Ref erence s heet f or Al gebra/Geometryx

Exponents:




a
2
b
2
= (a b) (a + b)




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Perimeter: add the distances around
the outside.

Circumference: 2 C r d
Pythagorean Theorem:
Right Triangles only.
2 2 2
c a b
Triples: 3, 4, 5
5, 12, 13
8, 15, 17
7, 24, 25
Trig: Right triangles only
sin
o
A
h
; cos
a
A
h
; tan
o
A
a

Angle of elevation: from horizontal line of sight up.
Angle of depression: from horizontal line of sight down.
Volume and Surface Area:
rectangular solid
V l w h
rectangular solid
2 2 2 SA lh hw lw
2
cylinder
V r h
2
closed cylinder
2 2 SA rh r
Error in Measurement:
Relative error = |measure-actual|
actual
% of Error = Relative 100%
Permutations:
Arrangement in specific order.
!
P
( )!
n r
n
n r

Data:
5 Statistical Summary: minimum, maximum, median, 1
st
quartile,
3
rd
quartile
Quartiles divide data into 4 equal parts.
Percentiles divide data into 100 equal parts.
Percentile rank of score x

100
number of scores below x
n
, where n is
the number of scores.
Mean = average.
Mode = most often (may be more than one answer).
Median = middle.
Outliers = values that are far away from the rest of the data.
Median best describes data if outliers exist.
Range = difference between the maximum and minimum values.

Area:
1
2
triangle
A bh
2

3
4
equilateral triangle
s
A
rectangle
A bh
2
square
A bh s
parallelogram
A bh
1 2
rhombus
2
d d
A bh


trapezoid 1 2
1
( )
2
A h b b
2
circle
A r
2
sector of circle
360
n
A r
2
semicircle
1
2
A r
2
quarter circle
1
4
A r
Probability: P(A) = 1 P(A) complement
P(A and B) = P(A)P(B) independent
P(A and B) = P(A)P(B/A) dependent
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) mutually exclusive
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A and B) not exclusive
P(B/A) = P(A and B)/P(A) conditional probability
P(B/A) means probability of B given A has occurred.
Box and Whisker Plot: 1
st
and 3
rd
quartiles are at the
ends of the box, median is a vertical line in the box, and
the max/min are at the ends of the whiskers.
Helpful in interpreting the distribution of data.

Literal equations:
a = b + cd, solve for c.
a b = cd
a b = c
d Use same strategies
as for solving equations.
Sets:
Union - all elements in both sets.
Intersection - elements where sets overlap.
' Complement - elements not in the set.
A B
A B
A

{ } or means null set.
Exponential Growth and Decay:
Decay: where 0 and 0 1
x
y ab a b
Growth: where 0 and 1
x
y ab a b














Copyright Regents Exam Prep Center http://regentsprep.org
!"#$%&' ) *+,-#. /0 1$2$2%$&3
Scientific Notation:
3.2 x 10
13
The first number must be 1 < n < 10
Factorial:
5! = 54321
1! = 1
FYI: 0!=1
Absolute Value:
| -5 | = 5
| 5 | = 5
Represents distance
Exponents:
2 2
( 3) 3
m n m n
x x x


0
2 1

( )
n m n m
x x
3
3
1
4
4

m
m n
n
x
x
x


( )
n n n
xy x y
Properties of Real Numbers:
Commutative Property: a + b = b + a ab = ba
Associative Property: a+(b+c) = (a+b)+c a(bc) = (ab)c
Distributive Property: a(b+c) = ab + ac
Identity: a + 0 = a a 1 = a
Inverse: a + (-a) = 0 a (1/a) = 1
Zero Property: a 0 = 0
Undefined:
6
7 x
is undefined when x = 7 since
the denominator = 0.
Degree:
Degree of monomial = sum of exponents
4x
3
is of degree 3
x
2
y
3
is of degree 5
Polygons and sides:
triangle 3
quadrilateral 4
pentagon 5
hexagon 6
septagon 7
octagon 8
nonagon 9
decagon 10
dodecagon - 12

Multiply: (distribute or FOIL)
( 3)( 2) 2 3 3 2 x x x x x x
=
2
5 6 x x
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b
Direct Variation:
y = kx where k = constant of variation
k = y/x
Solving Equations:
1. Deal with any parentheses in the problem.
2. Combine similar terms on same side of = sign.
3. Get the needed variables on the same side of = sign.
4. Isolate the needed variable by add or subtract.
5. Find the needed variable by divide or multiply.
Add Fractions:
Get the common denominator:
5 3 5 9 14 7
6 2 6 6 6 3
x x x x x x

Factor:
Look for a GCF (greatest common factor)
Factor binomial or trinomial.
2 2
( )( ) a b a b a b
Quadratic Equation:

2
5 6 0 Set = 0.
( 3)( 2) 0 Factor.
3; 2 Find roots
x x
x x
x x




Interval Notation:
(1, 5) 1 5
[1, 5] 1 5
x
x



Inequalities:
5 3 13 Remember to
3 8 change direction
4 8 of inequality when
2 mult/div by a negative.
x x
x x
x
x





Function: Passes the vertical line test.
A set of ordered pairs in which each x
element has only one y element
associated with it.
f (x) = 3x + 4
f (3) = 33 + 4 = 13
Systems:
y 2x = 1
y + 2x = 9

Linear: substitute;
add to eliminate one
variable or graph.
y = x
2
x-6
y = 2x 2
Linear Quadratic:
substitute or graph
For inequality systems, graph. x = abscissa, y = ordinate
Slope:
2 1
2 1

= = .

y y vertical change rise
m
horizontal change run x x

Equations of Lines: m = slope
1 1
slope-intercept
( ) point-slope
y mx b
y y m x x



Parallel and Perpendicular:
Parallel: slopes are equal.
Perpendicular: slopes are negative
reciprocals (flip over and negate)
Parabola:
2
y ax bx c
Axis of symmetry:

2
b
x
a

Roots: where the
graph crosses the
x-axis.

