M-1 MNEMONICS
ANATOMY MNEMONICS Nerve Injuries in the Upper Extremity *ANK
Lesions of the radial nerve, ulnar nerve or median nerve have a characteristic effect on the hand which can be remembered by the mnemonic, "DR. CUMA". D R
Drop wrist Radial n
C U M A
Clawhand Ulnar n Median n Ape hand
Bones of the Wrist * ANK
The mnemonic for a the bones of the wrist is "Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle". Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
Axillary Artery * ANK
The mnemonic for the branches of the axillary artery is "Sally Thompson Loves Sex and Pot" Sally Thompson Loves Sex And Pot Superior thoracic Thoracoacromial Lateral thoracic Subscapular Anterior humeral circumflex Posterior humeral circumflex
Rotator Cuff Muscles * ANK
The rotator cuff muscles help to stabilize the shoulder joint. The mnemonic for the rotator cuff muscle is "SITS". For example, when and athlete, such as former Chicago Bears quarterback Jim McMahon, has a rotator cuff injury he sits out the game. S I T S
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis
External Caroid Artery
The mnemonic for the branches of the external carotid artery is "SAL-FO-PSM". The long form of this is Some Adolescents Love Fellatio, Others Prefer S and M. S A L F O P S M
Superior thyroid Ascending pharyngeal Lingual Facial Occipital Posterior auricular Superficial temporal Maxillary
The Triangular Space * ANK
The triangular space in the shoulder region is bounded by the "3-T's"
T T T
Triceps Teres minor Teres major
Mitosis * ANK
The stages of mitosis can be remembered by the mnemonic, "IP-MAT". I P M A T
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
Chromosome Nomenclature
The mnemonic for chromosome nomenclature is "NARBS", which stands for chromosome Number, Arm, Region, Band and Subband. For example 1p23.4 represents the 1st chromosome, short arm/p arm ("p" for petite), 2nd region, 3rd band, 4th subband. N A R B S
Number of chromosome Arm Region Band Subband
The Brachial Plexus
You will most often encounter pt's w/brachial plexus injuries in the newborn nursery, emergency room and orthopedic clinic. The brachial plexus is comprised of Roots, Trunks and Cords which can be remembered by the mnemonic "RTC". The roots are the anterior rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1. The roots join together to form trunks, and the trunks give rise to the cords. The cords are named for their position relative to the axillary artery. The cords give rise to the terminal branches which can be remembered by the mnemonic, "MARMU". R Roots C5 to T1 1. Dorsal scapular 2. Long Thoracic
Trunks Upper 1. Suprascapular 2. n to Subclavius Middle Lower Cords Lat 1. Lateral Pectoral Post 1. Upper & Lower Subscapular 2. Thoracodorsal Med 1. Medial Pectoral 2. Medial Brachial & antebrachial cutaneous
The Brachial Plexus
Terminal Branches M A R M U
Median Axillary Radial Musculocutaneous Ulnar
Hepatic Portal Circulation
The major vessels of the portal circulation are shaped like a "chair". With this framework in mind, one can more easily visualize the location of to other portal vein tributaries and anatomical structures. The portal circulation has important anastomoses with the esophageal veins, the paraumbilical veins, the middle rectal and inferior rectal veins as well as the retroperitoneal tributaries of the inferior vena cava.
Portal Vein Splenic vein
Superior mesenteric vein
Inferior
mesenteric vein
Abdominal Aorta * ANK
The branches of the abdominal aorta can be remembered by the rule of 4's.
