DCPU-16 Documentation

DCPU-16
DCPU-16 Specification Copyright 1985 Mojang Version 1.7

SUMM!"#

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16 %it &or's ()1(((( &or's of ra* 8 registers +!, -, C, ., #, /, 0, 12 progra* co3nter +PC2 stac4 pointer +SP2 e)tra5e)cess +6.2 interr3pt a''ress +0!2

0n this 'oc3*ent, anything &ithin 7%rac4ets8 is shorthan' for 9the :a;3e of the "!M at the ;ocation of the :a;3e insi'e the %rac4ets9. <or e)a*p;e, SP *eans stac4 pointer, %3t 7SP8 *eans the :a;3e of the "!M at the ;ocation the stac4 pointer is pointing at. =hene:er the CPU nee's to rea' a &or', it rea's 7PC8, then increases PC %y one. Shorthan' for this is 7PC>>8. 0n so*e cases, the CPU &i;; *o'ify a :a;3e %efore rea'ing it, in this case the shorthan' is 7>>PC8. <or sta%i;ity an' to re'3ce %3gs, it?s strong;y s3ggeste' a;; *3;ti&or' operations 3se ;itt;e en'ian in a;; DCPU-16 progra*s, &here:er possi%;e.

0@SA"UCA0B@S

0nstr3ctions are 1-C &or's ;ong an' are f3;;y 'efine' %y the first &or'. 0n a %asic instr3ction, the ;o&er fi:e %its of the first &or' of the instr3ction are the opco'e, an' the re*aining e;e:en %its are sp;it into a fi:e %it :a;3e %

an' a si) %it :a;3e a. % is a;&ays han';e' %y the processor after a, an' is the ;o&er fi:e %its. 0n %its +in DS--( for*at2, a %asic instr3ction has the for*atE aaaaaa%%%%%ooooo 0n the ta%;es %e;o&, C is the ti*e reF3ire' in cyc;es to ;oo4 3p the :a;3e, or perfor* the opco'e, V!DU6 is the n3*erica; :a;3e, @!M6 is the *ne*onic, an' D6SC"0PA0B@ is a short te)t that 'escri%es the opco'e or :a;3e.

--- Va;3esE +556 %its2 --------------------------------------------------------C G V!DU6 G D6SC"0PA0B@ --->---------->---------------------------------------------------------------( G ()((-()(7 G register +!, -, C, ., #, /, 0 or 1, in that or'er2 ( G ()(8-()(f G 7register8 1 G ()1(-()17 G 7register > ne)t &or'8 ( G ()18 G +PUSH 5 7--SP82 if in %, or +PBP 5 7SP>>82 if in a ( G ()19 G 7SP8 5 P66I 1 G ()1a G 7SP > ne)t &or'8 5 P0CI n ( G ()1% G SP ( G ()1c G PC ( G ()1' G 6. 1 G ()1e G 7ne)t &or'8 1 G ()1f G ne)t &or' +;itera;2 ( G ()J(-()Cf G ;itera; :a;3e ()ffff-()1e +-1..C(2 +;itera;2 +on;y for a2 -->---------->---------------------------------------------------------------$ 9ne)t &or'9 *eans 97PC>>89. 0ncreases the &or' ;ength of the instr3ction %y 1. $ -y 3sing ()18, ()19, ()1a as P66I, PBP5PUSH, an' P0CI there?s a re:erse stac4 starting at *e*ory ;ocation ()ffff. 6)a*p;eE 9S6A PUSH, 1(9, 9S6A ., PBP9 $ !tte*pting to &rite to a ;itera; :a;3e fai;s si;ent;y

--- -asic opco'es +5 %its2 ---------------------------------------------------C G V!D G @!M6 G D6SC"0PA0B@ --->------>--------->--------------------------------------------------------- G ()(( G n5a G specia; instr3ction - see %e;o&

