PreparedbyResearch&Development

eSpringContaminantReductionList
(IncludingHealthEffects&SourcesofContamination)
AestheticSubstance

%Reduced

Particulates ClassI

>95

Taste,OdorandChlorineClassI

>95

Chloramine

>95

Contaminant

CASNumber

%
Reduced

PotentialHealthEffectsfrom
IngestionofWater

SourcesofContaminantinDrinkingWater

Acenaphthene

83329

>99.7

Headache,fatigue,nausea;
developmentofskinallergy;liver
andkidneydamage

Runoff/leachingfromuseasinsecticide/fungicide

Acenaphthylene

208968

>99.7

SeeAbove

Dehydrationofacenaphthene

Runofffromherbicideusedonrowcrops

Alachlor

15972608

>95

Eye,liver,kidneyorspleen
problems;anemia;increasedrisk
ofcancer

Aldicarb

116063

99.8

Centralnervoussystemand
neurologicalproblems

Runoff/leachingfromsoiltreatmentwithinsecticide

Aldrin

309002

97.4

Increasedriskofcancer

Runoff/leachingfromsoiltreatmentwithinsecticide

AlphaBHC
SeeLindane

319846

>99.6

Liverandkidneydamage;
increasedriskofcancer

Runoff/leachingfrominsecticide

AlphaEndosulfan

959988

97.1

Endocrinedisruption

Runofffrominsecticideusedonfoodcrops

Revised3/25/13SER/LH


PreparedbyResearch&Development

Anthracene

Asbestos

Atenolol

120127

12001295

29122687

>99.6

Skindamage,gastrointestinaltract;
hematologicalandlymphoid
systemsproblems

Releasefromdyemanufacturingorwoodpreserving
facilities;runofffrominsecticideuse

>99

Skindamage;circulatorysystem
Decayofasbestoscementinwatermains;runofffrom
problems;increasedriskofbenign glassandelectronicsplantwastes;wear/breakdownof
intestinalpolyps,lungdiseaseand
asbestoscontainingmaterials;erosionofnatural
cancer
deposits

99%

Potentialendocrinedisrupting
compound(EDC).Groupofdrugs
calledbetablockersthatworksby
slowingdowntheheartand
reducingitsworkload

Drinkingwatercontaminatedbypharmaceuticalsisan
emergingareaofresearch.Thelevelsthatarebeing
reportedareinthepartspertrillion(ppt)rangesbut
arestillalarmingtomanypeopleeventhoughthereis
noreportedhealtheffectsassociatedtoanyofthe
levelsofpharmaceuticalsreported.
Runofffromherbicideusedonrowcrops;leaching
fromwastewateratmanufacturingsites

Atrazine

1912249

>90

Cardiovascularsystemproblems;
reproductivedifficulties;increased
riskofcancer

Benzene

71432

>95

Anemia;decreasedinblood
platelets;increasedriskofcancer

Dischargefromfactories;leachingfromgasstorage
tanksandlandfills

Benzidine

92875

>99.6

Increasedriskofurinarybladder
andothercancers

Leachingfromwastesites;breakdownofbenzidine
baseddyes(breakdownof1,2diphenylhydrazine)

Increasedriskofcancer

Leachingfromwastesitesofmanufacturedgas
facilities;productofincompletecombustionoffossil
fuel,organicmatter,garbage

Benzo[k]fluoranthene

207089

98.1

Benzo[a]anthracene

56553

>99.3

Increasedriskofcancer

Leachingfromwastesitesofmanufacturedgas
facilities;productofincompletecombustionoffossil
fuel,organicmatter,garbage

Benzo[a]pyrene

50328

92.5

Reproductivedifficulties;skin

Leachingfromliningsofwaterstoragetanksand
Revised3/25/13SER/LH


PreparedbyResearch&Development
changes;increasedriskofcancer

distributionlines

Benzo[b]fluoranthene

205982

98.7

Increasedriskofcancer

Releasefromdyemanufacturingorwoodpreserving
facilities;productofincompletecombustionoffossil
fuel,organicmatter,garbage

