The document discusses the structure of atoms and the kinetic theory of matter. It defines matter and its basic particles including atoms, ions, and molecules. It describes the differences between elements and compounds. It also explains the states of matter and changes between them.
The document discusses the structure of atoms and the kinetic theory of matter. It defines matter and its basic particles including atoms, ions, and molecules. It describes the differences between elements and compounds. It also explains the states of matter and changes between them.
The document discusses the structure of atoms and the kinetic theory of matter. It defines matter and its basic particles including atoms, ions, and molecules. It describes the differences between elements and compounds. It also explains the states of matter and changes between them.
The document discusses the structure of atoms and the kinetic theory of matter. It defines matter and its basic particles including atoms, ions, and molecules. It describes the differences between elements and compounds. It also explains the states of matter and changes between them.
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THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS CHEMISTRY FORM 4
MATTER
MATTER – anything / any substance that has MASS and OCCUPIES SPACE
THEORY OF MATTER
Matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles.
Three types of particles are: i. ATOMS ii. IONS iii. MOLECULES
MATTER
ELEMENT COMPOUND A substance made from only ONE type of A substance made up from TWO or more atom. DIFFERENT elements(atoms or ions) which are chemically bonded together
Sodium (Na) Atom A metal element Carbon (C) Atom A non metal element Two Oxygen atom are chemically bonded together to form a Oxygen gas (O2) Molecule Oxygen molecule Two chlorine atom are chemically bonded together to form a Chlorine gas (Cl2) Molecule chlorine molecule Magnesium Oxide (MgO) Ion Mg2+ ion and O2- ion are chemically bonded to form MgO Potassium Chloride (KCl) Ion K+ ion and Cl- ion are chemically bonded to form KCl Carbon dioxide (CO2) Molecule One atom carbon and 2 atoms Oxygen are chemically bonded Tetrachloromethane (CCl4) Molecule One atom carbon and 4 atoms chlorine are chemically bonded
The particles are very FAR Particles arrangement CLOSELY PACKED and in CLOSELY PACKED but NOT APART from each other ORDERLY manner in ORDER manner Particles are only VIBRATE Particles can VIBRATE, Particles can VIBRATE, Particles movement and ROTATE at their fixed ROTATE and MOVE ROTATE and MOVE position. throughout the liquid. FREELY Attractive forces between Very STRONG forces STRONG forces, but WEAK forces between particles between particles weaker than force in solid patricles
Energy content Very LOW energy MODERATE energy Very HIGH energy
Procedure 1. A boiling tube is filled 4 – 6 cm height with naphthalene. 2. Thermometer is placed into it. 3. The boliling tube is immersed into a water bath. 4. Make sure the naphthalene is totally immersed in the water (as shown in the diagram). 5. The wate is heated and stirred naphthalene slowly using thermometer. 6. When temperature reach 60oC, start stopwatch. 7. The temperature of naphthalene is recorded at 30s intervals until the temperature reaches 90oC. Temperature /oC
A to B (SOLID STATE). Heat is absorbed by particles. Kinetic energy increase. B C The temperature increase. M B to C (SOLID + LIQUID) Temperature remain constant. Heat is absorbed by A particles to overcome forces between particles.
C to D (LIQUID) The temperature increase. Heat is absorbed cause t1 t2 t3 Time / s the kinetic energy become stronger.
Procedure 1. The boling tube is removed from the water bath. 2. Put the boiling tube into a conical flask. 3. Stirred constantly with thermometer to avoid super cooling. 4. The temperature is recorded every 30 s intervals until temperature reaches 60oC. Temperature /oC
Heat is released by particles. Kinetic energy decrease.
M Q R The temperature decrease.
Q to R (SOLID + LIQUID) S Temperature remain constant. Heat is released by particles to surrounding is exactly balanced by the heat energy released as the particles attract one another to form a solid.
t1 t2 t3 Time / s R to S (SOLID) The temperature increase. The particles in substance Cooling Curve released heat. The Kinetic energy is low.