Copyright Regents Exam Prep Center http://regentsprep.org
!"#$%&' ) *+,-#. /0 1$2$2%$&3
Scientific Notation:
3.2 x 10
13
The first number must be 1 < n < 10
Factorial:
5! = 54321
1! = 1
FYI: 0!=1
Absolute Value:
| -5 | = 5
| 5 | = 5
Represents distance
Exponents:
2 2
( 3) 3
m n m n
x x x


0
2 1

( )
n m n m
x x
3
3
1
4
4

m
m n
n
x
x
x


( )
n n n
xy x y
Properties of Real Numbers:
Commutative Property: a + b = b + a ab = ba
Associative Property: a+(b+c) = (a+b)+c a(bc) = (ab)c
Distributive Property: a(b+c) = ab + ac
Identity: a + 0 = a a 1 = a
Inverse: a + (-a) = 0 a (1/a) = 1
Zero Property: a 0 = 0
Undefined:
6
7 x
is undefined when x = 7 since
the denominator = 0.
Degree:
Degree of monomial = sum of exponents
4x
3
is of degree 3
x
2
y
3
is of degree 5
Polygons and sides:
triangle 3
quadrilateral 4
pentagon 5
hexagon 6
septagon 7
octagon 8
nonagon 9
decagon 10
dodecagon - 12

Multiply: (distribute or FOIL)
( 3)( 2) 2 3 3 2 x x x x x x
=
2
5 6 x x
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b
Direct Variation:
y = kx where k = constant of variation
k = y/x
Solving Equations:
1. Deal with any parentheses in the problem.
2. Combine similar terms on same side of = sign.
3. Get the needed variables on the same side of = sign.
4. Isolate the needed variable by add or subtract.
5. Find the needed variable by divide or multiply.
Add Fractions:
Get the common denominator:
5 3 5 9 14 7
6 2 6 6 6 3
x x x x x x

Factor:
Look for a GCF (greatest common factor)
Factor binomial or trinomial.
2 2
( )( ) a b a b a b
Quadratic Equation:

2
5 6 0 Set = 0.
( 3)( 2) 0 Factor.
3; 2 Find roots
x x
x x
x x




Interval Notation:
(1, 5) 1 5
[1, 5] 1 5
x
x



Inequalities:
5 3 13 Remember to
3 8 change direction
4 8 of inequality when
2 mult/div by a negative.
x x
x x
x
x





Function: Passes the vertical line test.
A set of ordered pairs in which each x
element has only one y element
associated with it.
f (x) = 3x + 4
f (3) = 33 + 4 = 13
Systems:
y 2x = 1
y + 2x = 9

Linear: substitute;
add to eliminate one
variable or graph.
y = x
2
x-6
y = 2x 2
Linear Quadratic:
substitute or graph
For inequality systems, graph. x = abscissa, y = ordinate
Slope:
2 1
2 1

= = .

y y vertical change rise
m
horizontal change run x x

Equations of Lines: m = slope
1 1
slope-intercept
( ) point-slope
y mx b
y y m x x



Parallel and Perpendicular:
Parallel: slopes are equal.
Perpendicular: slopes are negative
reciprocals (flip over and negate)
Parabola:
2
y ax bx c
Axis of symmetry:

2
b
x
a

Roots: where the
graph crosses the
x-axis.

Copyright Regents Exam Prep Center http://regentsprep.org
!"#$%&' ) *+,-#. /0 1$2$2%$&3
Scientific Notation:
3.2 x 10
13
The first number must be 1 < n < 10
Factorial:
5! = 54321
1! = 1
FYI: 0!=1
Absolute Value:
| -5 | = 5
| 5 | = 5
Represents distance
Exponents:
2 2
( 3) 3
m n m n
x x x


0
2 1

( )
n m n m
x x
3
3
1
4
4

m
m n
n
x
x
x


( )
n n n
xy x y
Properties of Real Numbers:
Commutative Property: a + b = b + a ab = ba
Associative Property: a+(b+c) = (a+b)+c a(bc) = (ab)c
Distributive Property: a(b+c) = ab + ac
Identity: a + 0 = a a 1 = a
Inverse: a + (-a) = 0 a (1/a) = 1
Zero Property: a 0 = 0
Undefined:
6
7 x
is undefined when x = 7 since
the denominator = 0.
Degree:
Degree of monomial = sum of exponents
4x
3
is of degree 3
x
2
y
3
is of degree 5
Polygons and sides:
triangle 3
quadrilateral 4
pentagon 5
hexagon 6
septagon 7
octagon 8
nonagon 9
decagon 10
dodecagon - 12

Multiply: (distribute or FOIL)
( 3)( 2) 2 3 3 2 x x x x x x
=
2
5 6 x x
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b
Direct Variation:
y = kx where k = constant of variation
k = y/x
Solving Equations:
1. Deal with any parentheses in the problem.
2. Combine similar terms on same side of = sign.
3. Get the needed variables on the same side of = sign.
4. Isolate the needed variable by add or subtract.
5. Find the needed variable by divide or multiply.
Add Fractions:
Get the common denominator:
5 3 5 9 14 7
6 2 6 6 6 3
x x x x x x

Factor:
Look for a GCF (greatest common factor)
Factor binomial or trinomial.
2 2
( )( ) a b a b a b
Quadratic Equation:

2
5 6 0 Set = 0.
( 3)( 2) 0 Factor.
3; 2 Find roots
x x
x x
x x




Interval Notation:
(1, 5) 1 5
[1, 5] 1 5
x
x



Inequalities:
5 3 13 Remember to
3 8 change direction
4 8 of inequality when
2 mult/div by a negative.
x x
x x
x
x





Function: Passes the vertical line test.
A set of ordered pairs in which each x
element has only one y element
associated with it.
f (x) = 3x + 4
f (3) = 33 + 4 = 13
Systems:
y 2x = 1
y + 2x = 9

Linear: substitute;
add to eliminate one
variable or graph.
y = x
2
x-6
y = 2x 2
Linear Quadratic:
substitute or graph
For inequality systems, graph. x = abscissa, y = ordinate
Slope:
2 1
2 1

= = .

y y vertical change rise
m
horizontal change run x x

Equations of Lines: m = slope
1 1
slope-intercept
( ) point-slope
y mx b
y y m x x



Parallel and Perpendicular:
Parallel: slopes are equal.
Perpendicular: slopes are negative
reciprocals (flip over and negate)
Parabola:
2
y ax bx c
Axis of symmetry:

2
b
x
a

Roots: where the
graph crosses the
x-axis.

