This document discusses fluid mechanics concepts related to pipe flow, including:
- Nikuradse's experiments on determining friction factor as a function of Reynolds number and pipe roughness.
- Formulas for calculating friction factor based on pipe roughness, including Moody diagram, Prandtl's law, and Colebrook-White equation.
- Concepts of laminar sublayer thickness and friction velocity.
- Example calculations for turbulent pipe flow and non-circular pipe flow using hydraulic radius.
This document discusses fluid mechanics concepts related to pipe flow, including:
- Nikuradse's experiments on determining friction factor as a function of Reynolds number and pipe roughness.
- Formulas for calculating friction factor based on pipe roughness, including Moody diagram, Prandtl's law, and Colebrook-White equation.
- Concepts of laminar sublayer thickness and friction velocity.
- Example calculations for turbulent pipe flow and non-circular pipe flow using hydraulic radius.
This document discusses fluid mechanics concepts related to pipe flow, including:
- Nikuradse's experiments on determining friction factor as a function of Reynolds number and pipe roughness.
- Formulas for calculating friction factor based on pipe roughness, including Moody diagram, Prandtl's law, and Colebrook-White equation.
- Concepts of laminar sublayer thickness and friction velocity.
- Example calculations for turbulent pipe flow and non-circular pipe flow using hydraulic radius.
This document discusses fluid mechanics concepts related to pipe flow, including:
- Nikuradse's experiments on determining friction factor as a function of Reynolds number and pipe roughness.
- Formulas for calculating friction factor based on pipe roughness, including Moody diagram, Prandtl's law, and Colebrook-White equation.
- Concepts of laminar sublayer thickness and friction velocity.
- Example calculations for turbulent pipe flow and non-circular pipe flow using hydraulic radius.
A major contribution on determining the friction factor as a function
of Reynolds number, Re, and pipe roughness A series of experiments where friction factor and velocity distribution were determined for various Reynolds numbers In the experiments, pipes were artificially roughened by sticking uniform sand grains to smooth pipes
VVR 120 Fluid Mechanics
a) L >> kS: b) L kS: c) L << kS:
f = f(y0), y0 = y0(L), L = L(Re) f = f(Re)
f = f(y0), y0 = y0(L, kS), f = f(Re, kS/D) f = f(y0), y0 = y0(kS) f = f(kS)
VVR 120 Fluid Mechanics
Thickness of laminar sublayer
Laminar sublayer thickness, L (from measurements):
L =
4 v*
where = kinematic viscosity
Friction velocity, v*, can be determined from:
4 0 L L V2 = f hf = gD D 2g
0 f v* = =V
8 R = radius
= 0 r/R
r = distance from pipe wall
0 = shear stress at pipe wall
VVR 120 Fluid Mechanics
Example laminar sublayer
Water is flowing in a 100 mm pipe with an average velocity of 1 m/s. Pipe friction factor is 0.02 and kinematic viscosity, = 110-6 m2/s.
v* = V
f = 0.05 m / s 8
4 = 0.08 m L = v*
VVR 120 Fluid Mechanics
VVR 120 Fluid Mechanics
VVR 120 Fluid Mechanics
FORMULAS USED TO DETERMINE THE
FRICTION FACTOR Prandtls and von Karmans semi-empirical laws
For smooth pipes
Re f 1 = 2 log( ) 2.51 f
For rough pipes
1 3.7 = 2 log( ) kS / D f
Colebrook-White transition formula:
k 1 2.51 = 2 log( S + ) 3.7 D Re f f
This formula is applicable to the whole turbulent region for
commercial pipes (iterative solution)
Eq. 6.16
Eq. 6.17
Eq. 6.18
VVR 120 Fluid Mechanics
VVR 120 Fluid Mechanics
Example turbulent pipe flow.
200 l/s of water is pumped through a straight 300 mm pipe. The pipe has a roughness value of ks=0.3 mm and the water temperature is 20C. Calculate the head loss for 1000 m of pipe and required pump power assuming that the end points of the pipe are at the same level.
VVR 120 Fluid Mechanics
D8 A horizontal rough pipe of 150 mm diameter
carries water at 20C. It is observed that the fall of pressure along this pipe is 184 kPa per 100 m when the flowrate is 60 l/s. What size of smooth pipe would produce the same pressure drop for the same flowrate?
VVR 120 Fluid Mechanics
NON-CIRCULAR PIPES THE HYDRAULIC RADIUS
Although the majority of pipes have circular cross-sections, there are some cases where one has to consider flow in rectangular or other types of non-circular pipes. Head loss calculations for non-circular pipe sections are done using the hydraulic radius concept The hydraulic radius, Rh, is defined as the area, A, of the pipe section divided by the wetted perimeter (circumference), P. Rh = A/P
VVR 120 Fluid Mechanics
NON-CIRCULAR PIPES THE HYDRAULIC RADIUS
(cont.) For a circular pipe: Rh = area/wet perimeter = (D2/4)/(D) = D/4; or D = 4Rh This value for the diameter may be substituted into the Darcy-Weisbach equation, Reynolds number, and relative roughness:
L V2 hf = f , 4RH 2 g
Re =
V (4Rh )
ks D
ks 4R
Using these equations, the head loss for non-circular cross-sections may be determined, using an equivalent diameter for a non-circular pipe. The hydraulic radius approach works well for turbulent flow, but not for laminar flow.
VVR 120 Fluid Mechanics
Example non-circular pipe.
Calculate the loss of head and the pressure drop when air at an absolute pressure of 101.3 kPa flows through 600 m of a 450 mm by 300 mm smooth rectangular horizontal duct (pipe) with a mean velocity of 3 m/s. air = 1.225 kg/m3, dynamic viscocity air = 1.78910-5 Pas.
Hydraulic Tables; The Elements Of Gagings And The Friction Of Water Flowing In Pipes, Aqueducts, Sewers, Etc., As Determined By The Hazen And Williams Formula And The Flow Of Water Over The Sharp-Edged And Irregular Weirs, And The Quantity Discharged
Hydraulic Tables; The Elements Of Gagings And The Friction Of Water Flowing In Pipes, Aqueducts, Sewers, Etc., As Determined By The Hazen And Williams Formula And The Flow Of Water Over The Sharp-Edged And Irregular Weirs, And The Quantity Discharged