1 G ()(1 G S6A %, a G sets % to a J G ()(J G !DD %, a G sets % to %>a, sets 6. to ()(((1 if there?s an o:erf;o&, G G G ()( other&ise J G ()(C G SU- %, a G sets % to %-a, sets 6. to ()ffff if there?s an 3n'erf;o&, G G G ()( other&ise J G ()(K G MUD %, a G sets % to %$a, sets 6. to ++%$a2LL162M()ffff +treats %, G G G a as 3nsigne'2 J G ()(5 G MD0 %, a G ;i4e MUD, %3t treat %, a as signe' C G ()(6 G D0V %, a G sets % to %5a, sets 6. to ++%NN1625a2M()ffff. if a (, G G G sets % an' 6. to ( instea'. +treats %, a as 3nsigne'2 C G ()(7 G DV0 %, a G ;i4e D0V, %3t treat %, a as signe'. "o3n's to&ar's ( C G ()(8 G MBD %, a G sets % to %Oa. if a (, sets % to ( instea'. C G ()(9 G MD0 %, a G ;i4e MBD, %3t treat %, a as signe'. +MD0 -7, 16 -72 1 G ()(a G !@D %, a G sets % to %Ma 1 G ()(% G -B" %, a G sets % to %Ga 1 G ()(c G .B" %, a G sets % to %Pa 1 G ()(' G SH" %, a G sets % to %LLLa, sets 6. to ++%NN162LLa2M()ffff G G G +;ogica; shift2 1 G ()(e G !S" %, a G sets % to %LLa, sets 6. to ++%NN162LLLa2M()ffff G G G +arith*etic shift2 +treats % as signe'2 1 G ()(f G SHD %, a G sets % to %NNa, sets 6. to ++%NNa2LL162M()ffff J>G ()1( G 0<- %, a G perfor*s ne)t instr3ction on;y if +%Ma2Q ( J>G ()11 G 0<C %, a G perfor*s ne)t instr3ction on;y if +%Ma2 ( J>G ()1J G 0<6 %, a G perfor*s ne)t instr3ction on;y if % a J>G ()1C G 0<@ %, a G perfor*s ne)t instr3ction on;y if %Q a J>G ()1K G 0<R %, a G perfor*s ne)t instr3ction on;y if %La J>G ()15 G 0<! %, a G perfor*s ne)t instr3ction on;y if %La +signe'2 J>G ()16 G 0<D %, a G perfor*s ne)t instr3ction on;y if %Na J>G ()17 G 0<U %, a G perfor*s ne)t instr3ction on;y if %Na +signe'2 - G ()18 G G - G ()19 G G C G ()1a G !D. %, a G sets % to %>a>6., sets 6. to ()(((1 if there is an o:erG G G f;o&, ()( other&ise C G ()1% G S-. %, a G sets % to %-a>6., sets 6. to ()<<<< if there is an 3n'erG G G f;o&, ()(((1 if there?s an o:erf;o&, ()( other&ise - G ()1c G G - G ()1' G G J G ()1e G SA0 %, a G sets % to a, then increases 0 an' 1 %y 1 J G ()1f G SAD %, a G sets % to a, then 'ecreases 0 an' 1 %y 1 --->------>--------->----------------------------------------------------------

$ Ahe con'itiona; opco'es ta4e one cyc;e ;onger to perfor* if the test fai;s. =hen they s4ip a con'itiona; instr3ction, they &i;; s4ip an a''itiona; instr3ction at the cost of one e)tra cyc;e. Ahis contin3es 3nti; a noncon'itiona; instr3ction has %een s4ippe'. Ahis ;ets yo3 easi;y chain con'itiona;s. 0nterr3pts are not triggere' &hi;e the DCPU-16 is s4ipping. $ Signe' n3*%ers are represente' 3sing t&o?s co*p;e*ent.