Copyright Regents Exam Prep Center http://regentsprep.org
!"#$%&' ) *+,-#. /0 1$2$2%$&3
Scientific Notation:
3.2 x 10
13
The first number must be 1 < n < 10
Factorial:
5! = 54321
1! = 1
FYI: 0!=1
Absolute Value:
| -5 | = 5
| 5 | = 5
Represents distance
Exponents:
2 2
( 3) 3
m n m n
x x x


0
2 1

( )
n m n m
x x
3
3
1
4
4

m
m n
n
x
x
x


( )
n n n
xy x y
Properties of Real Numbers:
Commutative Property: a + b = b + a ab = ba
Associative Property: a+(b+c) = (a+b)+c a(bc) = (ab)c
Distributive Property: a(b+c) = ab + ac
Identity: a + 0 = a a 1 = a
Inverse: a + (-a) = 0 a (1/a) = 1
Zero Property: a 0 = 0
Undefined:
6
7 x
is undefined when x = 7 since
the denominator = 0.
Degree:
Degree of monomial = sum of exponents
4x
3
is of degree 3
x
2
y
3
is of degree 5
Polygons and sides:
triangle 3
quadrilateral 4
pentagon 5
hexagon 6
septagon 7
octagon 8
nonagon 9
decagon 10
dodecagon - 12

Multiply: (distribute or FOIL)
( 3)( 2) 2 3 3 2 x x x x x x
=
2
5 6 x x
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b
Direct Variation:
y = kx where k = constant of variation
k = y/x
Solving Equations:
1. Deal with any parentheses in the problem.
2. Combine similar terms on same side of = sign.
3. Get the needed variables on the same side of = sign.
4. Isolate the needed variable by add or subtract.
5. Find the needed variable by divide or multiply.
Add Fractions:
Get the common denominator:
5 3 5 9 14 7
6 2 6 6 6 3
x x x x x x

Factor:
Look for a GCF (greatest common factor)
Factor binomial or trinomial.
2 2
( )( ) a b a b a b
Quadratic Equation:

2
5 6 0 Set = 0.
( 3)( 2) 0 Factor.
3; 2 Find roots
x x
x x
x x




Interval Notation:
(1, 5) 1 5
[1, 5] 1 5
x
x



Inequalities:
5 3 13 Remember to
3 8 change direction
4 8 of inequality when
2 mult/div by a negative.
x x
x x
x
x





Function: Passes the vertical line test.
A set of ordered pairs in which each x
element has only one y element
associated with it.
f (x) = 3x + 4
f (3) = 33 + 4 = 13
Systems:
y 2x = 1
y + 2x = 9

Linear: substitute;
add to eliminate one
variable or graph.
y = x
2
x-6
y = 2x 2
Linear Quadratic:
substitute or graph
For inequality systems, graph. x = abscissa, y = ordinate
Slope:
2 1
2 1

= = .

y y vertical change rise
m
horizontal change run x x

Equations of Lines: m = slope
1 1
slope-intercept
( ) point-slope
y mx b
y y m x x



Parallel and Perpendicular:
Parallel: slopes are equal.
Perpendicular: slopes are negative
reciprocals (flip over and negate)
Parabola:
2
y ax bx c
Axis of symmetry:

2
b
x
a

Roots: where the
graph crosses the
x-axis.

Copyright Regents Exam Prep Center http://regentsprep.org
!"#$%&' ) *+,-#. /0 1$2$2%$&3
Scientific Notation:
3.2 x 10
13
The first number must be 1 < n < 10
Factorial:
5! = 54321
1! = 1
FYI: 0!=1
Absolute Value:
| -5 | = 5
| 5 | = 5
Represents distance
Exponents:
2 2
( 3) 3
m n m n
x x x


0
2 1

( )
n m n m
x x
3
3
1
4
4

m
m n
n
x
x
x


( )
n n n
xy x y
Properties of Real Numbers:
Commutative Property: a + b = b + a ab = ba
Associative Property: a+(b+c) = (a+b)+c a(bc) = (ab)c
Distributive Property: a(b+c) = ab + ac
Identity: a + 0 = a a 1 = a
Inverse: a + (-a) = 0 a (1/a) = 1
Zero Property: a 0 = 0
Undefined:
6
7 x
is undefined when x = 7 since
the denominator = 0.
Degree:
Degree of monomial = sum of exponents
4x
3
is of degree 3
x
2
y
3
is of degree 5
Polygons and sides:
triangle 3
quadrilateral 4
pentagon 5
hexagon 6
septagon 7
octagon 8
nonagon 9
decagon 10
dodecagon - 12

Multiply: (distribute or FOIL)
( 3)( 2) 2 3 3 2 x x x x x x
=
2
5 6 x x
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b
Direct Variation:
y = kx where k = constant of variation
k = y/x
Solving Equations:
1. Deal with any parentheses in the problem.
2. Combine similar terms on same side of = sign.
3. Get the needed variables on the same side of = sign.
4. Isolate the needed variable by add or subtract.
5. Find the needed variable by divide or multiply.
Add Fractions:
Get the common denominator:
5 3 5 9 14 7
6 2 6 6 6 3
x x x x x x

Factor:
Look for a GCF (greatest common factor)
Factor binomial or trinomial.
2 2
( )( ) a b a b a b
Quadratic Equation:

2
5 6 0 Set = 0.
( 3)( 2) 0 Factor.
3; 2 Find roots
x x
x x
x x




Interval Notation:
(1, 5) 1 5
[1, 5] 1 5
x
x



Inequalities:
5 3 13 Remember to
3 8 change direction
4 8 of inequality when
2 mult/div by a negative.
x x
x x
x
x





Function: Passes the vertical line test.
A set of ordered pairs in which each x
element has only one y element
associated with it.
f (x) = 3x + 4
f (3) = 33 + 4 = 13
Systems:
y 2x = 1
y + 2x = 9

Linear: substitute;
add to eliminate one
variable or graph.
y = x
2
x-6
y = 2x 2
Linear Quadratic:
substitute or graph
For inequality systems, graph. x = abscissa, y = ordinate
Slope:
2 1
2 1

= = .

y y vertical change rise
m
horizontal change run x x

Equations of Lines: m = slope
1 1
slope-intercept
( ) point-slope
y mx b
y y m x x



Parallel and Perpendicular:
Parallel: slopes are equal.
Perpendicular: slopes are negative
reciprocals (flip over and negate)
Parabola:
2
y ax bx c
Axis of symmetry:

2
b
x
a

Roots: where the
graph crosses the
x-axis.

