Missouri Department of Transportation

Bridge Division
Bridge Design Manual
Section 3.62
Revised 09/09/2011
Click Here for Index
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
Index
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0

Page i - 1
3.62.1 General
1.1 Wall Type Selection (2 Sheets)
1.2 Loads (8 Sheets)
3.62.2 Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Walls
2.1 Design (2 Sheets)
2.2 Details (5 Sheets)
3.62.3 Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
3.1 Unit Stresses (1 Sheet)
3.2 Design (16 Sheets)
3.3 Example 1: Spread Footing Cantilever Wall (11 Sheets)
3.4 Example 2: L-Shaped Cantilever Wall (13 Sheets)
3.5 Example 3: Pile Footing Cantilever Wall (13 Sheets)
3.6 Dimensions (6 Sheets)
3.7 Reinforcement (6 Sheets)
3.8 Details (7 Sheets)



Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
General
Revised: Sept. 2002 E6202 E3.62-0
Page: 1.1-1
3.62.1 General
AASHTO 5.1
Retaining wall shall be designed to withstand lateral earth and water pressures,
including any live and dead load surcharge, the self weight of the wall,
temperature and shrinkage effect, live load and collision forces, and earthquake
loads in accordance with the general principles of AASHTO Section 5 and the
general principles specified in this section.

1.1 Wall Type Selection
AASHTO 5.2.1
Selection of wall type shall be based on an assessment of the magnitude and
direction of loading, depth to suitable foundation support, potential for earthquake
loading, presence of deleterious environmental factors, wall site cross-sectional
geometry, proximity of physical constraints, tolerable and differential settlement,
facing appearance, and ease and cost of construction.

The following wall types are the most commonly used in MoDOT projects
Mechanically Stabilized Earth Retaining Walls
Cast-In-Place Concrete Cantilever Retaining Walls
Cantilever Walls on Spread Footings
Cantilever Wall on Pile Footings
L-Shaped Walls on Spread Footings

Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Retaining Walls
AASHTO 5.2.1.4 & 5.8
MSE retaining walls use precast block or panel like facing elements combined
with either metallic or geosynthetic tensile reinforcements in the soil mass. MSE
walls are preferred over cast-in-place walls because they are usually more
economical. Other advantages include a wide variety of design styles, ease and
speed of installation, and their ability to accommodate total and differential
settlements. Wall design heights upwards of 80 feet are technically feasible
(FHFW-SA-96-071). MSE walls may be used to retain fill for end bents of bridge
structures.

Situations exist where the use of MSE walls is either limited or not
recommended. Some obstacles such as drop inlets, sign truss pedestals or
footings, and fence posts may be placed within the reinforcing strip area,
however, these obstacles increase the difficulty and expense of providing
sufficient reinforcing strips for stability. Box culverts and highway drainage pipes
may run through MSE walls, but it is preferable not to run the pipes close to or
parallel to the walls. Utilities other than highway drainage should not be
constructed within the reinforcing strip area. Be cautious when using MSE walls
in a flood plain. A flood could cause scouring around the reinforcement and
seepage of the backfill material. Soil reinforcements should not be used where
exposure to ground water contaminated by acid mine drainage or other industrial
pollutants as indicated by a low pH and high chlorides and sulfates exist.
Galvanized metallic reinforcements shall not be used where stray electrical
ground currents could occur as would be present near an electrical substation.
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
General
Revised: Sept. 2002 E6202 E3.62-0
Page: 1.1-2
Sufficient right-of-way is required to install the reinforcing strips which extend into
the backfill area at least 8 feet, 70 % of the wall height or as per design
requirements, whichever is greater. Finally, barrier curbs constructed over or in
line with the front face of the wall shall have adequate room provided laterally
between the back of the wall facing and the curb or slab so that load is not
directly transmitted to the top wall facing units.

Concrete Cantilever Wall on Spread Footing
Concrete cantilever walls derive their capacity through combinations of dead
weight and structural resistance. These walls are constructed of reinforced
concrete.

Concrete cantilever walls are used when MSE walls are not a viable option.
Cantilever walls can reduce the rock cut required and can also provide solutions
when there are right of way restrictions. Concrete walls also provide better
structural capacity when barrier curbs on top of the walls are required.

Counterforts are used on rare occasions. Sign-board type retaining walls are a
special case of counterfort retaining walls. They are used where the soil
conditions are such that the footings must be placed well below the finished
ground line. For these situations the wall is discontinued 12 inches below the
ground line or below the frost line. Counterforts may also be a cost-savings
option when the wall height approaches 20 feet (Foundation Analysis and Design
by Joseph E. Bowles, 4th ed., 1988). However, other factors such as poor soil
conditions, slope of the retained soil, wall length and uniformity in wall height
should also be considered before using counterforts.

Concrete Cantilever Wall on Pile Footing
Concrete cantilever walls on pile footings are used when the soil conditions do
not permit the use of spread footings. These walls are also used when an end
bent requires wings longer than 22 feet. In these cases a stub wing is left
attached to the end bent and the rest of the wing is detached to become a
retaining wall.

Concrete L-Shaped Retaining Wall on Spread Footings
Concrete L-Shaped walls are cantilever walls without heels. These walls are
used when there are space limitations for cantilever walls. Since there is no heel
the height of these walls is limited to about 7 feet depending on the soil
conditions and the slope of the retained soil.

L-Shaped Walls are often used next to roadways where the footings are
frequently used as shoulders and where the wall will require structural capacity
for collision forces.

Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
General
Revised: Sept. 2002 E6202 E3.62-0
Page: 1.2-1
1.2 Loads
Dead Loads
Dead loads shall be determined from the Weight of Materials Table of the Loads
Section in the Bridge Manual.

Equivalent Fluid Pressure (Earth Pressures)
AASHTO 3.20.1
For determining equivalent earth pressures for Group Loadings I through VI the
Rankine Formula for Active Earth Pressure shall be used.
Rankine Formula:
2
2
1
H C P
s a a
g = where:

- +
- -
=
f d d
f d d
d
2 2
2 2
cos cos cos
cos cos cos
cos
a
C

P
a
= equivalent active earth pressure
C
a
= coefficient of active earth pressure
H = height of the soil face at the vertical plane of interest
g
s
= unit weight of soil
d = slope of fill in degrees
f = angle of internal friction of soil in degrees

Example
Given
d = 3:1 (H:V) slope
f = 25
o

g
s
= 0.120 kcf
H = 10 ft
=

= 4 . 18
3
1
arctan d

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

- +
- -
=
25 cos 4 . 18 cos 4 . 18 cos
25 cos 4 . 18 cos 4 . 18 cos
4 . 18 cos
2 2
2 2
a
C
=0.515
P
a
= (1/2)(0.515)(0.120 kips/ft
3
)(10 ft)
2
= 3.090 kips per foot of wall length
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
General
Revised: Sept. 2002 E6202 E3.62-0
Page: 1.2-2
The f angle shall be determined by the Materials Division from soil tests. If the f
angle cannot be provided by the Materials Division a f angle of 27 degrees shall
be used.

Drainage shall be provided to relieve water pressure from behind all cast-in-place
concrete retaining walls. If adequate drainage can not be provided then walls
shall be designed to resist the maximum anticipated water pressure.

Surcharge Due to Point, Line, and Strip Loads
Surcharge due to point and line loads on the soil being retained shall be included
as dead load surcharge. The effect of these loads on the wall may be calculated
using Figure 5.5.2B from AASHTO.