Specia; opco'es a;&ays ha:e their ;o&er fi:e %its 3nset, ha:e one :a;3e an' a fi:e %it opco'e. 0n %inary, they ha:e the for*atE aaaaaaooooo((((( Ahe :a;3e +a2 is in the sa*e si) %it for*at as 'efine' ear;ier. --- Specia; opco'esE +5 %its2 -------------------------------------------------C G V!D G @!M6 G D6SC"0PA0B@ --->------>------>------------------------------------------------------------- G ()(( G n5a G reser:e' for f3t3re e)pansion C G ()(1 G 1S" a G p3shes the a''ress of the ne)t instr3ction to the stac4, G G G then sets PC to a - G ()(J G G - G ()(C G G - G ()(K G G - G ()(5 G G - G ()(6 G G - G ()(7 G G K G ()(8 G 0@A a G triggers a soft&are interr3pt &ith *essage a 1 G ()(9 G 0!R a G sets a to 0! 1 G ()(a G 0!S a G sets 0! to a C G ()(% G "<0 a G 'isa%;es interr3pt F3e3eing, pops ! fro* the stac4, then G G G pops PC fro* the stac4 J G ()(c G 0!S a G if a is nonTero, interr3pts &i;; %e a''e' to the F3e3e G G G instea' of triggere'. if a is Tero, interr3pts &i;; %e G G G triggere' as nor*a; again - G ()(' G G - G ()(e G G - G ()(f G G J G ()1( G H=@ a G sets a to n3*%er of connecte' har'&are 'e:ices K G ()11 G H=S a G sets !, -, C, ., # registers to infor*ation a%o3t har'&are a

G G G !>+-NN162 is a CJ %it &or' i'entifying the har'&are i' G G G C is the har'&are :ersion G G G .>+#NN162 is a CJ %it &or' i'entifying the *an3fact3rer K>G ()1J G H=0 a G sen's an interr3pt to har'&are a - G ()1C G G - G ()1K G G - G ()15 G G - G ()16 G G - G ()17 G G - G ()18 G G - G ()19 G G - G ()1a G G - G ()1% G G - G ()1c G G - G ()1' G G - G ()1e G G - G ()1f G G --->------>------>-------------------------------------------------------------

0@A6""UPAS

Ahe DCPU-16 &i;; perfor* at *ost one interr3pt %et&een each instr3ction. 0f *3;tip;e interr3pts are triggere' at the sa*e ti*e, they are a''e' to a F3e3e. 0f the F3e3e gro&s ;onger than J56 interr3pts, the DCPU-16 &i;; catch fire. =hen 0! is set to so*ething other than (, interr3pts triggere' on the DCPU-16 &i;; t3rn on interr3pt F3e3eing, p3sh PC to the stac4, fo;;o&e' %y p3shing ! to the stac4, then set the PC to 0!, an' ! to the interr3pt *essage. 0f 0! is set to (, a triggere' interr3pt 'oes nothing. Soft&are interr3pts sti;; ta4e 3p fo3r c;oc4 cyc;es, %3t i**e'iate;y ret3rn, inco*ing har'&are interr3pts are ignore'. @ote that a F3e3e' interr3pt is consi'ere' triggere' &hen it ;ea:es the F3e3e, not &hen it enters it. 0nterr3pt han';ers sho3;' en' &ith "<0, &hich &i;; 'isa%;e interr3pt F3e3eing an' pop ! an' PC fro* the stac4 as a sing;e ato*ic instr3ction.

0!S is nor*a;;y not nee'e' &ithin an interr3pt han';er, %3t is 3sef3; for ti*e critica; co'e.

H!"D=!"6

Ahe DCPU-16 s3pports 3p to 655C5 connecte' har'&are 'e:ices. Ahese 'e:ices can %e anything fro* a''itiona; storage, sensors, *onitors or spea4ers. Ho& to contro; the har'&are is specifie' per har'&are 'e:ice, %3t the DCPU-16 s3pports a stan'ar' en3*eration *etho' for 'etecting connecte' har'&are :ia the H=@, H=S an' H=0 instr3ctions. 0nterr3pts sent to har'&are can?t contain *essages, can ta4e a''itiona; cyc;es, an' can rea' or *o'ify any registers or *e*ory a'resses on the DCPU16. Ahis %eha:ior changes per har'&are 'e:ice an' is 'escri%e' in the har'&are?s 'oc3*entation. Har'&are *3st @BA start *o'ifying registers or ra* on the DCPU-16 %efore at ;east one H=0 ca;; has %een *a'e to the har'&are. Ahe DPCU-16 'oes not s3pport hot s&apping har'&are. Ahe %eha:ior of connecting or 'isconnecting har'&are &hi;e the DCPU-16 is r3nning is 3n'efine'.