Benzo[g,h,i]perylene

191242

91.0

Possibleskin,liver,andrelated
tissueproblems

Productofincompletecombustionoffossilfuel,
organicmatter,garbage

BetaBHC

319857

>99.6

Liverandkidneyproblems;
increasedriskofcancer

Runoff/leachingfrominsecticide

BetaEndosulfan

33213659

97.5

Endocrinedisruption

Runofffrominsecticideusedonfoodcrops

Bis(2Chloroethoxy)methane

111911

>99.3

Skinandeyeirritations

Dischargefromrubbermanufacturingplants
Dischargefromtextilefactories,pesticide
manufacturingandindustrialchemicalfactories

Bis(2chloroethyl)ether(BCEE)

111444

>99.0

Irritationandproblemswithskin,
eyes,throatandlungs;increased
riskofcancer

Bis(2chloroisopropyl)ether

108601

>98.3

Increasedriskofcancer

Dischargefromdye,pharmaceuticalandindustrial
chemicalfactories
DischargeduringproductionofPVCandvinylchloride
resins

Bis(2ethylhexyl)phthalate

117817

99.0

Developmental,liverand
gastrointestinalproblems;
increasedriskofcancer

Bromochloroacetonitrile

83463621

>98.2

Suspectedcarcinogen

Byproductofdrinkingwaterdisinfection

Bromodichloromethanesee
Trihalomethanes(TTHMs)

Bromoformsee
Trihalomethanes(TTHMs)

4Bromophenylphenylether

101553

>99.1

Leachingfromwastesites

Revised3/25/13SER/LH


PreparedbyResearch&Development
Butylbenzylphthalate

85687

>99.4

Reproductiveanddevelopmental
problems;increasedriskofcancer

ReleasefromPVCmanufacturingfacilities;leaching
fromwastesites

Leachingfromsoiltreatedwithinsecticide

Carbaryl

63252

>98.3

Cholinesteraseinhibitioncausing
headaches,memoryloss,muscle
weaknessandcramps;liverand
kidneyproblems

Carbofuran

1563662

>95

Problemswithbloodornervous
system;reproductivedifficulties

Leachingfromsoilfumigantusedonriceandalfalfa

Carbontetrachloride

56235

>95

Liverproblems;increasedriskof
cancer

Dischargefromchemicalplantsandotherindustrial
activities

Chlordane

57749

>95

Liverornervoussystemproblems;
increasedriskofcancer

Residuefrombannedtermiticide

Chlorobenzene

108907

>95

Liverorkidneyproblems

Dischargefromchemicalandagriculturalfactories

Chlorodibromomethanesee
Trihalomethanes(TTHMs)

2chloroethylvinylether

110758

>99.9

Releaseduringmanufactureofpharmaceuticals

Chloroformsee
Trihalomethanes(TTHMs)or
VOCs

>95

Suspectedcarcinogen

4Chloro3methylphenol

59507

>99.1

Lungandskinproblems

Byproductofwaterchlorinationtreatment;discharge
fromwastewatersatmanufacturingfacilities

94

Usedinsolvent,wood
preservatives,immersionoilfor
testingrefractiveindexandas
additivesincableinsulation,
engineoil,electroplating

ToxicPollutants

2chloronaphthalene

91587

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PreparedbyResearch&Development
compoundsandcapacitors.They
areusedinproducingdyes.

95578

>98.1

Reproductiveanddevelopmental
problems;liverandkidney
damage;increasedriskofcancer

7005723

>99.1

>99.2

Toxicitytohumans,including
carcinogenicity,reproductiveand
developmentaltoxicity,
neurotoxicityandacutetoxicity

Runofffromuseaspesticideandbyproductofdrinking
waterdisinfection

Runofffromhomeinsecticideuseoncockroaches,
fleasandtermitesorfromfarmusetocontroltickson
cattleandcroppests

2Chlorophenol

4Chlorophenylphenylether

Chloropicrin

76062

Leachingfromtreatedwood;releasefrom
manufacturingfacilities

Chlorpyrifos

2921882

>99.9

Cholinesteraseinhibitioncausing
nausea,dizziness,andconfusion;
nervoussystemproblems

Chrysene

218019

>97.8

Increasedriskofcancer

Pollutionofdustparticlesformedwhengarbage,
gasoline,oranimalandplantmaterialsareburned