Midline Branches 1. 2. 3. 4. Celiac trunk SMA IMA Middle sacral
Lateral Branches 1. 2. 3. 4. Posterior 1. Lumbar 4 paired arteries Inferior phrenic Middle suprarenal Renal Gonadal
Superior Mesenteric Artery
The branches of the superior mesenteric artery can be remembered by the mnemonic "I3RMA". I
R M A
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery Intestinal arteries (jejunal & ileal) Ileocolic artery Right colic Middle colic Anastomoses via marginal artery
Neck Triangles
The Triangles of the neck can be remembered by the mnemonic, M3 - C - O2. Anterior Triangle M M M C O O
Mental (submental) Mandibular (submandibular) Muscular Carotid Occipital Omoclavicular
Carotid Sheath
The contents of the carotid sheath can be remembered by the mnemonic, "VNA". V N A
Vein Nerve Artery
internal jugular vagus carotid
CRANIAL SUTURES
The mnemonic for the cranial sutures is "CBS ", which stands for Coronal suture, Bregma, Sagittal suture, Lambdoid suture and Lambda. C B S
Coronal suture Bregma Sagittal suture Lambdoid suture Lambda
SPINAL CORD TRACTS
The mnemonic for the most important spinal cord tracts is "P - SLAC". This represents the Posterior columns (= fasiculus gracilis and cuneatus), Spinocerebellar tract, Lateral spinothalamic tract (LSTT), Anterior spinothalamic tract (ASTT) and the Corticospinal tract. P S L A C
Posterior columns Spinocerebellar tract LSTT ASTT Corticospinal tract
fine touch conscious proprioception vibratory sense muscle tone and unconscious proprioception pain and temperature crude touch voluntary motor
medulla ipsilateral spinal cord spinal cord medulla
CRANIAL FORAMINA
The mnemonic for the cranial foramina is "ESTO", which stands for the following bones, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Temporal and Occipital. E S
Ethmoid Sphenoid
cribiform plate optic canal superior orbital fissure foramen rotundum foramen ovale foramen spinosum
1 2 3,4,6 V1 V2 V3 middle meningeal artery 7&8 9,10,11 & internal jugular vein, brainstem, vertebral arteries
T O
Temporal Occipital
internal auditory meatus jugular foramen foramen magnum hypoglossal canal
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
The mnemonic for the ligaments of the vertebral column is "SIF - PA" S I F P A
Supraspinal Infraspinal Flavum Posterior longitudinal Anterior longitudinal
The Distal Spinal Cord
The magic number is "142" for the anatomy of the distal spinal cord. 1 4 2 The spinal cord ends at L1 The L4 interspace is a good site for doing a lumbar puncture. S2 is where the subarachnoid space terminates
Bones of the Orbit
The mnemonic for the bones of the orbit is "FELM PO3SZ". Which is pronounced similar to the phrase "film pose". Note: the "O3" stands for optic canal and orbital fissures (superior and inferior). F E L M P O S Z
Frontal Ethmoid Lacrimal Maxillary Palatine Optic Sphenoid Zygomatic
Anatomy of the Eyeball
The magic number is "3" when studying the anatomy of the eyeball because the eyeball has three coats, three chambers and three main structures for refraction and vision. I. Three Coasts 1. Outer fibrous coat 2. Middle Vascular coat 3. Inner retinal coat II. Three Chambers 1. Anterior chamber 2. Posterior chamber 3. Vitreous chamber III. Three Main Structures for Refraction and Vision 1. Cornea 2. Lens 3. Retina crude focus fine focus contains photoreceptors = = = Sclera and cornea Choroid, ciliary body and iris Retina
The muscles of the Eye
The magic number is "3" when studying the muscles of the eye because there are three muscles for the eyelid, three intraocular muscles (IOM) for the eyeball, and three nerves innervate the extraocular muscles (EOM) of the eyeball. I. Muscles of the Eyelid 1. Levator palpebrae superioris 2. Superior tarsal (=Muller's muscle) 3. Orbicularis oculi (palpebrae portion) II. IOM 1. Ciliary 2. Constrictor pupillae 3. Dilator pupillae III. EOM 1. CN#6 Lateral rectus 2. CN#4 Superior oblique 3. CN#3 the other EOM LR6 SO4
Paranasal Sinuses
The mnemonic for the paranasal sinuses is "FEMS" F E M S
Frontal Ethmoid Maxillary Sphenoid
M-1 Mnemonics
Biochemistry
Glycolysis (I)
Glycolysisi is the most important pathway for glucose (glc) metabolism. It is the sequence of reactions that produces 2 ATPs, 2 NADHs and converts glc into pyruvate (pyr). You should memorize it paying special attention to the sequence of glycolytic intermediates and enzymes, the reactions that produce ATP or NADH and the regulatory/control reactions (rxns). The sequence of rxns can be remembered by the mnemonic, (661) 63*-1331. This is the phone number of Mr. Glycolysis. The * represents DHAP in which the is not numbered. Each number represents the location of the on the glycolytic intermediates. This will enable you to list these compounds in order . Most of the enzymes are named after their associated substrate or product and according to the type of rxn they catalyze. Thus, once you write out the sequence of glycolytic intermediates, it is relatively easy to recall the names of the enzymes. Hexokinase, PFK and Pyr Kinase are the main regulatory enzymes. The catalyze irrevbersible rxns. The 1st diagram is a list of the glycolytic intermediates. The 2nd diagram includes the enzymes and the locations of where ATP and NADH are produced or utilized.