Clock
@a*eE Reneric C;oc4 +co*pati%;e2 0DE ()1J'(%K(J VersionE 1 0nterr3pts 'o 'ifferent things 'epen'ing on contents of the ! registerE

! G -6H!V0B" -->--------------------------------------------------------------------------( G Ahe - register is rea', an' the c;oc4 &i;; tic4 6(5- ti*es per secon'. G 0f - is (, the c;oc4 is t3rne' off. 1 G Store n3*%er of tic4s e;apse' since ;ast ca;; to ( in C register J G 0f register - is non-Tero, t3rn on interr3pts &ith *essage -. 0f - is Tero, G 'isa%;e interr3pts -->--------------------------------------------------------------------------=hen interr3pts are ena%;e', the c;oc4 &i;; trigger an interr3pt &hene:er it tic4s.

Floppy drive

.Q. QQQQQ. . ?QQQQQ. .QQQ. ?QQQQQ. .QQQQQQQ. ?QQQQQ. .QQQQQQQQQ? .QQQQQQQ. ?QQQQQQQ? .QQQQQQQQQ? ?QQQQQ. ?QQQQQQQ? ?QQQQQ. ?QQQ? ?QQQQQ. ? ?QQQQQ ?Q?

M ! C I ! P ! "

M 6 D 0 !

.---------------------. ----Q DCPU-16 0@<B"M!A0B@ Q----------------------------------------------------?---------------------? @a*eE Mac4apar C.59 <;oppy Dri:e +MC5<D2

0DE ()Kf'5JKc5, :ersionE ()(((% Man3fact3rerE ()1e%C7e91 +M!CI!P!"2

.-------------. ----Q D6SC"0PA0B@ Q-----------------------------------------------------------?-------------? Ahe Mac4apar C.59 <;oppy Dri:e is co*pati%;e &ith a;; stan'ar' C.59 1KK( If;oppy 'is4s. Ahe f;oppies nee' to %e for*atte' in 16 %it *o'e, for a tota; of 7C7,J8( &or's of storage. Data is sa:e' on 8( trac4s &ith 18 sectors per trac4, for a tota; of 1KK( sectors containing 51J &or's each. Ahe MC5<D &or4s is asynchrono3s, an' has a ra& rea'5&rite spee' of C(.74&5s. Arac4 see4ing ti*e is a%o3t J.K *s per trac4.

.--------------------. ----Q 0@A6""UPA -6H!V0B" Q-----------------------------------------------------?--------------------? !, -, C, ., #, /, 0, 1 %e;o& refer to the registers on the DCPU !E -eha:iorE ( Po;; 'e:ice. Sets - to the c3rrent state +see %e;o&2 an' C to the ;ast error since the ;ast 'e:ice po;;. 1 Set interr3pt. 6na%;es interr3pts an' sets the *essage to . if . is anything other than (, 'isa%;es interr3pts if . is (. =hen interr3pts are ena%;e', the MC5<D &i;; trigger an interr3pt on the DCPU-16 &hene:er the state or error *essage changes. J "ea' sector. "ea's sector . to DCPU ra* starting at #. Sets - to 1 if rea'ing is possi%;e an' has %een starte', anything e;se if it fai;s. "ea'ing is on;y possi%;e if the state is SA!A6U"6!D# or SA!A6U"6!D#U=P. Protects against partia; rea's.

=rite sector. =rites sector . fro* DCPU ra* starting at #. Sets - to 1 if &riting is possi%;e an' has %een starte', anything e;se if it fai;s. =riting is on;y possi%;e if the state is SA!A6U"6!D#. Protects against partia; &rites.