Dischargefromindustrialchemicalfactories

cis1,2Dichloroethylene

156592

>99

Kidneyandliverdamage;nervous
andhematologicalsystem
problems

cis1,3Dichloropropylene

10061015

>99

Bladderandkidneydamage

Leachingfromsoiltreatedwithnematocide;leaching
fromhazardouswastesitesandproductionfacilities

Cysts

n/a

>99.95%

Gastroentericdiseasessuchas
cryptosporidiosis

Humanandfecalanimalwaste

24D

94757

>95

Kidney,liverandhematological
systemproblems

Runofffromherbicideusedonrowcrops

4,4DDD

72548

97

Increasedriskofcancer

Residuefrombannedpesticide;leachingfromlandfills
orwastesites
Revised3/25/13SER/LH


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DeltaBHC

319868

>99.6

Liverandkidneyproblems

Runoff/leachingfrominsecticide

Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene

53703

93.4

Increasedriskofcancer

Leachingfromwastesitesofmanufacturedgas
facilities;productofincompletecombustionoffossil
fuel,organicmatterandgarbage

Dibromoacetonitrile

3252435

>99.2

Suspectedcarcinogen

Byproductofdrinkingwaterdisinfection

Leachingfromlandfillsandwastewatersfromfire
retardantandplasticsmanufacturingfacilities

4,4Dibromo1,1biphenyl

92864

95.7

Weightloss,skindisorders,liver,
kidney,thyroidglandandnervous
andimmunesystemproblems;
increasedriskofcancer

Dibromochloropropane
(DBCP)

96128

>95

Reproductivedifficulties;kidney
damage;increasedriskofcancer

Runoff/leachingfromuseasanematocideforsoil
fumigant

Dichloracetonitrile

3018120

>98.4

Suspectedcarcinogen

Byproductofdrinkingwaterdisinfection

oDichlorobenzene

95501

>95

Liver,kidneyorcirculatorysystem
problems

Dischargefromindustrialchemicalfactories

1,3Dichlorobenzene

541731

>99.8

Liverandkidneydamage

Dischargefromindustrialchemicalfactories

pDicholorbenzene

106467

>98

Anemia;liver,kidneyorspleen
damage;changesinblood

Dischargefromindustrialchemicalfactories

3,3Dichlorobenzidine

91941

>99.6

Dermatitis;increasedriskofcancer

Dischargefromindustrialchemicalfactories

1,2Dichloroethane

107062

95

Increasedriskofcancer

Dischargefromindustrialchemicalfactories

1,1Dichloroethylene

540590

>99

Liverdamage

Dischargefromindustrialchemicalfactories

2,4Dichlorophenol

120832

>98.7

Liverandkidneydamage;nervous
andimmunesystemeffects

Dischargefrompesticidemanufacturingfactories

1,2Dichloropropane

78875

>99

Increasedriskofcancer

Dischargefromindustrialchemicalfactories

Revised3/25/13SER/LH


PreparedbyResearch&Development
1,1Dichloropropanone

513882

>98

Suspectedcarcinogen

Byproductofdrinkingwaterdisinfection

Dieldrin

60571

99.7

Increasedriskofcancer

Runoff/leachingfromsoiltreatmentwithinsecticide

Diethylphthalate

84662

>99.7

Leachingfromplasticsduringuseandfromwastesites
andlandfillscontainingdischargeplastics
Dischargefromindustrialchemicalandpetroleum
factories

2,4Dimethylphenol

105679

>98.7

Liverandkidneydamage;
hematologicalandnervoussystem
problems

Dimethylphthalate

131113

>99.8

Reproductiveproblems;kidney
damage

Dischargefromindustrialchemicalfactories

Dinbutylphthalate

84742

>99.6

Possiblereproductiveproblems
(whenlargequantitiesare
ingested)

Dischargefromindustrialchemicalfactories

Dischargefromindustrialchemicalfactories;leaching
fromlandfillsanduseasapesticide

4,6Dinitro2methylphenol

534521

>99.3

Centralnervoussystemand
cardiovascularproblems;cataracts;
skinirritations;kidneyandliver
damage

2,4Dinitrophenol

51285

>99.3

Nausea,vomiting,sweating,
dizziness,headache,lossofweight

Pesticiderunofftowaterandfromreleasestotheair
frommanufacturingplants
Dischargefromindustrialchemicalfactoriesand
manufacturingprocessessuchaspolyurethane,
ammunitionanddyes