Copyright Regents Exam Prep Center http://regentsprep.org
!"#$%&' ) *+,-#. /0 1$2$2%$&3
Scientific Notation:
3.2 x 10
13
The first number must be 1 < n < 10
Factorial:
5! = 54321
1! = 1
FYI: 0!=1
Absolute Value:
| -5 | = 5
| 5 | = 5
Represents distance
Exponents:
2 2
( 3) 3
m n m n
x x x


0
2 1

( )
n m n m
x x
3
3
1
4
4

m
m n
n
x
x
x


( )
n n n
xy x y
Properties of Real Numbers:
Commutative Property: a + b = b + a ab = ba
Associative Property: a+(b+c) = (a+b)+c a(bc) = (ab)c
Distributive Property: a(b+c) = ab + ac
Identity: a + 0 = a a 1 = a
Inverse: a + (-a) = 0 a (1/a) = 1
Zero Property: a 0 = 0
Undefined:
6
7 x
is undefined when x = 7 since
the denominator = 0.
Degree:
Degree of monomial = sum of exponents
4x
3
is of degree 3
x
2
y
3
is of degree 5
Polygons and sides:
triangle 3
quadrilateral 4
pentagon 5
hexagon 6
septagon 7
octagon 8
nonagon 9
decagon 10
dodecagon - 12

Multiply: (distribute or FOIL)
( 3)( 2) 2 3 3 2 x x x x x x
=
2
5 6 x x
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b
Direct Variation:
y = kx where k = constant of variation
k = y/x
Solving Equations:
1. Deal with any parentheses in the problem.
2. Combine similar terms on same side of = sign.
3. Get the needed variables on the same side of = sign.
4. Isolate the needed variable by add or subtract.
5. Find the needed variable by divide or multiply.
Add Fractions:
Get the common denominator:
5 3 5 9 14 7
6 2 6 6 6 3
x x x x x x

Factor:
Look for a GCF (greatest common factor)
Factor binomial or trinomial.
2 2
( )( ) a b a b a b
Quadratic Equation:

2
5 6 0 Set = 0.
( 3)( 2) 0 Factor.
3; 2 Find roots
x x
x x
x x




Interval Notation:
(1, 5) 1 5
[1, 5] 1 5
x
x



Inequalities:
5 3 13 Remember to
3 8 change direction
4 8 of inequality when
2 mult/div by a negative.
x x
x x
x
x





Function: Passes the vertical line test.
A set of ordered pairs in which each x
element has only one y element
associated with it.
f (x) = 3x + 4
f (3) = 33 + 4 = 13
Systems:
y 2x = 1
y + 2x = 9

Linear: substitute;
add to eliminate one
variable or graph.
y = x
2
x-6
y = 2x 2
Linear Quadratic:
substitute or graph
For inequality systems, graph. x = abscissa, y = ordinate
Slope:
2 1
2 1

= = .

y y vertical change rise
m
horizontal change run x x

Equations of Lines: m = slope
1 1
slope-intercept
( ) point-slope
y mx b
y y m x x



Parallel and Perpendicular:
Parallel: slopes are equal.
Perpendicular: slopes are negative
reciprocals (flip over and negate)
Parabola:
2
y ax bx c
Axis of symmetry:

2
b
x
a

Roots: where the
graph crosses the
x-axis.

Copyright Regents Exam Prep Center http://regentsprep.org
!"#$%&' ) *+,-#. /0 1$2$2%$&3
Scientific Notation:
3.2 x 10
13
The first number must be 1 < n < 10
Factorial:
5! = 54321
1! = 1
FYI: 0!=1
Absolute Value:
| -5 | = 5
| 5 | = 5
Represents distance
Exponents:
2 2
( 3) 3
m n m n
x x x


0
2 1

( )
n m n m
x x
3
3
1
4
4

m
m n
n
x
x
x


( )
n n n
xy x y
Properties of Real Numbers:
Commutative Property: a + b = b + a ab = ba
Associative Property: a+(b+c) = (a+b)+c a(bc) = (ab)c
Distributive Property: a(b+c) = ab + ac
Identity: a + 0 = a a 1 = a
Inverse: a + (-a) = 0 a (1/a) = 1
Zero Property: a 0 = 0
Undefined:
6
7 x
is undefined when x = 7 since
the denominator = 0.
Degree:
Degree of monomial = sum of exponents
4x
3
is of degree 3
x
2
y
3
is of degree 5
Polygons and sides:
triangle 3
quadrilateral 4
pentagon 5
hexagon 6
septagon 7
octagon 8
nonagon 9
decagon 10
dodecagon - 12

Multiply: (distribute or FOIL)
( 3)( 2) 2 3 3 2 x x x x x x
=
2
5 6 x x
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b
Direct Variation:
y = kx where k = constant of variation
k = y/x
Solving Equations:
1. Deal with any parentheses in the problem.
2. Combine similar terms on same side of = sign.
3. Get the needed variables on the same side of = sign.
4. Isolate the needed variable by add or subtract.
5. Find the needed variable by divide or multiply.
Add Fractions:
Get the common denominator:
5 3 5 9 14 7
6 2 6 6 6 3
x x x x x x

Factor:
Look for a GCF (greatest common factor)
Factor binomial or trinomial.
2 2
( )( ) a b a b a b
Quadratic Equation:

2
5 6 0 Set = 0.
( 3)( 2) 0 Factor.
3; 2 Find roots
x x
x x
x x




Interval Notation:
(1, 5) 1 5
[1, 5] 1 5
x
x



Inequalities:
5 3 13 Remember to
3 8 change direction
4 8 of inequality when
2 mult/div by a negative.
x x
x x
x
x





Function: Passes the vertical line test.
A set of ordered pairs in which each x
element has only one y element
associated with it.
f (x) = 3x + 4
f (3) = 33 + 4 = 13
Systems:
y 2x = 1
y + 2x = 9

Linear: substitute;
add to eliminate one
variable or graph.
y = x
2
x-6
y = 2x 2
Linear Quadratic:
substitute or graph
For inequality systems, graph. x = abscissa, y = ordinate
Slope:
2 1
2 1

= = .

y y vertical change rise
m
horizontal change run x x

Equations of Lines: m = slope
1 1
slope-intercept
( ) point-slope
y mx b
y y m x x



Parallel and Perpendicular:
Parallel: slopes are equal.
Perpendicular: slopes are negative
reciprocals (flip over and negate)
Parabola:
2
y ax bx c
Axis of symmetry:

2
b
x
a

Roots: where the
graph crosses the
x-axis.