.-------------. ----Q SA!A6 CBD6S Q------------------------------------------------------------?-------------? ()(((( SA!A6U@BUM6D0! ()(((1 SA!A6U"6!D# ()(((J SA!A6U"6!D#U=P protecte'. ()(((C SA!A6U-US# sector. Ahere?s no f;oppy in the 'ri:e. Ahe 'ri:e is rea'y to accept co**an's. Sa*e as rea'y, e)cept the f;oppy is &rite Ahe 'ri:e is %3sy either rea'ing or &riting a

.-------------. ----Q 6""B" CBD6S Q------------------------------------------------------------?-------------? ()(((( 6""B"U@B@6 ()(((1 6""B"U-US# ()(((J 6""B"U@BUM6D0! inserte'. ()(((C 6""B"UP"BA6CA6D ()(((K 6""B"U616CA &riting. ()(((5 6""B"U-!DUS6CAB" is ;ost. ()ffff 6""B"U-"BI6@ pro%;e*, again. Ahere?s %een no error since the ;ast po;;. Dri:e is %3sy perfor*ing an action !tte*pte' to rea' or &rite &ith no f;oppy !tte*pte' to &rite to &rite protecte' f;oppy. Ahe f;oppy &as re*o:e' &hi;e rea'ing or Ahe reF3este' sector is %ro4en, the 'ata on it Ahere?s %een so*e *ajor soft&are or har'&are try t3rning off an' t3rning on the 'e:ice

Keyboard
@a*eE Reneric Iey%oar' +co*pati%;e2 0DE ()C(cf7K(6 VersionE 1 0nterr3pts 'o 'ifferent things 'epen'ing on contents of the ! registerE

! G -6H!V0B" -->--------------------------------------------------------------------------( G C;ear 4ey%oar' %3ffer 1 G Store ne)t 4ey type' in C register, or ( if the %3ffer is e*pty J G Set C register to 1 if the 4ey specifie' %y the - register is presse', or G ( if it?s not presse' C G 0f register - is non-Tero, t3rn on interr3pts &ith *essage -. 0f - is Tero, G 'isa%;e interr3pts -->--------------------------------------------------------------------------=hen interr3pts are ena%;e', the 4ey%oar' &i;; trigger an interr3pt &hen one or *ore 4eys ha:e %een presse', re;ease', or type'. Iey n3*%ers areE ()1(E -ac4space ()11E "et3rn ()1JE 0nsert ()1CE De;ete ()J(-()7fE !SC00 characters ()8(E !rro& 3p ()81E !rro& 'o&n ()8JE !rro& ;eft ()8CE !rro& right ()9(E Shift ()91E Contro;

Monitor
@6UD6M18(J :1.( V G GV VG G V UUU UUU

@#! 6D6IA"0SI! inno:ation infor*ation

DCPU-16 Har'&are 0nfoE @a*eE D6M18(J - Do& 6nergy Monitor 0DE ()7CK9f615, :ersionE ()18(J Man3fact3rerE ()1c6c8%C6 +@#!U6D6IA"0SI!2

DescriptionE Ahe D6M18(J is DCPU-16. Ahe 'isp;ay is one *onochro*e K)8 its o&n foregro3n' an'

a 1J8)96 pi)e; co;or 'isp;ay co*pati%;e &ith the *a'e 3p of CJ)1J 16 %it ce;;s. 6ach ce;; 'isp;ays pi)e; character o3t of 1J8 a:ai;a%;e. 6ach ce;; has %ac4gro3n' co;or o3t of a pa;ette of 16 co;ors.

Ahe D6M18(J is f3;;y %ac4&ar's co*pati%;e &ith D6M18(1 +()7CK9f6155()18(12, an' a''s s3pport for c3sto* pa;ettes an' fi)es the 'o3%;e %3ffer co;or %;ee' %3g.

0nterr3pt %eha:iorE =hen a H=0 is recei:e' %y the D6M18(J, it rea's the ! register an' 'oes one of the fo;;o&ing actionsE (E M6MUM!PUSC"66@ "ea's the - register, an' *aps the :i'eo ra* to DCPU-16 ra* starting at a''ress -. See %e;o& for a 'escription of :i'eo ra*. 0f - is (, the screen is 'isconnecte'. =hen the screen goes fro* ( to any other :a;3e, the the D6M18(J ta4es a%o3t one secon' to start 3p. Bther interr3pts sent '3ring this ti*e are sti;; processe'. 1E M6MUM!PU<B@A "ea's the - register, an' *aps the font ra* to DCPU-16 ra* starting at a''ress -. See %e;o& for a 'escription of font ra*. 0f - is (, the 'efa3;t font is 3se' instea'. JE M6MUM!PUP!D6AA6 "ea's the - register, an' *aps the pa;ette ra* to DCPU-16 ra* starting at a''ress -. See %e;o& for a 'escription of pa;ette ra*. 0f - is (, the 'efa3;t pa;ette is 3se' instea'. CE S6AU-B"D6"UCBDB" "ea's the - register, an' sets the %or'er co;or to pa;ette in'e) -M()< KE M6MUDUMPU<B@A "ea's the - register, an' &rites the 'efa3;t font 'ata to DCPU16 ra* starting at a''ress -. Ha;ts the DCPU-16 for J56 cyc;es 5E M6MUDUMPUP!D6AA6