2,4Dinitrotoluene

121142

>94.3

Hematologicalandnervoussystem
effects;increasedriskofcancer

2,6Dinitrotoluene

606202

>95.1

Seeabove

Seeabove

Dinoctylphthalate
(DNOP)

117840

>98.8

Possibleliverdamage

Releaseduringmanufacturing;leachingfromplastic
duringuseorinlandfills

Dinoseb(DNBP)

88557

99

Reproductivedifficulties

Runofffromherbicidesusedonsoybeansand
Revised3/25/13SER/LH


PreparedbyResearch&Development
vegetables
1,2Diphenylhydrazine

122667

>99.0

Increasedriskofcancer

Leachingfromwastesites

EthinylEstradiol(17alpha
ethynylestradiol)orEE2

77538568

98

Potentialendocrinedisrupting
compound(EDC)

Componentofcombinedoralcontraceptives

Endosulfansulfate

1031078

95.4

Liver,kidneyandreproductive
damage;endocrinedisruption

Breakdownofalphaandbetaendosulfanisomers

Endrin

72208

>95

Liverproblems;nervoussystem
effects

Residueofbannedinsecticide

Endrinaldehyde

7421934

>99.0

Breakdownofendrin

Ethylbenzene

100414

>95

Liverandkidneydamage

Dischargefrompetroleumrefineries

Dischargefrompetroleumrefineries

Ethylenedibromide

106934

>95

Problemswithliver,stomach,
reproductivesystemandkidneys;
increasedriskofcancer

Fluranthene

206440

>98.2

Liverandkidneydamage;
increasedriskofcancer

Releasefromdye,pharmaceutical,andagrochemical
manufacturingfacilities

Fluorine

86737

>99.7

Hematologicaleffects

Releasefromdye,pesticide,thermosetplasticand
pharmaceuticalmanufacturingfacilities

gammaBHC(Lindane)

58899

>95

Liverandkidneydamage;
increasedriskofcancer

Runoff/leachingfrominsecticide

Guthion

86500

>99.9

Nervoussystemproblems;
personalitychanges

Runoff/leachingfrominsecticide

Heptachlor

76448

>95

Liverandcentralnervoussystem
damage;increasedriskofcancer

Residuefrombannedtermiticide

Heptachlorepoxide

1024573

>95

Liverdamage;increasedriskof

Breakdownofheptachlor
Revised3/25/13SER/LH


PreparedbyResearch&Development
cancer

Hexachlorobenzene

118741

>98.8

Liverandkidneydamage;
reproductivedifficulties;benign
tumorsofendocrineglands;
increasedriskofcancer

Hexachlorobutadiene

87683

>98

Kidneyandliverdamage;increased
riskofcancer

Dischargefromindustrialchemicalfactories

Hexachlorocyclopentadiene

77474

>99

Kidneyandstomachdamage

Dischargefromchemicalfactories;runofffrom
pesticideuse
Reactionofcertaincarboncompoundswithchlorine;
incinerationofchlorinatedhydrocarbons;runofffrom
insecticideuse

Dischargefrommetalrefineriesandagricultural
chemicalfactories

Hexachloroethane

67721

?96.6

Liverandkidneydamage;
increasedriskofcancer

Hydrocarbons

n/a

>91.3

Gasoline,kerosene,dieselfuelgroundcontamination

Isophorone

78591

>98.4

Kidneydamage;possible
reproductiveproblems

Dischargefromchemicalfactories

>95

Infantsandchildren:delaysin
physicalormentaldevelopment
Adults:Kidneyproblems;high
bloodpressure

Corrosionofhouseholdplumbingsystems;erosionof
naturaldeposits

Corrosionofhouseholdplumbingsystems;erosionof
naturaldeposits

LeadatpH6.5

7439921

LeadatpH8.5

7439921

>95

Infantsandchildren:delaysin
physicalormentaldevelopment
Adults:Kidneyproblems;high
bloodpressure

Malathion

121755

>99.0

Nervoussystemproblems

Runofffrominsecticideuseonfarmsandingardens

MercuryatpH6.5

7439976

>90

Kidneydamage

Erosionofnaturaldeposits;dischargefromrefineries
andfactories;runofffromlandfillsandcropland
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MercuryatpH8.5