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Scientific Notation:
3.2 x 10
13
The first number must be 1 < n < 10
Factorial:
5! = 54321
1! = 1
FYI: 0!=1
Absolute Value:
| -5 | = 5
| 5 | = 5
Represents distance
Exponents:
2 2
( 3) 3
m n m n
x x x


0
2 1

( )
n m n m
x x
3
3
1
4
4

m
m n
n
x
x
x


( )
n n n
xy x y
Properties of Real Numbers:
Commutative Property: a + b = b + a ab = ba
Associative Property: a+(b+c) = (a+b)+c a(bc) = (ab)c
Distributive Property: a(b+c) = ab + ac
Identity: a + 0 = a a 1 = a
Inverse: a + (-a) = 0 a (1/a) = 1
Zero Property: a 0 = 0
Undefined:
6
7 x
is undefined when x = 7 since
the denominator = 0.
Degree:
Degree of monomial = sum of exponents
4x
3
is of degree 3
x
2
y
3
is of degree 5
Polygons and sides:
triangle 3
quadrilateral 4
pentagon 5
hexagon 6
septagon 7
octagon 8
nonagon 9
decagon 10
dodecagon - 12

Multiply: (distribute or FOIL)
( 3)( 2) 2 3 3 2 x x x x x x
=
2
5 6 x x
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b
Direct Variation:
y = kx where k = constant of variation
k = y/x
Solving Equations:
1. Deal with any parentheses in the problem.
2. Combine similar terms on same side of = sign.
3. Get the needed variables on the same side of = sign.
4. Isolate the needed variable by add or subtract.
5. Find the needed variable by divide or multiply.
Add Fractions:
Get the common denominator:
5 3 5 9 14 7
6 2 6 6 6 3
x x x x x x

Factor:
Look for a GCF (greatest common factor)
Factor binomial or trinomial.
2 2
( )( ) a b a b a b
Quadratic Equation:

2
5 6 0 Set = 0.
( 3)( 2) 0 Factor.
3; 2 Find roots
x x
x x
x x




Interval Notation:
(1, 5) 1 5
[1, 5] 1 5
x
x



Inequalities:
5 3 13 Remember to
3 8 change direction
4 8 of inequality when
2 mult/div by a negative.
x x
x x
x
x





Function: Passes the vertical line test.
A set of ordered pairs in which each x
element has only one y element
associated with it.
f (x) = 3x + 4
f (3) = 33 + 4 = 13
Systems:
y 2x = 1
y + 2x = 9

Linear: substitute;
add to eliminate one
variable or graph.
y = x
2
x-6
y = 2x 2
Linear Quadratic:
substitute or graph
For inequality systems, graph. x = abscissa, y = ordinate
Slope:
2 1
2 1

= = .

y y vertical change rise
m
horizontal change run x x

Equations of Lines: m = slope
1 1
slope-intercept
( ) point-slope
y mx b
y y m x x



Parallel and Perpendicular:
Parallel: slopes are equal.
Perpendicular: slopes are negative
reciprocals (flip over and negate)
Parabola:
2
y ax bx c
Axis of symmetry:

2
b
x
a

Roots: where the
graph crosses the
x-axis.

Copyright Regents Exam Prep Center http://regentsprep.org
!"#$%&' ) *+,-#. /0 1$2$2%$&3
Scientific Notation:
3.2 x 10
13
The first number must be 1 < n < 10
Factorial:
5! = 54321
1! = 1
FYI: 0!=1
Absolute Value:
| -5 | = 5
| 5 | = 5
Represents distance
Exponents:
2 2
( 3) 3
m n m n
x x x


0
2 1

( )
n m n m
x x
3
3
1
4
4

m
m n
n
x
x
x


( )
n n n
xy x y
Properties of Real Numbers:
Commutative Property: a + b = b + a ab = ba
Associative Property: a+(b+c) = (a+b)+c a(bc) = (ab)c
Distributive Property: a(b+c) = ab + ac
Identity: a + 0 = a a 1 = a
Inverse: a + (-a) = 0 a (1/a) = 1
Zero Property: a 0 = 0
Undefined:
6
7 x
is undefined when x = 7 since
the denominator = 0.
Degree:
Degree of monomial = sum of exponents
4x
3
is of degree 3
x
2
y
3
is of degree 5
Polygons and sides:
triangle 3
quadrilateral 4
pentagon 5
hexagon 6
septagon 7
octagon 8
nonagon 9
decagon 10
dodecagon - 12

Multiply: (distribute or FOIL)
( 3)( 2) 2 3 3 2 x x x x x x
=
2
5 6 x x
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b
Direct Variation:
y = kx where k = constant of variation
k = y/x
Solving Equations:
1. Deal with any parentheses in the problem.
2. Combine similar terms on same side of = sign.
3. Get the needed variables on the same side of = sign.
4. Isolate the needed variable by add or subtract.
5. Find the needed variable by divide or multiply.
Add Fractions:
Get the common denominator:
5 3 5 9 14 7
6 2 6 6 6 3
x x x x x x

Factor:
Look for a GCF (greatest common factor)
Factor binomial or trinomial.
2 2
( )( ) a b a b a b
Quadratic Equation:

2
5 6 0 Set = 0.
( 3)( 2) 0 Factor.
3; 2 Find roots
x x
x x
x x




Interval Notation:
(1, 5) 1 5
[1, 5] 1 5
x
x



Inequalities:
5 3 13 Remember to
3 8 change direction
4 8 of inequality when
2 mult/div by a negative.
x x
x x
x
x





Function: Passes the vertical line test.
A set of ordered pairs in which each x
element has only one y element
associated with it.
f (x) = 3x + 4
f (3) = 33 + 4 = 13
Systems:
y 2x = 1
y + 2x = 9

Linear: substitute;
add to eliminate one
variable or graph.
y = x
2
x-6
y = 2x 2
Linear Quadratic:
substitute or graph
For inequality systems, graph. x = abscissa, y = ordinate
Slope:
2 1
2 1

= = .

y y vertical change rise
m
horizontal change run x x

Equations of Lines: m = slope
1 1
slope-intercept
( ) point-slope
y mx b
y y m x x



Parallel and Perpendicular:
Parallel: slopes are equal.
Perpendicular: slopes are negative
reciprocals (flip over and negate)
Parabola:
2
y ax bx c
Axis of symmetry:

2
b
x
a

Roots: where the
graph crosses the
x-axis.