"ea's the - register, an' &rites the 'efa3;t pa;ette 'ata to DCPU-16 ra* starting at a''ress -. Ha;ts the DCPU-16 for 16 cyc;es

Vi'eo ra*E Ahe D6M18(J has no interna; :i'eo ra*, %3t rather re;ies on %eing assigne' an area of the DCPU-16 ra*. Ahe siTe of this area is C8K &or's, an' is *a'e 3p of CJ)1J ce;;s of the fo;;o&ing %it for*at +in DS--(2E ffff%%%%-ccccccc Ahe ;o&est 7 %its +ccccccc2 se;ect 'efine character to 'isp;ay. ffff an' %%%% se;ect &hich foregro3n' an' %ac4gro3n' co;or to 3se. 0f - +%it 72 is set the character co;or &i;; %;in4 s;o&;y.

<ont ra*E Ahe D6M18(J has a 'efa3;t %3i;t in font. 0f the 3ser chooses, they *ay s3pp;y their o&n font %y *apping a J56 &or' *e*ory region &ith t&o &or's per character in the 1J8 character font. -y setting %its in these &or's, 'ifferent characters an' graphics can %e achie:e'. <or e)a*p;e, the character < ;oo4s ;i4e thisE &or'( 11111111((((1((1 &or'1 ((((1((1(((((((( Br, sp;it into octetsE &or'( 11111111 5 ((((1((1 &or'1 ((((1((1 5 ((((((((

Pa;ette ra*E Ahe D6M18(J has a 'efa3;t %3i;t in pa;ette. 0f the 3ser chooses, they *ay s3pp;y their o&n pa;ette %y *apping a 16 &or' *e*ory region &ith one &or' per pa;ette entry in the 16 co;or pa;ette. 6ach co;or entry has the fo;;o&ing %it for*at +in DS--(2E ((((rrrrgggg%%%% =here r, g, % are the re', green an' %;3e channe;s. ! higher :a;3e *eans a ;ighter co;or.

! *essage fro* B;aE He;;oQ

0t is f3n to see that so *any peop;e 3se o3r pro'3cts. =hen 0 &as a s*a;; %oy, *y 'a' 3se' to te;; *e 9B;a, ta4e care of those &ho 3n'erstan' ;ess than yo3. Dac4 of 4no&;e'ge is 'angero3s, %3t too *3ch is &orse9. Here at @ya 6;e4tris4a ha:e &e a;&ays trie' to i*pro:e *an4in' %y sho&ing the* the too;s reF3ire' to i*pro:e an' reach their tr3e potentia;. Aogether, yo3 &i;; &a4e 3p in ti*e.

Sleep Chamber
@6USPCJ((( :1.1 V G GV VG G V UUU UUU

@#! 6D6IA"0SI! inno:ation infor*ation

DCPU-16 Har'&are 0nfoE @a*eE SPCJ((( - S3spension Cha*%er J((( 0DE ()K(eK1'9', :ersionE ()((5e Man3fact3rerE ()1c6c8%C6 +@#!U6D6IA"0SI!2