7439976

>90

Kidneydamage

Erosionofnaturaldeposits;dischargefromrefineries
andfactories;runofffromlandfillsandcropland

Methoxychlor

72435

>95

Liver,kidneyandhearttissue
damage;reproductivedifficulties

Runoff/leachingfrominsecticideusedonfruits,
vegetables,alfalfa,livestock

MicrocystinLR

n/a

99.6

Liverdamage,increasedriskof
cancer

MTBE(Methyltertbutylether)

1634044

>95

Effectstasteandodorofwater,
suspectedcarcinogen

Leakingundergroundandabovegroundfuelstorage
tanks,pipelines,refuelingspills,automobileaccidents
damagingthefueltank,consumerdisposalofold
gasoline,emissionsfromoldermarineengines,andto
alesserdegree,stormwaterrunoff,andprecipitation
mixedwithMTBEintheair

MX(MutagenX)

77439760

96.0

Increasedriskofcancer

Naphthalene

91203

>99.7

Hematologicalproblems;increased
riskofcancer

Runofffromuseasfumigant(mothrepellent);
dischargefromindustrialchemicalfactories
Releaseinemissionsandwastewaterduringits
manufacture,processingandusesasasolvent

Nitrobenzene

98953

>98.5

Liverandkidneydamage;
reproductiveproblems;increased
riskofcancer

2Nirtophenol

88755

>99.5

Liverandkidneydamage;nervous
systemproblems

Dischargefromchemicalfactoriesduring
manufacturing;breakdownofpesticides

4Nirtophenol

100027

>99.8

Lungandnervoussystemproblems

Dischargefromchemicalfactoriesduring
manufacturing;runofffromuseasfungicide;
breakdownofpesticides

NNitrosodinpropylamine

621647

>99.2

Increasedriskofcancer

Leachingfromwastesitesanduseasaweedkiller

NNitrosodiphenylamine

86306

>99.1

Increasedriskofcancer

Leachingfromwastesites

Revised3/25/13SER/LH


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Parathion

PCB1016

PCB1221

PCB1232

PCB1242

PCB1248

56382

12674112

11104282

11141165

53469219

12672296

>99.9

Hematologicalproblems

Runofffromuseasinsecticide

>98.8

Skinchanges;thymusgland
problems;immunedeficiencies;
reproductiveornervoussystem
difficulties;increasedriskofcancer

Runofffromlandfills;dischargeofwastechemicals

>99.6

Skinchanges;thymusgland
problems;immunedeficiencies;
reproductiveornervoussystem
difficulties;increasedriskofcancer

Runofffromlandfills;dischargeofwastechemicals

>98.4

Skinchanges;thymusgland
problems;immunedeficiencies;
reproductiveornervoussystem
difficulties;increasedriskofcancer

Runofffromlandfills;dischargeofwastechemicals

>99.2

Skinchanges;thymusgland
problems;immunedeficiencies;
reproductiveornervoussystem
difficulties;increasedriskofcancer

Runofffromlandfills;dischargeofwastechemicals

>99.4

Skinchanges;thymusgland
problems;immunedeficiencies;
reproductiveornervoussystem
difficulties;increasedriskofcancer

Runofffromlandfills;dischargeofwastechemicals

Runofffromlandfills;dischargeofwastechemicals

Runofffromlandfills;dischargeofwastechemicals

PCB1254

11097691

>97.5

Skinchanges;thymusgland
problems;immunedeficiencies;
reproductiveornervoussystem
difficulties;increasedriskofcancer

PCB1260(Aroclor)

11096825

>95

Skinchanges;thymusgland
problems;immunedeficiencies;
reproductiveornervoussystem

Revised3/25/13SER/LH


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difficulties;increasedriskofcancer

Pentachlorophenol

Phenanthrene

87865

85018

Liverorkidneyproblems;
reproductiveeffects;increasedrisk
ofcancer

Dischargefromwoodpreservingfactories;residue
frombannedherbicide

>99.0

Increasedriskofcancer

Dischargefrompetroleumrefineries;leachingfrom
wastesites;releasefrommanufacturinginsecticides,
dyesandplastics
Runofffromlandfillsandhazardouswastesites;
dischargefromplasticandphenolmanufacturing
plants