Surcharge due to strip loads on the soil being retained shall be included as a
dead load surcharge load. The following procedure as described in Principles of
Foundation Engineering by Braja M. Das (1995) shall be applied to calculate
these loads when strip loads are applicable. An example of this application is
when a retaining wall is used in front of an abutment so that the wall is retaining
the soil from behind the abutment as a strip load on the soil being retained by the
wall.

RETAINING WALL IN FRONT OF AN ABUTMENT

The portion of soil that is in the active wedge must be determined because the
surcharge pressure only affects the wall if it acts on the active wedge. The actual
failure surface in the backfill for the active state can be represented by ABC
shown in the figure below. An approximation to the failure surface based on
Rankine's active state is shown by dashed line AD. This approximation is slightly
unconservative because it neglects friction at the pseudo-wall to soil interface.

The following variables are shown in the figure below:

b = slope of the active failure plane in degrees
d = slope of fill in degrees
H = height of the pseudo-wall (fom the bottom of the footing).
L
1
= distance from back of stem to back of footing heel
L
2
= distance from footing heel to intersection of failure plane with ground
surface




Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
General
Revised: Sept. 2002 E6202 E3.62-0
Page: 1.2-3

DETERMINATION OF ACTIVE WEDGES

In order to determine b the following equation which has been derived from
Rankine's active earth pressure theory must be solved by iteration:
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0
90 tan
1
tan
1
tan
1
tan =
- + +
+
-
-
-
+ -
b d f d b f b
b

f = angle of internal friction of soil in degrees
A good estimate for the first iteration is to let b = 45+ (f/2). In lieu of iterating the
above equation a conservative estimate for b is 45 degrees. Once b has been
established, an estimate of L
1
is needed to determine L
2
. From the geometry of
the variables shown in the above figure:

( ) d b
b d
-
=
sin
cos cos
2
H L

The resultant pressure due to the strip load surcharge and its location are then
determined. The following variables are shown in the figure below:
q = load per unit area
P
s
= resultant pressure on wall due only to surcharge earth pressure
z = location of P
s
measured from the bottom of the footing
L
3
= distance from back of stem to where surcharge pressure begins
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
General
Revised: Sept. 2002 E6202 E3.62-0
Page: 1.2-4

SURCHARGE PRESSURE ON RETAINING WALL

From the figure:
( ) [ ]
1 2
90
q q - = H
q
P
s
where

=
H
L
3
1
arctan q and

=
H
L
2
2
arctan q
( ) ( )
( )
1 2
4 1 2
2
2
30 . 57
q q
q q
-
+ - - -
=
H
H L Q R H
z where
( ) ( )
2
2
2
90 q - = L R and ( ) ( )
1
2
3
90 q - = L Q

When applicable, P
s
is applied to the wall in addition to other earth pressures.
The wall is then designed as usual.

Live Load Surcharge
AASHTO 3.20.3 & 5.5.2
Live load surcharge pressure of not less than two feet of earth shall be applied to
the structure when highway traffic can come within a horizontal distance equal to
one-half of the wall height, measured from the plane where earth pressure is
applied.

Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
General
Revised: Sept. 2002 E6202 E3.62-0
Page: 1.2-5

LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE
P
LLS
= (2 ft) g
s
C
a
H
P
LLS
= pressure due to live load surcharge only
g
s
= unit weight of soil (Note: AASHTO 5.5.2 specifies a minimum of 125 pcf
for live load surcharge, MoDOT policy allows 120 pcf as given from the
Weight of Materials Table of the Loads Section in the Bridge Manual.)
C
a
= coefficient of active earth pressure
H = height of the soil face at the vertical plane of interest
The vertical live load surcharge pressure should only be considered when
checking footing bearing pressures, when designing footing reinforcement, and
when collision loads are present.

Live Load Wheel Lines
Live load wheel lines shall be applied to the footing when the footing is used as a
riding or parking surface.
AASHTO 3.24.5.1.1
& 5.5.6.1
Distribute a LL
WL
equal to 16 kips as a strip load on the footing in the following
manner.
E
LL
P
WL
=
where E = 0.8X+3.75
X = distance in feet from the load to the front face of the wall
AASHTO 3.24.2 & 3.30
The wheel lines shall move 1 foot from the barrier curb or wall to 1 foot from the
toe of the footing.

Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
General
Revised: Sept. 2002 E6202 E3.62-0
Page: 1.2-6
Collision Forces
AASHTO Figure 2.7.4B
Collision forces shall be applied to a wall that can be hit by traffic. Apply a point
load of 10 kips to the wall at a point 3 ft above the finished ground line.


SECTION

Distribute the force to the wall in the following manner:
Force per ft of wall =
L
kips
2
10


PROFILE

When considering collision loads, a 25% overstress is allowed for bearing
pressures and a factor of safety of 1.2 shall be used for sliding and overturning.

Wind and Temperature Forces
These forces shall be disregarded except for special cases, consult the
Structural Project Manager.

When walls are greater than 84 feet long, an expansion joint shall be provided.
Contraction joint spacing shall not exceed 28 feet.

Seismic Loads
Retaining walls in Seismic Performance Category A (SPC A) and SPC B which
are located adjacent to roadways may be designed in accordance with AASHTO
specifications for SPC A. Retaining walls in SPC B which are located under a
bridge abutment or in a location where failure of the wall may affect the structural
integrity of a bridge shall be designed to AASHTO specifications for SPC B. All
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
General
Revised: Sept. 2002 E6202 E3.62-0
Page: 1.2-7
retaining walls located in SPC C and SPC D shall be designed in accordance to
AASHTO specifications for the corresponding SPC.

In seismic category B, C and D determine equivalent fluid pressure from
Mononobe-Okabe static method.

P
AE
= equivalent active earth pressure during an earthquake
1992 AASHTO Div. IA
Eqn. C6-3
( )
AE v s AE
K k H P - = 1
2
1
2
g where
K
AE
= seismic active pressure coefficient
1992 AASHTO Div. IA
Eqn. C6-4
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
cos cos
sin sin
1 cos cos cos
cos

- + +
- - +
+ + +
- -
=
b q b d
q f d f
q b d b q
b q f
i
i
K
AE

g
s
= unit weight of soil
AASHTO 5.2.2.3
& Div. IA 6.4.3
k
v
= vertical acceleration coefficient
k
h
= horizontal acceleration coefficient which is equal to 0.5A for all walls,
but 1.5A for walls with battered piles where
A = seismic acceleration coefficient


The following variables are shown in the figure below:
f = angle of internal friction of soil
q =

-
v
h
k
k
1
arctan
b = slope of soil face
d = angle of friction between soil and wall in degrees
i = backfill slope angle in degrees
H = distance from the bottom of the part of the wall to which the pressure is
applied to the top of the fill at the location where the earth pressure is to be
found.

ACTIVE SOIL WEDGE
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
General
Revised: Sept. 2002 E6202 E3.62-0
Page: 1.2-8
Group Loads
For SPC A and B (if wall does not support an abutment), apply AASHTO Group I
Loads only. Bearing capacity, stability and sliding shall be calculated using
working stress loads. Reinforced concrete design shall be calculated using load
factor design loads.
AASHTO Table 3.22.1A
AASHTO Group I Load Factors for Load Factor Design of concrete:
g = 1.3
b
D
= 1.0 for concrete weight
b
D
= 1.0 for flexural member
b
E
= 1.3 for lateral earth pressure for retaining walls
b
E
= 1.0 for vertical earth pressure
b
LL
= 1.67 for live load wheel lines
b
LL
= 1.67 for collision forces
AASHTO 5.14.2
b
E
= 1.67 for vertical earth pressure resulting from live load surcharge
b
E
= 1.3 for horizontal earth pressure resulting from live load surcharge

For SPC B (if wall supports an abutment), C, and D apply AASHTO Group I
Loads and seismic loads in accordance with AASHTO Division IA - Seismic
Design Specifications.
AASHTO Div. IA 4.7.3
When seismic loads are considered, load factor for all loads = 1.0.



Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
MSE Walls


Effective: March 2011 Supersedes: Feb. 2010

Page 2.1-1
3.62.2 Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Walls

2.1 Design
Designs of Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) walls are completed by
consultants or contractors in accordance with Section 5 of the AASHTO
Specifications. MoDOT Internet site contains a listing of facing unit
manufacturers, soil reinforcement suppliers, and wall system suppliers which
have been approved for use. See Sec 720 and 1010 of Missouri Standard
Specifications for additional information. Geotechnical Section is responsible for
checking global stability, which should be reported on the Foundation
Investigation Geotechnical Report. For MSE wall preliminary information, see
EPG 751.1.4.3 MSE Walls.

General policy
Small block walls are limited to a 10 foot height in one lift.
For small block walls, top cap units shall be used and shall be permanently
attached by means of a resin anchor system.
For large block walls, capstone may be substituted for coping and either shall
be permanently attached to wall by panel dowels.
MSE walls shall not be used where exposure to acid water may occur such
as in areas of coal mining.
MSE walls shall not be used where scour is a problem.
MSE walls with metallic soil reinforcement shall not be used where stray
electrical ground currents may occur as would be present near electrical
substations.
No utilities shall be allowed in the reinforced earth if future access to the
utilities would require that the reinforcement layers be cut, or if there is a
potential for material, which can cause degradation of the soil reinforcement,
to leak out of the utilities into the wall backfill, with the exception of storm
water drainage.
The interior angle between two walls must be greater than 70 degrees.
Small block walls may be battered up to 1.5 inches per foot.
The friction angle used for the computation of horizontal forces within the
reinforced soil shall be greater than or equal to 34 degrees.
All reinforcement shall be epoxy coated in the concrete face for walls subject
to spraying from adjacent roadways (approximately 10 feet or less from the
curb.)
All concrete except facing panels or units shall be CLASS B or B-1.
The friction angle of the soil to be retained by the reinforced earth shall be
listed on the plans as well as the friction angle for the foundation material the
wall is to rest on.
Seismic performance category and acceleration coefficient shall be listed on
the plans.
Factors of Safety for MSE walls shall be 2.0 for overturning, 1.5 for sliding,
2.0 for ultimate bearing capacity and 1.5 for pullout resistance.
Factors of Safety for seismic design shall be 1.5 for overturning and 1.1 for
sliding.
Gutter type should be selected at the core team meeting.
When gutter is required without fencing, use Type A or Type B gutter (for
detail, see Mo. Std. Plan 609.00).
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
MSE Walls

Effective: Sept. 2011 Supersedes: March 2011

Page 2.1-2
When gutter is required with fencing, use Modified Type A or Modified Type
B gutter (for detail, see Mo. Std. Plan 607.11).
When fencing is required without gutter, place in tube and grout behind the
MSE wall (for detail, see Page 2.2-5).
Do not use small block walls in the following locations:

Within the splash zone from snow removal operations (assumed to be
15 feet from the edge of the shoulder).

Where the blocks will be continuously wetted, such as around sources of
water.

Where blocks will be located behind barrier curbs or other obstacles,
which will trap salt-laden snow from removal operations.

For structurally critical applications, such as containing necessary fill
around structures.

In tiered wall systems.

For locations where small block walls are not desirable, consider coloring
agents and/or architectural forms using large block walls for aesthetic
installations.

Drainage pipes for all large and small block walls shall be a minimum of a 6
diameter perforated PVC or PE pipe (See Sec 1013) unless larger sizes are
required by design by the wall manufacturer. Show drainage pipe size on
plans. Screens should be installed and maintained on drain pipe outlets.
Outlet screens and cleanouts should be detailed (shown on construction
drawing).

MSE Wall Construction:

Corrugated Metal Pipe Pile Spacers Guidance:

Corrugated metal pipe pile spacers (CMPPS) shall be used at pile locations
behind mechanically stabilized earth walls to protect the wall reinforcement when
driving pile for the bridge substructure at end bents(s). CMPPS shall have an
inside diameter greater than that of the pile and large enough to avoid damage to
the pipe when driving the pile. The bottom of the CMPPS shall be placed 5 min.
below the bottom of the MSE wall leveling pad. The pipe shall be filled with sand
or other approved material after the pile is placed and before driving. CMPPS
shall be accurately located and capped for future pile construction.

Alternatively, the contractor shall be given the option of driving the piles before
construction of the retaining wall and placing the wall reinforcing and backfill
material around the piling. The contractor shall adequately support the piling to
insure that proper pile alignment is maintained during the wall construction. The
contractors plan for bracing the pile shall be submitted to the engineer for
review. Piling shall be designed for downdrag (DD) loads due to either method.
Oversized CMPPS with sand placed after driving may be considered to mitigate
some of the effects of downdrag (DD) loads. Oversized CMPPS shall account
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
MSE Walls

Effective: Sept. 2011 Supersedes: March 2011

Page 2.1-3
for pile size, thermal movements of the bridge, pile placement plan, and vertical
and horizontal placement tolerances.

The minimum clearance from the back face of MSE walls to the front face of the
end bent beam shall be 3-9 (Typ.). The 3-9 dimension is based on the use of
18 CMPPS & FHWA-NHI-10-24, Figure 5-17C, which will help ensure that soil
reinforcement is not skewed more than 15 for nut and bolt reinforcement
connections. Other types of connections may require different methods for
splaying. In the event that the 3-9 dimension or setback cannot be used, the
following guidance for CMPPS clearance shall be used: CMPPS shall be placed
18 clear min. from the back face of MSE wall panels; 12 minimum clearance is
required between CMPPS and leveling pad and 18 minimum clearance is
required between leveling pad and pile.

MSE Wall Plan and Geometrics
A plan view shall be drawn showing a baseline or centerline, roadway
stations and wall offsets. The plan shall contain enough information to
properly locate the wall. The ultimate right of way shall also be shown,
unless it is of a significant distance from the wall and will have no bearing
on the wall design or construction.
Stations and offsets are established between one construction baseline
or roadway centerline and a wall control line (baseline). Some wall
designs contain a slight batter, while others are vertical. A wall control
line is set at the front face of the wall, either along the top or at the base
of the wall, whichever is critical to the proposed improvements. For
battered walls, to allow for batter adjustments of the stepped level pad or
variation of the top of the wall, the wall control line (baseline) is to be
shown at a fixed elevation. For battered walls, the offset location and
elevation of control line shall be indicated. All horizontal breaks in the
wall are given station-offset points, and walls with curvature indicate
station-offsets to the PC and PT of the wall, and the radius.
Any obstacles which may possibly interfere with wall reinforcing strips
are shown. Drainage structures, lighting, or truss pedestals and footings,
etc. are to be shown, with station offset to centerline of the obstacle, with
obstacle size. Skew angles are shown to indicate the angle between a
wall and a pipe or box which runs through the wall.
Elevations at the top and bottom of the wall shall be shown at 25 foot
intervals and at any break points in the wall.
Curve data and/or offsets shall be shown at all changes in horizontal
alignment. If battered wall systems are used on curved structures, show
offsets at 10 foot (max.) intervals from the baseline.
Details of any architectural finishes (formliners, concrete coloring, etc.).
Details of threaded rod connecting the top cap block.
Estimated quantities, total sq. ft. of mechanically stabilized earth
systems.
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
MSE Walls

Effective: Sept. 2011 Supersedes: March 2011

Page 2.1-4

Proposed grade and theoretical top of leveling pad elevation shall be
shown in constant slope. Slope line shall be adjusted per project. Top of
wall or coping elevation and stationing shall be shown in the developed
elevation per project. If leveling pad is anticipated to encounter rock,
then contact the Geotechnical Section for leveling pad minimum
embedment requirements.