Copyright Regents Exam Prep Center http://regentsprep.org
!"#$%&' ) *+,-#. /0 1$2$2%$&3
Scientific Notation:
3.2 x 10
13
The first number must be 1 < n < 10
Factorial:
5! = 54321
1! = 1
FYI: 0!=1
Absolute Value:
| -5 | = 5
| 5 | = 5
Represents distance
Exponents:
2 2
( 3) 3
m n m n
x x x


0
2 1

( )
n m n m
x x
3
3
1
4
4

m
m n
n
x
x
x


( )
n n n
xy x y
Properties of Real Numbers:
Commutative Property: a + b = b + a ab = ba
Associative Property: a+(b+c) = (a+b)+c a(bc) = (ab)c
Distributive Property: a(b+c) = ab + ac
Identity: a + 0 = a a 1 = a
Inverse: a + (-a) = 0 a (1/a) = 1
Zero Property: a 0 = 0
Undefined:
6
7 x
is undefined when x = 7 since
the denominator = 0.
Degree:
Degree of monomial = sum of exponents
4x
3
is of degree 3
x
2
y
3
is of degree 5
Polygons and sides:
triangle 3
quadrilateral 4
pentagon 5
hexagon 6
septagon 7
octagon 8
nonagon 9
decagon 10
dodecagon - 12

Multiply: (distribute or FOIL)
( 3)( 2) 2 3 3 2 x x x x x x
=
2
5 6 x x
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b
Direct Variation:
y = kx where k = constant of variation
k = y/x
Solving Equations:
1. Deal with any parentheses in the problem.
2. Combine similar terms on same side of = sign.
3. Get the needed variables on the same side of = sign.
4. Isolate the needed variable by add or subtract.
5. Find the needed variable by divide or multiply.
Add Fractions:
Get the common denominator:
5 3 5 9 14 7
6 2 6 6 6 3
x x x x x x

Factor:
Look for a GCF (greatest common factor)
Factor binomial or trinomial.
2 2
( )( ) a b a b a b
Quadratic Equation:

2
5 6 0 Set = 0.
( 3)( 2) 0 Factor.
3; 2 Find roots
x x
x x
x x




Interval Notation:
(1, 5) 1 5
[1, 5] 1 5
x
x



Inequalities:
5 3 13 Remember to
3 8 change direction
4 8 of inequality when
2 mult/div by a negative.
x x
x x
x
x





Function: Passes the vertical line test.
A set of ordered pairs in which each x
element has only one y element
associated with it.
f (x) = 3x + 4
f (3) = 33 + 4 = 13
Systems:
y 2x = 1
y + 2x = 9

Linear: substitute;
add to eliminate one
variable or graph.
y = x
2
x-6
y = 2x 2
Linear Quadratic:
substitute or graph
For inequality systems, graph. x = abscissa, y = ordinate
Slope:
2 1
2 1

= = .

y y vertical change rise
m
horizontal change run x x

Equations of Lines: m = slope
1 1
slope-intercept
( ) point-slope
y mx b
y y m x x



Parallel and Perpendicular:
Parallel: slopes are equal.
Perpendicular: slopes are negative
reciprocals (flip over and negate)
Parabola:
2
y ax bx c
Axis of symmetry:

2
b
x
a

Roots: where the
graph crosses the
x-axis.

Copyright Regents Exam Prep Center http://regentsprep.org
!"#$%&' ) *+,-#. /0 1$2$2%$&3
Scientific Notation:
3.2 x 10
13
The first number must be 1 < n < 10
Factorial:
5! = 54321
1! = 1
FYI: 0!=1
Absolute Value:
| -5 | = 5
| 5 | = 5
Represents distance
Exponents:
2 2
( 3) 3
m n m n
x x x


0
2 1

( )
n m n m
x x
3
3
1
4
4

m
m n
n
x
x
x


( )
n n n
xy x y
Properties of Real Numbers:
Commutative Property: a + b = b + a ab = ba
Associative Property: a+(b+c) = (a+b)+c a(bc) = (ab)c
Distributive Property: a(b+c) = ab + ac
Identity: a + 0 = a a 1 = a
Inverse: a + (-a) = 0 a (1/a) = 1
Zero Property: a 0 = 0
Undefined:
6
7 x
is undefined when x = 7 since
the denominator = 0.
Degree:
Degree of monomial = sum of exponents
4x
3
is of degree 3
x
2
y
3
is of degree 5
Polygons and sides:
triangle 3
quadrilateral 4
pentagon 5
hexagon 6
septagon 7
octagon 8
nonagon 9
decagon 10
dodecagon - 12

Multiply: (distribute or FOIL)
( 3)( 2) 2 3 3 2 x x x x x x
=
2
5 6 x x
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b
Direct Variation:
y = kx where k = constant of variation
k = y/x
Solving Equations:
1. Deal with any parentheses in the problem.
2. Combine similar terms on same side of = sign.
3. Get the needed variables on the same side of = sign.
4. Isolate the needed variable by add or subtract.
5. Find the needed variable by divide or multiply.
Add Fractions:
Get the common denominator:
5 3 5 9 14 7
6 2 6 6 6 3
x x x x x x

Factor:
Look for a GCF (greatest common factor)
Factor binomial or trinomial.
2 2
( )( ) a b a b a b
Quadratic Equation:

2
5 6 0 Set = 0.
( 3)( 2) 0 Factor.
3; 2 Find roots
x x
x x
x x




Interval Notation:
(1, 5) 1 5
[1, 5] 1 5
x
x



Inequalities:
5 3 13 Remember to
3 8 change direction
4 8 of inequality when
2 mult/div by a negative.
x x
x x
x
x





Function: Passes the vertical line test.
A set of ordered pairs in which each x
element has only one y element
associated with it.
f (x) = 3x + 4
f (3) = 33 + 4 = 13
Systems:
y 2x = 1
y + 2x = 9

Linear: substitute;
add to eliminate one
variable or graph.
y = x
2
x-6
y = 2x 2
Linear Quadratic:
substitute or graph
For inequality systems, graph. x = abscissa, y = ordinate
Slope:
2 1
2 1

= = .

y y vertical change rise
m
horizontal change run x x

Equations of Lines: m = slope
1 1
slope-intercept
( ) point-slope
y mx b
y y m x x



Parallel and Perpendicular:
Parallel: slopes are equal.
Perpendicular: slopes are negative
reciprocals (flip over and negate)
Parabola:
2
y ax bx c
Axis of symmetry:

2
b
x
a

Roots: where the
graph crosses the
x-axis.

Copyright Regents Exam Prep Center http://regentsprep.org
Perimeter: add the distances around
the outside.