>99

Phenol

108952

>98.1

Diarrheaanddigestiveproblems;
skindiscolorationanderuptions;
developmentaleffects

Pyrene

129000

>98.1

Kidneydamage

Releasefrommanufacturinginsecticides,dyesand
plastics

Radon

10043922

>95

Increasedriskofcancer

Erosionofnaturaldeposits

Simazine

122349

>95

Hematologicalproblems

Herbiciderunoff

Strychnine

60413

>99.8

Kidneyandbraindamage

Runofffromuseaspesticide

Styrene

100425

>95

Liver,kidney,andcirculatory
problems

Dischargefromrubberandplasticfactories;leaching
fromlandfills

2,4,5TP(Silvex)

93721

>95

Liverandkidneydamage

Residueofbannedherbicide

2,3,7,8Tetrachlorodi
benzoparadioxin(TCDD)

1746016

>99.9

Reproductivedifficulties;increased
riskofcancer

Emissionfromwasteincinerationandother
combustion;dischargefromchemicalfactories

2,3,7,8Tetrachlorodi
benzofuran(TCDF)

51207319

>99.9

Skin,respiratoryandnervous
systemproblems

Emissionfromwasteincinerationandother
combustion;dischargefromchemicalfactories

1,1,2,2Tetrachloroethane

79345

>99

Increasedriskofcancer

Residueformuseaspesticide

Tetrachloroethylene

127184

>95

Liverdamage;increasedriskof

Dischargefromfactoriesanddrycleaners
Revised3/25/13SER/LH


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cancer
Toluene

108883

>95

Nervoussystem,kidneyandliver
problems

Dischargefrompetroleumrefineries

Toxaphene

8001352

>90

Kidney,liver,andthyroid
problems;centralnervoussystem
effects;increasedriskofcancer

Runoff/leachingfrominsecticideusedoncottonand
cattle

trans1,2Dichloroethylene

156605

>99

Liverdamage

Dischargefromindustrialchemicalfactories

trans1,3Dichloroporpene

542756

>99.9

Liverandkidneydamage;
increasedriskofcancer

Runofffromuseaspesticide

Tribromoaceticacid

75967

>98

Increasedriskofcancer

Byproductofdrinkingwaterdisinfection

Trichloroacetonitrile

545062

>98.6

Increasedriskofcancer

Byproductofdrinkingwaterdisinfection

1,2,4Trichlorobenzene

120821

>99

Changesinadrenalglands

Dischargefromtextilefinishingfactories

1,1,1Trichloroethane

71556

95

Liver,nervoussystem,and
circulatoryproblems

Dischargefrommetaldegreasingsitesandother
factories

1,1,2Trichloroethane

79005

>99

Liver,kidney,andimmunesystem
problems

Dischargefromindustrialchemicalfactories

Trichloroethylene

79016

>95

Liverproblems;increasedriskof
cancer

Dischargefrommetaldegreasingsitesandother
factories

Runofffromuseinpesticides

2,4,6Trichlorophenol

88062

>98.7

Reproductiveanddevelopmental
problems;liverandkidney
damage;increasedriskofcancer

1,1,1Trichloropropanone

>95

Suspectedcarcinogen

Byproductofdrinkingwaterdisinfection

Trihalomethanes(TTHMs)
includes:chloroform(surrogate

n/a

>95

Liver,kidney,andcentralnervous
systemproblems;increasedriskof

Byproductofdrinkingwaterdisinfection

Revised3/25/13SER/LH


PreparedbyResearch&Development
chemical),bromoform,
bromodichloromethane,
chlorodibromomethane

cancer

Vinylchloride

75014

>93.9

Increasedriskofcancer

LeachingfromPVCpipes;dischargefromplastic
factories

VOCs(volatileorganic
compounds)testedaschloroform

67663

>95

Liverandkidneydamage;
increasedriskofcancer

Chlorinationbyproduct;dischargefromindustrial
chemicalfactories

Xylenes(mxyleneoxylenep
xylene)

1330207

>99.8

Nervoussystemdamage

Dischargefrompetroleumfactories;dischargefrom
chemicalfactories

Revised3/25/13SER/LH