=!"@0@R =!"@0@R =!"@0@R =!"@0@R <6"M0B@S @6!" AH6 !CA0V!A0B@ "!D0US !"6 C!A!SA"BPH0C!DD# D6SA"B#6D. DB @BA US6 @6!" 6!"AH B" M!"S B" !@# BAH6" <UAU"6 6!"AH CBDB@06S. DB @BA A!MP6" =0AH AH6 V!CUUM D6A6CAB". DB @BA US6 0@ !@ 0@HBMBR6@6BUS R"!V0A!A0B@!D <06DD. DB @BA US6 =H6@ "BA!A0@R. DB @BA US6 =H6@ !CC6D6"!A0@R. !-SBDUA6D# @B =!""!@A# 0S P"BV0D6D, US6 !A #BU" B=@ "0SI. AH6 /6<88J 0@CDUD6D 0@ AH0S SUSP6@S0B@ CH!M-6" 0S 0DD6R!D 0@ !DD CBU@A"06S. =!"@0@R =!"@0@R =!"@0@R =!"@0@R

DescriptionE Ahe SPCJ((( is a 'eep s;eep ce;; %ase' on the /6<88J ti*e 'i;ation fie;' generator +a:ai;a%;e fro* Po;ytron Corporation 0ncorporate'2.

0t pro:i'es safe an' near;y instantaneo3s ti*e passage, *a4ing ;ong jo3rneys in space *3ch easier on the passengers, an' a;;o&ing cargo to reach its 'estination &ith *ini*a; aging occ3rring. D3e to the nat3re of the /6<88J, it affects the entire :esse; +5( *eter ra'i3s, an' &i;; on;y engage in a near :ac33*. Bnce the SPCJ((( is acti:e, the :esse; &i;; %e a;*ost no&here to an e)terna; o%ser:er, an' 'etection of the :esse; is %eyon' 3n;i4e;y. -eca3se of the strong e)tra-'i*ensiona; acce;eration an' non;inear te*pora; 'istortion that occ3rs, it?s high;y reco**en'e' that passengers are strappe' in an' as;eep &hen triggering the SCPJ(((.

0*pro:e*entsE $ !''e' the a%i;ity to set the 3nit to s4ip to so*ething other than the 'efa3;t setting of *i;;isecon's.

0nterr3pt %eha:iorE =hen a H=0 is recei:e' %y the SPCJ(((, it rea's the ! register an' 'oes one of the fo;;o&ing actionsE (E R6AUSA!AUS Sets the C register to 1 if the SPCJ((( is rea'y to trigger. 0f it?s not, the - register is set to one of the fo;;o&ing :a;3esE ()((((E WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW - 6V!CU!A6 V6SS6D 0MM6D0!A6D# ()(((1E @ot in a :ac33* ()(((JE @ot eno3gh f3e; ()(((CE 0nho*ogeneo3s gra:itationa; fie;' ()(((KE Aoo *3ch ang3;ar *o*ent3* ()(((5E Bne or *ore ce;; 'oors are open ()(((6E Mechanica; error ()ffffE Un4no&n error - 6V!CU!A6 V6SS6D 0MM6D0!A6D# 1E S6AUU@0AUABUSI0P "ea's the - register, an' rea's a 6K %it n3*%er fro* *e*ory a''ress in %ig en'ian, an' sets the n3*%er of 3nits to s4ip to that n3*%er. JE A"0RR6"UD6V0C6 Perfor*s R6AUSA!AUS, an' if C is 1, triggers the SCPJ(((. Ahe stat3s can

%e rea' as the res3;t of the R6AUSA!AUS ca;;. CE S6AUSI0PUU@0A "ea's the - register, an' sets the siTe of the 3nit to s4ip to one ofE ()((((E Mi;;isecon's ()(((1E Min3tes ()(((JE Days ()(((CE #ears

! *essage fro* B;aE Roo' *orning, Ahan4s for p3rchasing this piece of har'&areQ 0 hope it &i;; en;ighten yo3 an' gi:e yo3 ne& hope in ;ife. !s this s3spension cha*%er %asica;;y &or4s as a one &ay ti*e *achine, 0 s3ppose 0 sho3;' &ish yo3 a p;easant jo3rney, an' as4 of yo3 to enjoy the f3t3re. 0t is yo3rs no&. !;; of it. - B;a Iristian Car;sson

3D

ector Di!play

.Q. QQQQQ. . ?QQQQQ. .QQQ. ?QQQQQ. .QQQQQQQ. ?QQQQQ. .QQQQQQQQQ? .QQQQQQQ. ?QQQQQQQ? .QQQQQQQQQ? ?QQQQQ. ?QQQQQQQ? ?QQQQQ. ?QQQ? ?QQQQQ. ? ?QQQQQ ?Q?