MSE Wall Cross Sections
A typical wall section for general information is shown.
Additional sections are drawn for any special criteria. The front face of
the wall is drawn vertical, regardless of the wall type.
Any fencing and barrier curb are shown.
Barriers if needed are shown on the cross section. Concrete barriers are
attached to the roadway or shoulder pavement, not to the MSE wall.
Standard Type B barrier curbs are placed along wall faces when traffic
has access to the front face of the wall over shoulders of paved areas.























Bridge Manual
Page: 2.2-1
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2.2 DETAILS
Retaining Wall - Section 3.62
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S t a . 0 0 + 7 1 7 . 6 3
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S t a . 0 0 + 6 4 4 . 2 6
E l e v . 7 0 4 . 3 7
MSE Walls
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Effective: Aug. 2011 Supersedes: Feb. 2010
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Bridge Manual
Page: 2.2-2 Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
2
~
0
"
Slope
Excavation Line
Front Face
of Wall
Retained
Material
Slope
Excavation Line
Front Face
of Wall
(
M
i
n
.
)
12"
(Min.)
12"
(Min.)
12"
12"
(Min.)
6
"
(
M
i
n
.
)
6
"

(
M
i
n
.
)
(
M
i
n
.
)
12" (Min.)
(Min.)
* *
* *
6
"

(
M
i
n
.
)
Soil Reinforcement (Typ.)
Soil Reinforcement (Typ.)
MSE Walls
1" (Typ.)
1" (Typ.)
Joint Filler
(Rdwy Item)
Joint Seal
(Rdwy Item)
Separation
Geotextile
Sec 1011
Select Granular
Backfill for
Structural Systems
Sec 1010
Separation
Geotextile
Sec 1011
Separation
Geotextile
Sec 1011
Select Granular
Backfill for
Structural Systems
Sec 1010
Retained
Material
Unit Fill
Sec 720


TYPICAL SECTION THRU GENERIC LARGE BLOCK WALL
TYPICAL SECTION THRU GENERIC SMALL BLOCK WALL
Reinforced coping
shall be attached
to wall by panel
dowels. ***
1
Effective: Feb. 2010 Supersedes: April 2009
1
The designer shall show on the plans the minimum embedment = max (2, embedment
based on Geotechnical Report and global stability requirements). Minimum embedment
shall be provided in accordance with AASHTO 5.8.1 & Geotechnical Report.

Minimum 6" diameter perforated PVC or PE pipe, unless larger size pipes are
required by design by wall manufacturer.

Topmost layer of reinforcement shall be fully covered with select granular
backfill for structural systems, as approved by the wall manufacturer, before
placement of the Separation Geotextile.

Inverted U-shape reinforced capstone may be used in lieu of coping. Panel
dowels for capstone shall be required and as provided by manufacturer.
1



*


**



***
The designer shall show on the plans the minimum embedment = max (2, embedment
based on Geotechnical Report and global stability requirements). Minimum embedment
shall be provided in accordance with AASHTO 5.8.1 & Geotechnical Report.

Minimum 6" diameter perforated PVC or PE pipe, unless larger size pipes are
required by design by wall manufacturer.

Topmost layer of reinforcement shall be fully covered with select granular
backfill for structural systems, as approved by the wall manufacturer, before
placement of the Separation Geotextile.
1



*


**
Drainage System
Sec 720 and
Sec 1013 *
Drainage System
Sec 720 and
Sec 1013 *
Bridge Manual
Page: 2.2-3 Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
Front Face of Wall
Bench
Flat washer
5"(Typ.)
CAPSTONE ANCHOR DETAILS
3
"
Recess hole to be backfilled with non-shrink cement grout.
DETAILS OF 1/2" THREADED
ROD OR REINFORCING ROD
1/2" Nut
(Welded to rod)
1/2" rods (Typ.)
WALL PLAN
1/2" Ground point
Front Face of Wall

(
M
i
n
)
MSE Walls
4~0"(Min.)
Note:
3.62-05/17/04
Rods or reinforcing bars are secured by an approved resin anchor system in accordance
with Sec 1039.
Holes are 5/8" round, extend 4" into the third layer of blocks, recessed 2" deep by
1-1/2" round.
1
Effective: Feb. 2010 Supersedes: May 2004
WALL PROFILE
4
"

(
T
y
p
.
)
Cap Blocks

1/2" Steel Rod
A minimum horizontal bench
4~0" wide shall be provided
in front of the wall

1 The designer shall show on the
plans the minimum embedment =
max (2, embedment based on
Geotechnical Report and global
stability requirements). Minimum
embedment shall be provided in
accordance with AASHTO 5.8.1 &
Geotechnical Report.

* Inverted U-shape reinforced
capstone may be used in lieu of
coping. Panel dowels for capstone
shall be required and as provided
by manufacturer.
Reinforced coping shall
be attached to wall by
panel dowels (coping only
at large block wall). *
TYPICAL SECTION THRU ANY
MSE WALL FOUNDED ON SLOPE
Bridge Manual
Page: 2.2-4 Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
12"
MSE Walls
For battered walls, note on the plans whether the horizontal offset from the baseline
is fixed at the top or bottom of the wall. Horizontal offset and corresponding vertical
elevation shall be noted on plans.
E6203 Effective: Feb. 2010 Supersedes: Oct. 2002
TYPICAL SECTION THRU
GENERIC SMALL BLOCK WALL
"The top and bottom of wall elevations are given for a vertical wall. If a battered small
block wall system is used, the height of the wall shall be adjusted as necessary to fit the
ground slope. If fence is built on an extended gutter, then the height of the wall shall be
adjusted further."
1 1/2 "
(Max.)
BATTERED SMALL BLOCK WALLS
Battered mechanically stabilized earth wall systems may be used unless the design layout
specifically calls for a vertical wall (large block walls shall not be battered and small
block walls may be built vertical). If a battered MSE wall system is allowed, then the
following note shall be placed on the design plans:
18" (min)
Fill with Grout
Bridge Manual
Page: 2.2-5 Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
MSE Walls
6" Tube
FENCING
2" Pipe Post,
6" Tube and
Fence
Effective: Feb. 2010 Supersedes: Oct. 2005
Front Face
of MSE Wall
FENCE POST CONNECTION
BEHIND MSE WALL
(WITHOUT GUTTER)
Notes:

Fencing may be installed on the Modified Type A or Modified
Type B Gutter or behind the MSE Wall.

For Modified Type A and Modified Type B Gutter and Fence Post
Connection details, see Missouri Standard Plans No. 607.11.

For Fence Post Connection Behind MSE Wall, see detail below.
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.1-1
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls

3.62.3 Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls

3.1 Unit Stresses

Concrete
Concrete for retaining walls shall be Class B Concrete (f'c = 3000 psi)
unless the footing is used as a riding surface in which case Class B-1
Concrete (f'c = 4000 psi) shall be used.

Reinforcing Steel
Reinforcing Steel shall be Grade 60 (fy = 60,000 psi).

Pile Footing
For piling capacities, see the Unit Stresses and Piling Sections of the
Bridge Manual.