Glycolysis (II)
Glc Glc 6 Frc 6 Frc 1,6 di DHAP GA 3 1,3 D G 3G 2G PEP Pyr
Glycolysis (III) Glc
(Hexokinase) lose ATP Glc 6 (Isomerase) Frc 6 (PFK) lose ATP Frc 1,6 di (Aldolase) DHAP GA 3 (Triose Isomerase) (GA dehydrog) gain NADH 1,3 D G (PG Kinase) gain ATP 3-G (Mutase) 2-G (Enolase) PEP (Pyr Kinase) gain ATP Pyr
TriCarboxylic Acid (I)
The TAC cycle is the final common pathway for the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids. It is the sequence of rxn's that for each turn yields 3 NADH, one FADH, one GTP and two CO2. The intermediates can be remembered by the mnemonic, CIA5-S+S-FMO. Each letter represents a TCA cycle intermediate. The + sign represents the production of GTP and the fact that Succinyl CoA comes before Succinate. In terms of memorizing the cycle Alpha-KG is the most important compound. It is the only compound with five carbons and CO2 is given off immediately prior to and following the presence of alpha-KG. Each turn of the cycle begins with a two carbon structure (acetyl CoA) and later loses two carbons in the form of CO2. The first diagram emphasizes that alpha-KG is the only compound with five carbons. The second diagram is a list of the TCA cycle intermediates and shows where NADH, CO2, GTP and FADH are produced.
C4
C2
C6 NADH CO2
C4 CO2
C5 = alpha - KG NADH
TriCarboxylic Acid cycle (II)
Acetyl CoA Oaa NADH Malate Isocitrate NADH + CO2 Fumarate FADH2 Succinate GTP CIA S+S FMO Alpha - KG NADH + CO2 Succinyl CoA Citrate
The Electron Transport Chain
The components of the electron transport chain can be remembered by the phrase "Not Quite Before Christ Came Adam". Not Quite Before Christ Came Adam N Q B C C A NADH co enzyme Q cytochrome B cytochrome C1 cytochrome C cytochrome A
Essential Amino Acids * ANK
The essential amino acids can be remembered by the mnemonic "SABBT". The amino acids that are underlined are nonessential but are synthesized from essential amino acids. S A B B T
Sulfur Aromatic Basic Branched Threonine
Met, Cys Phe, Tyr, Trp Arg, Lys, His Val, Ile, Leu
The Urea Cycle
R. WILLIAM BETCHER M.D. The urea cycle can be remembered by the mnemonic, "Ordinarily Careless Crappers Are Also Frivolous About Urination".
Ordinarily Careless Crappers Are Also Frivolous About Urination Ornithine Carbamoyl Citrulline Aspartate Argininosuccinate Fumarate Arginine Urea
A Student to Student Guide to Medical School, (Boston: Little Brown Co., 1985)
Cholesterol Synthesis *ANK
The mnemonic for Cholesterol synthesis is "Ah! Ah! Help Me!-Plan In Diet Good Food - Stay Low (in) Cholesterol". Ah! Ah! Help Me! Plan In Diet Good Food Stay Low (in) Cholesterol Acetyl CoA Acetoacetyl CoA HMG CoA Mevalonate mevalonate Isopentenyl pyro Dimethylallyl pyro Geraynl pyro Farnesl pyro Squalene Lanosterol Cholesterol
Lipidoses
The mnemonic for Lipidoses/disorders of sphingomyelin metabolism is "SHAG3" Enzyme deficiency Sphingomyelinase S H A G
Disease Niemann-Pick disease Tay-Sachs disease Metachromatic leukodystrophy Fabrys disease Krabbes disease (=Globoid cell leukodystrophy) Gauchers disease
Hexoseaminidase Aryl Sulfatase Galatosidase () Galactosidase () Glucocerebrosidase
Fat Soluble Vitamins *ANK
The fat soluble vitamins are easily remembered by the mnemonic, ADEK A D E K
A D E K
deficiency can cause night blindness, xeropthalmia, blindness and follicular hyperkeratosis deficiency in children causes rickets deficiency in adults causes osteomalacia Deficiency has been associated w/hemolytic anemia in premature infants Deficiency can cause hemorrhage
Pellagra *ANK
Pellagra is caused by a clinically significant deficiency of niacin or its precursor tryptophan. Pellagra is characteristically seen in persons whose diet consists mainly of corn, because corn is low in niacin and tryptophan. It is also occasionally seen in malnourished chronic alcoholics. The clinical features of pellagra can be remembered by 5-Ds. D D D D D
Deficiency of niacin Diarrhea Dermatitis Dementia Damage/inflammation of tongue which becomes bright red, swollen and painful
Vitamin B12 & Folate
A deficiency of vitamin B12 or of folate can cause megaloblastic anemia. In addition, deficiency of vitamin B12 can also cause severe neurological damage in the spinal cord which is called subacute combined degeneration. Green leafy vegetables (foliage) are a good source of folate. Animal products such as beef are a good source of vitamin B12. B12 Folate from Beef from Foliage
Pneumonic for cranial nerves- CAPITAL letter corresponds to first letter of each nerve. On Occasion Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny- Very Good Vehicle AnyHow