M ! C I ! P ! "

M 6 D 0 !

.---------------------.

----Q DCPU-16 0@<B"M!A0B@ Q----------------------------------------------------?---------------------? @a*eE Mac4apar S3spen'e' Partic;e 6)citer Disp;ay, "e: C +SP6D-C2 0DE ()KJ%a%fCc, :ersionE ()(((C Man3factorerE ()1e%C7e91 +M!CI!P!"2

.-------------. ----Q D6SC"0PA0B@ Q-----------------------------------------------------------?-------------? Ahe Mac4apar S3spen'e' Partic;e 6)citer Disp;ay, "e: C +9the 'e:ice92 is a CD :ector 'isp;ay 3nit. Straight ;ines are 'ra&n %et&een consec3ti:e :ertices in a constant ;oop, &ith c3sto*iTa%;e co;ors per :erte). Ahe effect is si*i;ar to a free f;oating CD *o'e;. Ahe area of the projecte' *o'e; is a%o3t 1)1)1 *eters, an' projection occ3rs 1.5 *eters a%o:e the 'e:ice. Ahe e*itters are capa%;e to rotate aro3n' the / a)is at 5( 'egrees per secon', a;;o&ing for easy ani*ation of projecte' *o'e;s. Up to 1J8 ;ines *ay %e projecte', %3t the *ore ;ines are projecte', the *ore se:ere the f;ic4ering gets.

.--------------------. ----Q 0@A6""UPA -6H!V0B" Q-----------------------------------------------------?--------------------? !, -, C, ., #, /, 0, 1 %e;o& refer to the registers on the DCPU !E -eha:iorE ( Po;; 'e:ice. Sets - to the c3rrent state +see %e;o&2 an' C to the ;ast error since the ;ast 'e:ice po;;. 1 Map region. Sets the *e*ory *ap offset to ., an' the tota; n3*%er of :ertices to ren'er to #. See %e;o& for the enco'ing infor*ation.

J "otate 'e:ice. Sets the target rotation for the 'e:ice to .OC6( 'egrees.

.-----------------. ----Q V6"A6. 6@CBD0@R Q--------------------------------------------------------?-----------------? 6ach :erte) occ3pies t&o &or's of infor*ation in the *ain DCPU "!M. Ahe 'ata is enco'e' as +in DS--( for*at2E <irst &or'E ########........ Secon' &or'E (((((0CC//////// =here ........ is the .-coor'inate of the :erte), ######## is the #coor'inate, //////// is the /-coor'inate, CC is co;or, an' 0 is intensity. / is 'eeper into the screen, if the 'e:ice is p;ace' face 3p on the gro3n', this trans;ates to 93p9 re;ati:e to the 3ser. Possi%;e co;or :a;3es are (E %;ac4, 1E re', JE green, CE %;3e. 0f the intensity %it is set, the co;or is 'ra&n as *ore intense. Ahe %;ac4 co;or is *eant to %are;y %e :isi%;e at a;;, e)cept for in :ery 'i* en:iron*ents, or if the intensity %it is set.

.-------------. ----Q SA!A6 CBD6S Q------------------------------------------------------------?-------------? ()(((( SA!A6U@BUD!A! ()(((1 SA!A6U"U@@0@R ()(((J SA!A6UAU"@0@R @o :ertices F3e3e' 3p, 'e:ice is in stan'-%y Ahe 'e:ice is projecting ;ines Ahe 'e:ice is projecting ;ines an' t3rning

.-------------. ----Q 6""B" CBD6S Q------------------------------------------------------------?-------------? ()(((( 6""B"U@B@6 ()ffff 6""B"U-"BI6@ pro%;e*, again. Ahere?s %een no error since the ;ast po;;. Ahere?s %een so*e *ajor soft&are or har'&are try t3rning off an' t3rning on the 'e:ice