Spread Footing
For foundation material capacity, see the Unit Stresses Section of the
Bridge Manual and the Design Layout Sheet.




















Effective: Feb. 2, 2004 Supercedes: December 1998 E3.62-0
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: Sept. 2002 E6202 E3.62-0

Page 3.2-1
3.2 Design

If the height of the wall or fill is a variable dimension, then base the structural
design of the wall, toe, and heel on the high quarter point between expansion
joints.


Spread Footings

Location of Resultant
AASHTO 5.5.5
The resultant of the footing pressure must be within the section of the footing
specified in the following table.

When Retaining
Wall is Built on:
AASHTO Group
Loads I-VI
For Seismic
Loads
Soil
a

Middle 1/3
Middle 1/2
b

Rock
c

Middle 1/2 Middle 2/3


a. Soil is defined as clay, clay and boulders, cemented gravel, soft shale,
etc. with allowable bearing values less than 6 tons/sq. ft.
b. MoDOT is more conservative than AASHTO in this requirement.
c. Rock is defined as rock or hard shale with allowable bearing values of 6
tons/sq. ft. or more.

Note:
The location of the resultant is not critical when considering collision loads.
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: Sept. 2002 E6202 E3.62-0

Page 3.2-2
Factor of Safety Against Overturning
AASHTO 5.5.5
AASHTO Group Loads I - VI:
F.S. for overturning 2.0 for footings on soil.
F.S. for overturning 1.5 for footings on rock.
For seismic loading, F.S. for overturning may be reduced to 75% of the value
for AASHTO Group Loads I - VI. For seismic loading:
F.S. for overturning (0.75)(2.0) = 1.5 for footings on soil.
F.S. for overturning (0.75)(1.5) = 1.125 for footings on rock.
For collision forces:
F.S. for overturning 1.2.

Factor of Safety Against Sliding
AASHTO 5.5.5
Only spread footings on soil need be checked for sliding because spread
footings on rock or shale are embedded into the rock.
F.S. for sliding 1.5 for AASHTO Group Loads I - VI.
F.S. for sliding (0.75)(1.5) = 1.125 for seismic loads.
F.S. for sliding 1.2 for collision forces.
The resistance to sliding may be increased by:
adding a shear key that projects into the soil below the footing.
widening the footing to increase the weight and therefore increase the
frictional resistance to sliding.

Passive Resistance of Soil to Lateral Load
The Rankine formula for passive pressure can be used to determine the
passive resistance of soil to the lateral force on the wall. This passive
pressure is developed at shear keys in retaining walls and at end abutments.
AASHTO Figure 5.5.5A
The passive pressure against the front face of the wall and the footing of a
retaining wall is loosely compacted and should be neglected when
considering sliding.
Rankine formula: [ ]
2
1
2
2
1
H H C P
S P P
- = g where the following variables
are defined in the figure below:

+ =
2
45 tan
2
f
o
P
C


2
1
2
3
2
2
2 1
1
3
2
H H
y y H
y
-
+
=

P
P = passive force at shear key in pounds per foot of wall length
P
C = coefficient of passive earth pressure
S
g = unit weight of soil
H = height of front face fill less 1 foot min. for erosion
1
H = H minus depth of shear key

1
y = location of
P
P from bottom of footing
f = angle of internal friction of soil

Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: Sept. 2002 E6202 E3.62-0

Page 3.2-3

AASHTO 5.5.2
The resistance due to passive pressure in front of the shear key shall be
neglected unless the key extends below the depth of frost penetration.
MoDOT Materials Division
Frost line is set at 36 inches at the north border of Missouri and at 18" at the
south border.

Passive Pressure During Seismic Loading
During an earthquake, the passive resistance of soil to lateral loads is slightly
decreased. The Mononobe-Okabe static method is used to determine the
equivalent fluid pressure.
E P
P = equivalent passive earth pressure during an earthquake
1992 AASHTO Div.IA Eqn. C6-5
( )
PE V S PE
K k H P - = 1
2
1
2
g where:
1992 AASHTO Div.1A Eqn. C6-6
PE
K = seismic passive pressure coefficient

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
cos cos
sin sin
1 cos cos cos
cos

- + -
+ - +
- + -
+ -
=
b q b d
q f d f
q b d b q
b q f
i
i
K
PE

S
g = unit weight of soil
H = height of soil at the location where the earth pressure is to
be found
V
k = vertical acceleration coefficient
f = angle of internal friction of soil
q =

-
V
h
k
k
1
arctan

H
k = horizontal acceleration coefficient
b = slope of soil face in degrees
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: Sept. 2002 E6202 E3.62-0

Page 3.2-4
i = backfill slope angle in degrees
d = angle of friction between soil and wall

Special Soil Conditions
Due to creep, some soft clay soils have no passive resistance under a
continuing load. Removal of undesirable material and replacement with
suitable material such as sand or crushed stone is necessary in such cases.
Generally, this condition is indicated by a void ratio above 0.9, an angle of
internal friction (f) less than 22
o
, or a soil shear less than 0.8 ksf. Soil shear
is determined from a standard penetration test.
Soil Shear
10
12
2
in per blows
ft
k
=

Friction
In the absence of tests, the total shearing resistance to lateral loads between
the footing and a soil that derives most of its strength from internal friction
may be taken as the normal force times a coefficient of friction. If the plane at
which frictional resistance is evaluated is not below the frost line then this
resistance must be neglected.

When A Shear Key Is Not Used

Sliding is resisted by the friction force developed at the interface between the
soil and the concrete footing along the failure plane. The coefficient of
friction for soil against concrete can be taken from the table below. If soil data
is not readily available or is inconsistent, the friction factor (f) can be taken as

= f
3
2
tan f where f is the angle of internal friction of the soil (Civil
Engineering Reference Manual by Michael R. Lindeburg, 6th ed., 1992).
AASHTO Table 5.5.2B
Coefficient of Friction Values for Soil Against Concrete
Soil Type
a

Coefficient of Friction
coarse-grained soil without silt 0.55
coarse-grained soil with silt 0.45
Silt (only) 0.35
clay
0.30
b

Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: Sept. 2002 E6202 E3.62-0

Page 3.2-5
a. It is not necessary to check rock or shale for sliding due to embedment.
b. Caution should be used with soils with f < 22
o
or soil shear < 0.8 k/sq.ft.
(soft clay soils). Removal and replacement of such soil with suitable
material should be considered.

When A Shear Key Is Used

When a shear key is used, the failure plane is located at the bottom of the
shear key in the front half of the footing. The friction force resisting sliding in
front of the shear key is provided at the interface between the stationary layer
of soil and the moving layer of soil, thus the friction angle is the internal angle
of friction of the soil (soil against soil). The friction force resisting sliding on
the rest of the footing is of that between the concrete and soil. Theoretically
the bearing pressure distribution should be used to determine how much
normal load exists on each surface, however it is reasonable to assume a
constant distribution. Thus the normal load to each surface can be divided
out between the two surfaces based on the fractional length of each and the
total frictional force will be the sum of the normal load on each surface
multiplied by the corresponding friction factor.


Bearing Pressure
Group Loads I - VI
AASHTO 4.4.7.1.2 & 4.4.8.1.3
The bearing capacity failure factor of safety for Group Loads I - VI must be
greater than or equal to 3.0. This factor of safety is figured into the allowable
bearing pressure given on the "Design Layout Sheet".

The bearing pressure on the supporting soil shall not be greater than the
allowable bearing pressure given on the "Design Layout Sheet".

