Study Guide Gas Laws

Study Guide - Gas Laws (Chapter 5)
Units …
Pressure Volume Temperature

1 atm 1 liter K = oC + 273
76 cm Hg 1000 ml
760 mm Hg 1000 cc
760 torr 1000 cm3
101.325 kPa STP = 1-atm and 0oC
14.7 psi ideal gas @ STP: 1 mol = 22.4 L (molar volume)
Boyles Law … P x V = Constant
P1V1 = P2V2 n and T are constant P P
V 1/V
Charles’ Law … V/T = Constant
V1/T1 = V2/T2 n and P are constant V
Gay-Lussaic’s Law … P/T = Constant
P1/T1 = P2/T2 n and V are constant T
Combined Gas Law … PV/T = Constant
P1V1 PV
= 2 2
T1 T2
Avogadro’s Law … V/n = Constant
V1/n1 = V2/n2 P and T are constant
Ideal Gas Law …

PV = nRT R = .0821 liter.atm/mole.K
Density …
mass PM
=
V RT
Molar Mass …
mass
M = RT
PV
Deviation from Ideal Gas Law (van der Waals equation)…

 an 2 
 P + 2 (V − nb ) = nRT
 V 
a = correction for inter-molecular forces b = correction for volume of atoms

Stoichiometry …
Question: 36.0-gm of methane (CH4) burn in air. Determine the volume of gas produced at 25oC.
Assume the products are gases collected at 1-atm.
Answer: 190. liters
Solution:
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
(36-gm CH4) / (16-gm/mole) = 2.25-mol CH4(g)
Therefore; 2.25-mol of CO2 and 4.50-mol H20 Total moles of gas = 7.75-mol
PV = nRT V = nRT/P V = (7.75-mol)(.0821-liters.atm/mol.K)(298-K)/(1-atm)
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures … ‘the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures that each gas
would exert if it were present alone.’ (Do not forget about water vapor)
PTotal = PT = PA + PB + PC + …Pn (+ PH2O if gas is collected through water)
Mole Fraction … XA = mol component A / total moles
XA = nA / (nA + nB + nC + …) XB = nB / (nA + nB + nC + …) XC = nC / (nA + nB + nC + …)
PA = XAPT PB = XBPT PC = XCPT
XA = PA/PT XB = PB/PT XC = PC/PT
Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) …

Assumptions: 1. Gases may be considered to be point masses. No volume, just mass.
2. Gas molecules move in random straight-line motion with ‘elastic’ collisions. Collisions with walls of
container are cause of pressure exerted by the gas.
3. Gas molecules do not have any inter-molecular forces (IMF).
4. Average kinetic energy of a collection of gas particles is directly proportional to Kelvin temperature.
Two gases at the same temperature have the same kinetic energy.
1
KE = mu 2
2
KE (Kinetic Energy) is proportional to T (Temperature)
1 2
u = kT
2
Molecular Speed of a Gas …

3RT
u=
M
R = 8.314 J/K.mol
M = molecular mass in kg/mol
Question: What is the RMS (root mean square) speed of O2 atoms in air? Assume T = 25oC
Answer: uavg = 481 m/s or 1735 km/hr or 1084 mi/hr
3(8.314 j / K ⋅ mol )( 298 K )

Solution: u =
.032 kg / mol
Graham’s Law of Effusion…
rate effusion for gas 1 r M2
= 1 =
rate effusion for gas 2 r2 M1
Effusion: the passage of a gas through a tiny orifice into an evacuated chamber
Diffusion: the gradual mixing of gases by virtue of their kinetic properties
* the lower the molecular weight of a gas, the faster it will effuse/diffuse
* see figure 5.22 on p.220 and figure 5.24 on p.221
Barometers and Manometers
You need to know what these are, what they look like, what they measure, and how they operate.
Occasionally the AP Exam will have pictures of such devices as part of a question.
*see figure 5.2 on p.191 and figure 5.3 on p.191
TIPS …
1. Make sure that…
temperature is in Kelvin
gas laws applied to gases only
the units cancel
the answer is reasonable (does the answer agree with the gas law?)
2. If volume, temperature, or pressure change, combined gas law most likely
3. If moles of gas are involved, ideal gas law most likely
4. If a mixture of gases, Dalton’s Law and/or mole fraction most likely
5. If a gas is collected over/through water, do not forget to include the vapor pressure of water.
Pgas = Ptotal – PH2O
6. Diatomic molecules = H2 , N2 , O2 , F2 , Cl2 , Br2 , I2

7. Molar Volume is 22.4 L/mol for a gas at STP only. If at a different temperature:
22 .4 L V2
=
273 K T2
8. Real Gases … (non-ideal gases)
- are not ideal gases since they do not conform to the assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory
- common reasons for deviation from ideal gas behavior: particles have IMF’s and volume
- van der Waals equation accounts for non-ideal behavior

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Study Guide - Gas Laws (Chapter 5)

Pressure Volume Temperature

Boyles Law … P x V = Constant

P1V1 = P2V2 n and T are constant P P

V1/T1 = V2/T2 n and P are constant V

Gay-Lussaic’s Law … P/T = Constant

P1/T1 = P2/T2 n and V are constant T

Combined Gas Law … PV/T = Constant

Avogadro’s Law … V/n = Constant

V1/n1 = V2/n2 P and T are constant

Ideal Gas Law …

Deviation from Ideal Gas Law (van der Waals equation)…

a = correction for inter-molecular forces b = correction for volume of atoms

(36-gm CH4) / (16-gm/mole) = 2.25-mol CH4(g)

PV = nRT V = nRT/P V = (7.75-mol)(.0821-liters.atm/mol.K)(298-K)/(1-atm)

PTotal = PT = PA + PB + PC + …Pn (+ PH2O if gas is collected through water)

Mole Fraction … XA = mol component A / total moles

XA = nA / (nA + nB + nC + …) XB = nB / (nA + nB + nC + …) XC = nC / (nA + nB + nC + …)

PA = XAPT PB = XBPT PC = XCPT

XA = PA/PT XB = PB/PT XC = PC/PT

Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) …

Molecular Speed of a Gas …

3(8.314 j / K ⋅ mol )( 298 K )

Barometers and Manometers

*see figure 5.2 on p.191 and figure 5.3 on p.191

Pgas = Ptotal – PH2O

6. Diatomic molecules = H2 , N2 , O2 , F2 , Cl2 , Br2 , I2

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