Circumference: 2 C r d
Pythagorean Theorem:
Right Triangles only.
2 2 2
c a b
Triples: 3, 4, 5
5, 12, 13
8, 15, 17
7, 24, 25
Trig: Right triangles only
sin
o
A
h
; cos
a
A
h
; tan
o
A
a

Angle of elevation: from horizontal line of sight up.
Angle of depression: from horizontal line of sight down.
Volume and Surface Area:
rectangular solid
V l w h
rectangular solid
2 2 2 SA lh hw lw
2
cylinder
V r h
2
closed cylinder
2 2 SA rh r
Error in Measurement:
Relative error = |measure-actual|
actual
% of Error = Relative 100%
Permutations:
Arrangement in specific order.
!
P
( )!
n r
n
n r

Data:
5 Statistical Summary: minimum, maximum, median, 1
st
quartile,
3
rd
quartile
Quartiles divide data into 4 equal parts.
Percentiles divide data into 100 equal parts.
Percentile rank of score x

100
number of scores below x
n
, where n is
the number of scores.
Mean = average.
Mode = most often (may be more than one answer).
Median = middle.
Outliers = values that are far away from the rest of the data.
Median best describes data if outliers exist.
Range = difference between the maximum and minimum values.

Area:
1
2
triangle
A bh
2

3
4
equilateral triangle
s
A
rectangle
A bh
2
square
A bh s
parallelogram
A bh
1 2
rhombus
2
d d
A bh


trapezoid 1 2
1
( )
2
A h b b
2
circle
A r
2
sector of circle
360
n
A r
2
semicircle
1
2
A r
2
quarter circle
1
4
A r
Probability: P(A) = 1 P(A) complement
P(A and B) = P(A)P(B) independent
P(A and B) = P(A)P(B/A) dependent
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) mutually exclusive
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A and B) not exclusive
P(B/A) = P(A and B)/P(A) conditional probability
P(B/A) means probability of B given A has occurred.
Box and Whisker Plot: 1
st
and 3
rd
quartiles are at the
ends of the box, median is a vertical line in the box, and
the max/min are at the ends of the whiskers.
Helpful in interpreting the distribution of data.

Literal equations:
a = b + cd, solve for c.
a b = cd
a b = c
d Use same strategies
as for solving equations.
Sets:
Union - all elements in both sets.
Intersection - elements where sets overlap.
' Complement - elements not in the set.
A B
A B
A

{ } or means null set.
Exponential Growth and Decay:
Decay: where 0 and 0 1
x
y ab a b
Growth: where 0 and 1
x
y ab a b


Copyright Regents Exam Prep Center http://regentsprep.org
Perimeter: add the distances around
the outside.

Circumference: 2 C r d
Pythagorean Theorem:
Right Triangles only.
2 2 2
c a b
Triples: 3, 4, 5
5, 12, 13
8, 15, 17
7, 24, 25
Trig: Right triangles only
sin
o
A
h
; cos
a
A
h
; tan
o
A
a

Angle of elevation: from horizontal line of sight up.
Angle of depression: from horizontal line of sight down.
Volume and Surface Area:
rectangular solid
V l w h
rectangular solid
2 2 2 SA lh hw lw
2
cylinder
V r h
2
closed cylinder
2 2 SA rh r
Error in Measurement:
Relative error = |measure-actual|
actual
% of Error = Relative 100%
Permutations:
Arrangement in specific order.
!
P
( )!
n r
n
n r

Data:
5 Statistical Summary: minimum, maximum, median, 1
st
quartile,
3
rd
quartile
Quartiles divide data into 4 equal parts.
Percentiles divide data into 100 equal parts.
Percentile rank of score x

100
number of scores below x
n
, where n is
the number of scores.
Mean = average.
Mode = most often (may be more than one answer).
Median = middle.
Outliers = values that are far away from the rest of the data.
Median best describes data if outliers exist.
Range = difference between the maximum and minimum values.

Area:
1
2
triangle
A bh
2

3
4
equilateral triangle
s
A
rectangle
A bh
2
square
A bh s
parallelogram
A bh
1 2
rhombus
2
d d
A bh


trapezoid 1 2
1
( )
2
A h b b
2
circle
A r
2
sector of circle
360
n
A r
2
semicircle
1
2
A r
2
quarter circle
1
4
A r
Probability: P(A) = 1 P(A) complement
P(A and B) = P(A)P(B) independent
P(A and B) = P(A)P(B/A) dependent
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) mutually exclusive
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A and B) not exclusive
P(B/A) = P(A and B)/P(A) conditional probability
P(B/A) means probability of B given A has occurred.
Box and Whisker Plot: 1
st
and 3
rd
quartiles are at the
ends of the box, median is a vertical line in the box, and
the max/min are at the ends of the whiskers.
Helpful in interpreting the distribution of data.

Literal equations:
a = b + cd, solve for c.
a b = cd
a b = c
d Use same strategies
as for solving equations.
Sets:
Union - all elements in both sets.
Intersection - elements where sets overlap.
' Complement - elements not in the set.
A B
A B
A

{ } or means null set.
Exponential Growth and Decay:
Decay: where 0 and 0 1
x
y ab a b
Growth: where 0 and 1
x
y ab a b


Copyright Regents Exam Prep Center http://regentsprep.org
Perimeter: add the distances around
the outside.

Circumference: 2 C r d
Pythagorean Theorem:
Right Triangles only.
2 2 2
c a b
Triples: 3, 4, 5
5, 12, 13
8, 15, 17
7, 24, 25
Trig: Right triangles only
sin
o
A
h
; cos
a
A
h
; tan
o
A
a

Angle of elevation: from horizontal line of sight up.
Angle of depression: from horizontal line of sight down.
Volume and Surface Area:
rectangular solid
V l w h
rectangular solid
2 2 2 SA lh hw lw
2
cylinder
V r h
2
closed cylinder
2 2 SA rh r
Error in Measurement:
Relative error = |measure-actual|
actual
% of Error = Relative 100%
Permutations:
Arrangement in specific order.
!
P
( )!
n r
n
n r

Data:
5 Statistical Summary: minimum, maximum, median, 1
st
quartile,
3
rd
quartile
Quartiles divide data into 4 equal parts.
Percentiles divide data into 100 equal parts.
Percentile rank of score x

100
number of scores below x
n
, where n is
the number of scores.
Mean = average.
Mode = most often (may be more than one answer).
Median = middle.
Outliers = values that are far away from the rest of the data.
Median best describes data if outliers exist.
Range = difference between the maximum and minimum values.