Seismic Loads
AASHTO Div. IA 6.3.1(B)
When seismic loads are considered, AASHTO allows the ultimate bearing
capacity to be used. The ultimate capacity of the foundation soil can be
conservatively estimated as 2.0 times the allowable bearing pressure given
on the "Design Layout".

Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: Sept. 2002 E6202 E3.62-0

Page 3.2-6
Stem Design
AASHTO 5.5.6.2
The vertical stem (the wall portion) of a cantilever retaining wall shall be
designed as a cantilever supported at the base.

Footing Design
AASHTO 5.5.6.1
Toe
The toe of the base slab of a cantilever wall shall be designed as a cantilever
supported by the wall. The critical section for bending moments shall be
taken at the front face of the stem. The critical section for shear shall be
taken at a distance d (d = effective depth) from the front face of the stem.

Heel
The rear projection (heel) of the base slab shall be designed to support the
entire weight of the superimposed materials, unless a more exact method is
used. The heel shall be designed as a cantilever supported by the wall. The
critical section for bending moments and shear shall be taken at the back
face of the stem.

Shear Key Design
The shear key shall be designed as a cantilever supported at the bottom of
the footing.

Pile Footings
Footings shall be cast on piles when specified on the "Design Layout Sheet". If the
horizontal force against the retaining wall cannot otherwise be resisted, some of the
piles shall be driven on a batter.

Pile Arrangement
For retaining walls subject to moderate horizontal loads (walls 15 to 20 feet
high), the following layout is suggested.

SECTION
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: Sept. 2002 E6202 E3.62-0

Page 3.2-7

PLAN

For higher walls and more extreme conditions of loading, it may be
necessary to:
use the same number of piles along all rows
use three rows of piles
provide batter piles in more than one row

Loading Combinations for Stability and Bearing
The following table gives the loading combinations to be checked for stability
and pile loads. These abbreviations are used in the table:
DL = dead load weight of the wall elements
SUR = two feet of live load surcharge
E = earth weight
EP = equivalent fluid earth pressure
COL = collision force
EQ = earthquake inertial force of failure wedge

Sliding Factor of Safety
Loading
Case
Vertical
Loads
Horizontal
Loads
Overturning
Factor of Safety
Battered
Toe Piles
Vertical
Toe Piles
I
a

DL+SUR+E EP+SUR 1.5 1.5 2.0
II DL+SUR+E EP+SUR+COL 1.2 1.2 1.2
III DL+E EP 1.5 1.5 2.0
IV
b

DL+E None ----- ----- -----
V
c

DL+E EP+EQ 1.125 1.125 1.5

a. Load Case I should be checked with and without the vertical surcharge.
b. A 25% overstress is allowed on the heel pile in Load Case IV.
c. The factors of safety for earthquake loading are 75% of that used in Load
Case III. Battered piles are not recommended for use in seismic performance
categories B, C, and D. Seismic design of retaining walls is not required in
SPC A and B. Retaining walls in SPC B located under a bridge abutment
shall be designed to AASHTO Specifications for SPC B.

Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: Sept. 2002 E6202 E3.62-0

Page 3.2-8
Pile Properties and Capacities
For Load Cases I-IV in the table above, the allowable compressive pile force
may be taken from the pile capacity table in the Piling Section of the Bridge
Manual which is based in part on AASHTO 4.5.7.3. Alternatively, the
allowable compressive pile capacity of a friction pile may be determined from
the ultimate frictional and bearing capacity between the soil and pile divided
by a safety factor of 3.5 (AASHTO Table 4.5.6.2.A). The maximum amount of
tension allowed on a heel pile is 3 tons.

For Load Case V in the table above, the allowable compressive pile force
may be taken from the pile capacity table in the Piling Section of the Bridge
Manual multiplied by the appropriate factor (2.0 for steel bearing piles, 1.5 for
friction piles). Alternatively, the allowable compressive pile capacity of a
friction pile may be determined from the ultimate frictional and bearing
capacity between the soil and pile divided by a safety factor of 2.0. The
allowable tension force on a bearing or friction pile will be equal to the
ultimate friction capacity between the soil and pile divided by a safety factor
of 2.0.

To calculate the ultimate compressive or tensile capacity between the soil
and pile requires the boring data which includes the SPT blow counts, the
friction angle, the water level, and the soil layer descriptions.

Assume the vertical load carried by battered piles is the same as it would be
if the pile were vertical. The properties of piles may be found in the Piling
Section of the Bridge Manual.

Neutral Axis of Pile Group
Locate the neutral axis of the pile group in the repetitive strip from the
toe of the footing at the bottom of the footing.

Moment of Inertia of Pile Group
The moment of inertia of the pile group in the repetitive strip about the
neutral axis of the section may be determined using the parallel axis
theorem:
( ) ( ) :
2
where Ad I I
A
+ =

A
I = moment of inertia of a pile about its neutral axis
A = area of a pile
d = distance from a pile's neutral axis to pile group's neutral axis
A
I may be neglected so the equation reduces to:
( )
2
Ad I =

Resistance To Sliding
Any frictional resistance to sliding shall be ignored, such as would occur
between the bottom of the footing and the soil on a spread footing.

Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: Sept. 2002 E6202 E3.62-0

Page 3.2-9
Friction or Bearing Piles With Batter (Case 1)
Retaining walls using friction or bearing piles with batter should develop
lateral strength (resistance to sliding) first from the batter component of the
pile and second from the passive pressure against the shear key and the
piles.

Friction or Bearing Piles Without Batter (Case 2)
Retaining walls using friction or bearing piles without batter due to site
constrictions should develop lateral strength first from the passive pressure
against the shear key and second from the passive pressure against the pile
below the bottom of footing. In this case, the shear key shall be placed at the
front face of the footing.

Concrete Pedestal Piles or Drilled Shafts (Case 3)
Retaining walls using concrete pedestal piles should develop lateral strength
first from passive pressure against the shear key and second from passive
pressure against the pile below the bottom of the footing. In this case, the
shear key shall be placed at the front of the footing. Do not batter concrete
pedestal piles.

CASE 1 CASE 2 & 3

Resistance Due to Passive Pressure Against Pile
The procedure below may be used to determine the passive pressure
resistance developed in the soil against the piles. The procedure assumes
that the piles develop a local failure plane.

F = the lateral force due to passive pressure on pile

+ = =
2
45 tan :
2
1
2 2
f
g
p P s
C where B H C F

s
g = unit weight of soil
H = depth of pile considered for lateral resistance (H
max
= 6B)
P
C = coefficient of active earth pressure
B = width of pile
f = angle of internal friction of soil
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: Sept. 2002 E6202 E3.62-0

Page 3.2-10



Resistance Due to Pile Batter
Use the horizontal component (due to pile batter) of the allowable pile
load as the lateral resistance of the battered pile. (This presupposes
that sufficient lateral movement of the wall can take place before failure
to develop the ultimate strength of both elements.)




b = the amount of batter per 12 inches.
( ) ( )
2
2
12 b in c + =
HBatter
P =

c
b
P
T
(# of battered piles) where:
HBatter
P = the horizontal force due to the battered piles
T
P = the allowable pile load
Maximum batter is 4" per 12".
Resistance Due to Shear Keys
A shear key may be needed if the passive pressure against the piles
and the horizontal force due to batter is not sufficient to attain the
factor of safety against sliding. The passive pressure against the
shear key on a pile footing is found in the same manner as for spread
footings.
12
c
b
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: Sept. 2002 E6202 E3.62-0

Page 3.2-11
Resistance to Overturning
The resisting and overturning moments shall be computed at the
centerline of the toe pile at a distance of 6B (where B is the width of
the pile) below the bottom of the footing. A maximum of 3 tons of
tension on each heel pile may be assumed to resist overturning. Any
effects of passive pressure, either on the shear key or on the piles,
which resist overturning, shall be ignored.

