

Concurent Method

Procedure :
ICP
• The well has been shut in on a kick. Kick size,
stabilized shut in drillpipe (SIDPP) and casing SICP

pressures (SICP) are recorded on a worksheet.

-Calculate KMW = (SIDPP/0.052xD) + OMW
MUD
-Calculate ICP = KRP + SIDPP
-Calculate FCP = KRP x (KMW / OMW) Drill pipe

• Calculate the pressure adjustments are calculated

as psi per point of fluid weight.
- Press.Drop/pt = ((ICP-FCP) / (KMW – OMW)) /10 Gas Influx

BHP
Pressure Schedule :
 Bit Off Bottom

Condition :
If the well already shutted in, influx (gas)
doesnt reach the bit.

SIDP = SICP

After the gas reach the bit :

SIDP  SICP
VOLUMETRIC
METHOD
Volumetric Method 0
700

 This process may be repeated several times

untill all of the gas influx has been removed at
the surface.

 The volumetric method is used when :

 There is little or no DP in the hole
 Washout in the string
 When can not circulate or nozzle plugged

10,000 ft

8 1/2”
 SPECIAL CASE
PROBLEM IN WELL KILLING OPERATION
Problem while Well Killing
 Bit nozzles plugged
 Bit nozzles washed out
 Pump failure
 Chicksans or drilling hose
parted
 Choke plugged
 Choke washed out
 String wash out
 Lost circulation
 Unusual pressure fluctuation