Area:
1
2
triangle
A bh
2

3
4
equilateral triangle
s
A
rectangle
A bh
2
square
A bh s
parallelogram
A bh
1 2
rhombus
2
d d
A bh


trapezoid 1 2
1
( )
2
A h b b
2
circle
A r
2
sector of circle
360
n
A r
2
semicircle
1
2
A r
2
quarter circle
1
4
A r
Probability: P(A) = 1 P(A) complement
P(A and B) = P(A)P(B) independent
P(A and B) = P(A)P(B/A) dependent
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) mutually exclusive
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A and B) not exclusive
P(B/A) = P(A and B)/P(A) conditional probability
P(B/A) means probability of B given A has occurred.
Box and Whisker Plot: 1
st
and 3
rd
quartiles are at the
ends of the box, median is a vertical line in the box, and
the max/min are at the ends of the whiskers.
Helpful in interpreting the distribution of data.

Literal equations:
a = b + cd, solve for c.
a b = cd
a b = c
d Use same strategies
as for solving equations.
Sets:
Union - all elements in both sets.
Intersection - elements where sets overlap.
' Complement - elements not in the set.
A B
A B
A

{ } or means null set.
Exponential Growth and Decay:
Decay: where 0 and 0 1
x
y ab a b
Growth: where 0 and 1
x
y ab a b

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!"#$"%&' ) *+,-./ %# 0"$"$1"&2
Regular Solids:

Tetrahedron 4 faces
Cube 6 faces
Octahedron 8 faces
Dodecahedron 12 faces
Icosahedron 20 faces

3-D Figures:

Prism: V = Bh
Pyramid:
1
3
V Bh
Cylinder:
2
V r h ;
2
2 2 SA rh r
Cone:
2
1
3
V r h ;
2
SA s r r
Sphere:
3
4
3
V r ;
2 2
4 SA r d
Locus Theorems:
Fixed distance from point.


Fixed distance from a line.

Equidistant from 2 points.

Equidistant 2 parallel lines.

Equidistant from 2
intersecting lines

Polygon Interior/Exterior Angles:
Sum of int. angles = 180( 2) n
Each int. angle (regular) =
180( 2) n
n

Sum of ext. angles = 360
Each ext. angle (regular) =
360
n


Congruent Triangles
SSS
SAS
ASA
AAS
HL (right triangles only)
NO donkey theorem
(SSA or ASS)

CPCTC (use after the triangles are congruent)
Related Conditionals:
Converse: switch if and then
Inverse: negate if and then
Contrapositive: inverse of the converse
(contrapositive has the same truth value
as the original statement)
Triangles:
By Sides:
Scalene no congruent sides
Isosceles 2 congruent sides
Equilateral 3 congruent sides
By Angles:
Acute all acute angles
Right one right angle
Obtuse one obtuse angle
Equiangular 3 congruent angles(60)
Equilateral Equiangular

Exterior angle of a triangle equals the
sum of the 2 non-adjacent interior
angles.

Mid-segment of a triangle is parallel
to the third side and half the length of
the third side.
Inequalities:
--Sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater
than the length of the third side.
--Longest side of a triangle is opposite the largest angle.
--Exterior angle of a triangle is greater than either of the
two non-adjacent interior angles.

Pythagorean Theorem:
2 2 2
c a b
Converse: If the sides of a triangle
satisfy
2 2 2
c a b then the triangle is a
right triangle.
Similar Triangles:
AA
SSS for similarity
SAS for similarity
Corresponding sides of similar
triangles are in proportion.
Mean Proportional in Right Triangle:
Altitude Rule: Leg Rule:
altitu part hyp
=
other
de
al par titude t hyp

hyp
=
proje
le
c
g
leg tion



Copyright Regents Exam Prep Center http://regentsprep.org
Perimeter: add the distances around
the outside.

Circumference: 2 C r d
Pythagorean Theorem:
Right Triangles only.
2 2 2
c a b
Triples: 3, 4, 5
5, 12, 13
8, 15, 17
7, 24, 25
Trig: Right triangles only
sin
o
A
h
; cos
a
A
h
; tan
o
A
a

Angle of elevation: from horizontal line of sight up.
Angle of depression: from horizontal line of sight down.
Volume and Surface Area:
rectangular solid
V l w h
rectangular solid
2 2 2 SA lh hw lw
2
cylinder
V r h
2
closed cylinder
2 2 SA rh r
Error in Measurement:
Relative error = |measure-actual|
actual
% of Error = Relative 100%
Permutations:
Arrangement in specific order.
!
P
( )!
n r
n
n r

Data:
5 Statistical Summary: minimum, maximum, median, 1
st
quartile,
3
rd
quartile
Quartiles divide data into 4 equal parts.
Percentiles divide data into 100 equal parts.
Percentile rank of score x

100
number of scores below x
n
, where n is
the number of scores.
Mean = average.
Mode = most often (may be more than one answer).
Median = middle.
Outliers = values that are far away from the rest of the data.
Median best describes data if outliers exist.
Range = difference between the maximum and minimum values.

Area:
1
2
triangle
A bh
2

3
4
equilateral triangle
s
A
rectangle
A bh
2
square
A bh s
parallelogram
A bh
1 2
rhombus
2
d d
A bh


trapezoid 1 2
1
( )
2
A h b b
2
circle
A r
2
sector of circle
360
n
A r
2
semicircle
1
2
A r
2
quarter circle
1
4
A r
Probability: P(A) = 1 P(A) complement
P(A and B) = P(A)P(B) independent
P(A and B) = P(A)P(B/A) dependent
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) mutually exclusive
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A and B) not exclusive
P(B/A) = P(A and B)/P(A) conditional probability
P(B/A) means probability of B given A has occurred.
Box and Whisker Plot: 1
st
and 3
rd
quartiles are at the
ends of the box, median is a vertical line in the box, and
the max/min are at the ends of the whiskers.
Helpful in interpreting the distribution of data.

Literal equations:
a = b + cd, solve for c.
a b = cd
a b = c
d Use same strategies
as for solving equations.
Sets:
Union - all elements in both sets.
Intersection - elements where sets overlap.
' Complement - elements not in the set.
A B
A B
A

{ } or means null set.
Exponential Growth and Decay:
Decay: where 0 and 0 1
x
y ab a b
Growth: where 0 and 1
x
y ab a b