Pile Properties
Location of Resultant
The location of the resultant shall be evaluated at the bottom of the
footing and can be determined by the equation below:

e = : where
V
M

e = the distance between the resultant and the neutral axis of the
pile group
M = the sum of the moments taken about the neutral axis of
the pile group at the bottom of the footing
V = the sum of the vertical loads used in calculating the
moment

Pile Loads
The loads on the pile can be determined as follows:

I
Mc
A
V
P

= Where:
P = the force on the pile
A = the areas of all the piles being considered
M = the moment of the resultant about the neutral axis
c = distance from the neutral axis to the centerline of the pile
being investigated
I = the moment of inertia of the pile group
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: Sept. 2002 E6202 E3.62-0

Page 3.2-12
Stem Design
AASHTO 5.5.6.2
The vertical stem (the wall portion) of a cantilever retaining wall shall
be designed as a cantilever supported at the base.

Footing Design
Toe
AASHTO 5.5.6.1
The toe of the base slab of a cantilever wall shall be designed as
a cantilever supported by the wall. The critical section for
bending moments shall be taken at the front face of the stem.
The critical section for shear shall be taken at a distance d (d =
effective depth) from the front face of the stem.

Heel
AASHTO 5.5.6.1
The top reinforcement in the rear projection (heel) of the base
slab shall be designed to support the entire weight of the
superimposed materials plus any tension load in the heel piles
(neglect compression loads in the pile), unless a more exact
method is used. The bottom reinforcement in the heel of the
base slab shall be designed to support the maximum
compression load in the pile neglecting the weight of the
superimposed materials. The heel shall be designed as a
cantilever supported by the wall. The critical sections for bending
moments and shear shall be taken at the back face of the stem.

Shear Key Design
The shear key shall be designed as a cantilever supported at the
bottom of the footing.
3.3 Example 1: Spread Footing Cantilever Wall
f'
c
=3,000 psi f
y
=60,000 psi =24

s
=120 pcf (unit wgt of soil)
Allowable soil pressure =2 tsf
c
=150 pcf (unit wgt of concr.)
Retaining wall is located in Seismic Performance Category (SPC) B.
A =0.1 (A =seismic acceleration coefficient)
P
a
=
1
2

s
C
a
H
2
P
p
=
1
2

s
C
p
H
2
2
H
1
2

Assumptions
Retaining wall is under an abutment or in a location where failure of the
wall may affect the structural integrity of a bridge. Therefore, it must be
designed for SPC B.
Design is for a unit length (1 foot) of wall.
Sum moments about the toe at the bottom of the footing for overturning.
For Group Loads I-VI loading:
F.S. for overturning 2.0 for footings on soil.
F.S. for sliding 1.5.
Resultant to be within middle 1/3 of footing.
For earthquake loading:
F.S. for overturning 0.75(2.0) =1.5.
F.S. for sliding 0.75(1.5) =1.125.
Resultant to be within middle 1/2 of footing.
Base of footing is below the frost line.
Neglect top one foot of fill over toe when determining passive pressure
and soil weight.
10 "
12 " 2 '
L =9 ' - 6 "
H =10 ' - 8 "
11 "
1
2
3
4
5
6
2 ' - 0 "
18 "
2 ' - 6 "
12 "
H H
Pp
Failure Plane A
Failure Plane B
23 "
Vertical Batter
1"
8 per foot
8 ' - 0 "
6 ' - 8 "

=18.435

P
P
P
AV
A
AH
3
:1
TYPICAL SECTION THRU WALL
(Spread Footing)
1 2

L L
3 2
1
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.3-1
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
Use of a shear key shifts the failure plane to "B" where resistance to
sliding is provided by passive pressure against the shear key, friction of
soil along failure plane "B" in front of the key, and friction between soil
and concrete along the footing behind the key.
Soil cohesion along failure plane is neglected.
Footings are designed as cantilevers supported by the wall.
Critical sections for bending are at the front and back faces of the
wall.
Critical sections for shear are at the back face of the wall for the heel
and at a distance d (effective depth) from the front face for the toe.
Neglect soil weight above toe of footing in design of the toe.
The wall is designed as a cantilever supported by the footing.
Load factors for AASHTO Groups I - VI for design of concrete:
=1.3.

E
=1.3 for horizontal earth pressure on retaining walls.

E
=1.0 for vertical earth pressure.
Load factor for earthquake loads =1.0.
Lateral Pressures Without Earthquake
C
a
= cos

cos cos
2
cos
2

cos+ cos
2
cos
2

1
1
C
a
= cos18.435
o

cos18.435
o
cos
2
18.435
o
cos
2
24
o
cos18.435
o
+ cos
2
18.435
o
cos
2
24
o
1
1
= 0.546
C
p
= tan
2
(45
o
+

2
) = tan
2
(45
o
+
24
o
2
) = 2.371
P
A
=
1
2

0.120
k
ft
3
1
(1ft)(0.546)(10.667ft)
2
= 3.726k
P
P
=
1
2

0.120
k
ft
3
1
(1ft)(2.371)

(5.0)
2
(2.5)
2
1 = 2.668k
P
AV
= P
A
(sin) = 3.726k(sin18.435
o
) = 1.178k
P
AH
= P
A
(cos) = 3.726k(cos18.435
o
) = 3.534k
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.3-2
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
Load Area
(ft
2
)
Force (k) =
(Unit Wgt.)(Area)
Arm
(ft)
Moment (ft-k)
(1) (0.5)(6.667ft)(2.222ft) =7.407 0.889 7.278 6.469
(2) (6.667ft)(6.944ft) =46.296 5.556 6.167 34.259
(3) (0.833ft)(8.000ft) +
(0.5)(0.083ft)(8.000ft) =7.000
1.050

2.396 2.515
(4) (1.500ft)(9.500ft) =14.250 2.138 4.750 10.153
(5) (2.500ft)(1.000ft) =2.500 0.375 2.500 0.938
(6) (1.000ft)(1.917ft)+
(0.5)(0.010ft)(1.000ft) =1.922
0.231 0.961 0.222
V =10.239 M
R
=54.556
P
AV
1.178 9.500 11.192
resisting V =11.417 M
R
=65.748
P
AH
3.534 3.556 12.567
P
P

2.668

1.389
a
a. The passive capacity at the shear key is ignored in overturning checks,since this
capacity is considered in the factor of safety against sliding. It is assumed that a
sliding and overturning failure will not occur simultaneously. The passive capacity at
the shear key is developed only if the wall does slide.
y =
H1y
2
+
2
3
y
3
H
2
2
H
1
2
=
(2.5ft)(2.5ft)
2
+
2
3
(2.5ft)
3
(5.0ft)
2
(2.5ft)
2
= 1.389ft
Overturning
o.k. F.S. =
M
R
MOT
=
65.748(ftk)
12.567(ftk)
= 5.232 2.0
where: M
OT
=overturning moment; M
R
=resisting
moment
Resultant Eccentricity
x =
(65.74812.567)(ftk)
11.417k
= 4.658ft
e =
9.500ft
2
4.658ft = 0.092ft
o.k.
L
6
=
9.500ft
6
= 1.583ft > e
Sliding
Check if shear key is required for Group Loads I-VI:
no good - shear key req'd F.S. =
V(tansc)
P
AH
=
11.042k(tan
2
3
(24 ))
3.534k
= 0.896
where:
s-c
=angle of friction between soil and concrete =(2/3)
s-s
F.S. =
Pp+(V)
|
\
L
2
L
1
tanss+
|
\
L
3
L
1
|
tansc1
P
AH
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.3-3
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
y
P
H
H
y
1
2
P
where:
s-s
=angle of internal friction of soil
o.k. F.S. =
2.668k+(11.417k)

|
\
2ft
9.50ft
|

tan24 +
|
\
7.50ft
9.50ft
|

tan
|
\
2
3
(24 )
|

1
1
3.534k
= 1.789 1.5
Footing Pressure
P =
V
bL

1
6e
L
1
P
H
=pressure at heel P
H
=
11.417k
(1ft)9.50ft

1
6(0.092ft)
9.50ft
1
= 1.132
k
ft
2
P
T
=pressure at toe P
T
=
11.417k
(1ft)9.50ft

1+
6(0.092ft)
9.50ft
1
= 1.272
k
ft
2
o.k. Allowable pressure = 2
tons
ft
2
= 4
k
ft
2
1.272
k
ft
2
Lateral Pressures With Earthquake
k
h
= 0.5A = 0.5(0.1) = 0.05
k
v
= 0
= arctan

k
h
1kv
1
= arctan

0.05
10
1
= 2.862
o
Active Pressure on Psuedo-Wall
( is the angle of friction between the soil and the wall. In this = = 24
o
case, = because the soil wedge considered is next to the soil above
the footing.)
i = 18.435
o
= 0
K
AE
=
cos
2
()
coscos
2
cos(++) 1+
sin(+)sin(i)
cos(++ ++ +)cos(i)
2
K
AE
=
cos
2
(24
o
2.862
o
0
o
)
cos(2.862
o
)cos
2
(0
o
)cos(24
o
+0
o
+2.862
o
)

1+
sin(24
o
+24
o
)sin(24
o
2.862
o
18.435
o
)
cos(24
o
+0
o
+ ++ +2.862
o
)cos(18.435
o
0
o
)

2
K
AE
=0.674
P
AE
=
1
2

s
H
2
(1 k
v
)K
AE
P
AE
=
1
2

0.120
k
ft
3
1
(10.667ft)
2
(1ft)(1 0)(0.674) = 4.602k
P
AEV
= P
AE
(sin) = 4.602k(sin24
o
) = 1.872k
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.3-4
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
P
AEH
= P
AE
(cos) = 4.602k(cos24
o
) = 4.204k
P
AH
= P
AEH
P
AH
= 4.204k 3.534k = 0.670k
P
AV
= P
AEV
P
AV
= 1.872k 1.178k = 0.694k
where: P'
AH
and P'
AV
are the seismic components of the active force.
Passive Pressure on Shear Key
( = because the soil wedge considered is assumed to form = = 24
in front of the footing.)
i = 0
= 0
K
PE
=
cos
2
(+)
coscos
2
cos(+) 1
sin()sin(+i)
cos(+ ++ +)cos(i)
2
K
PE
=
cos
2
(24
o
2.862
o
+0
o
)
cos(2.862
o
)cos
2
(0
o
)cos(24
o
0
o
+2.862
o
)

1
sin(24
o
24
o
)sin(24
o
2.862
o
+0
o
)
cos(24
o
0
o
+ ++ +2.862
o
)cos(0
o
0
o
)

2
K
PE
=0.976
P
PE
=
1
2

s
H
2
(1 k
v
)K
PE
P
PE
=
1
2

0.120
k
ft
3
1

(5.0ft)
2
(2.5ft)
2
1
(1ft)(1 0)(0.976) = 1.098k
Load Force (k) Arm (ft) Moment (ft-k)
(1) thru (6) 10.239 54.556
P
AV
1.178 9.500 11.192
P'
AV
0.694 9.500 6.593
resisting V =12.111 M
R
=72.341
P
AH
3.534 3.556 12.567
P'
AH
0.670 6.400
a
4.288
P
PEV

0.447
b
0.000 0.000
P
PEH

1.003
b
1.389
c
0.000
M
OT
=16.855
a. P'
AH
acts at 0.6H of the wedge face (1992 AASHTO Div. IA Commentary).
b. P
PEV
and P
PEH
are the components of P
PE
with respect to (the friction angle). P
PE
does not contribute to overturning.
c. The line of action of P
PEH
can be located as was done for P
P
.
Overturning
o.k. F.S.
OT
=
72.341(ftk)
16.855(ftk)
= 4.292> 1.5
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.3-5
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
Resultant Eccentricity
x =
72.341(ftk)16.855(ftk)
12.111k
= 4.581ft
e =
9.5ft
2
4.581ft = 0.169ft
o.k.
L
4
=
9.5ft
4
= 2.375ft > e
Sliding
o.k. F.S. =
1.003k+12.111k

|
\
2
9.5
|

tan24 +
|
\
7.5
9.5
|

tan
|
\
2
3
(24 )
|

1
1
4.204k
= 1.161> 1.125
Footing Pressure
for e
L
6
:
P =

V
bL

1
6e
L
1
P
H
=pressure at heel P
H
=
12.111k
(1ft)9.50ft

1
6(0.169ft)
9.50ft
1
= 1.139
k
ft
2
P
T
=pressure at toe P
T
=
12.111k
(1ft)9.50ft

1+
6(0.169ft)
9.50ft
1
= 1.411
k
ft
2
Allowable soil pressure for earthquake =2(allowable soil pressure)
o.k. (2)

4
k
ft
2
1
= 8
k
ft
2
> 1.411
k
ft
2
Reinforcement-Stem
d =11" - 2" - (1/2)(0.5") =8.75"
b =12"
f'
c
=3,000 psi
Without Earthquake
P
AH
=
1
2

0.120
k
ft
3
1
(0.546)(6.944ft)
2
(1ft)(cos18.435 ) = 1.499k
= 1.3
(active lateral earth pressure)
E
= 1.3
M
u
=(1.3)(1.3)(1.499k)(2.315ft) =5.865 (ft-k)
With Earthquake
k
h
=0.05
k
v
=0
6.944'
3
:1
P
P
A
AH
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.3-6
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
= 2.862
1992 AASHTO Div. IA Commentary
for angle of friction between soil and wall. This criteria is =

2
=
24
2
= 12
used only for seismic loading if the angle of friction is not known.
= 24
i = 18.435
= 0
K
AE
=0.654
P
AEH
=
1
2

s
K
AE
H
2
cos
P
AEH
=
1
2

0.120
k
ft
1
(0.654)(6.944ft)
2
(1ft)cos(12
o
) = 1.851k
M
u
= (1.499k)(2.315ft) + (1.851k 1.499k)(0.6(6.944ft)) = 4.936(ft k)
The moment without earthquake controls.
R
n
=
Mu
bd
2
=
5.865(ftk)
0.9(1ft)(8.75in)
2
|
'
1000
lb
k
|

= 85.116psi
=
0.85fc
fy

1 1
2Rn
0.85fc
1
1
=
0.85(3,000psi)
60,000psi

1 1
2(85.116psi)
0.85(3,000psi)
1
1
= 0.00144
AASHTO 8.17.1.1 & 8.15.2.1.1

min
= 1.7

h
d
1
2 fc
fy
= 1.7

11in
8.75in
1
2 3,000psi
60,000psi
= 0.00245
Use =
4
3
=
4
3
(0.00144) = 0.00192
A
S
Req.
= bd = 0.00192(12in)(8.75in) = 0.202
in
2
ft
One #4 bar has A
S
=0.196 in
2
s
0.196in
2
=
12in
0.202in
2
s = 11.64in
Use #4's @ 10" cts.
Check Shear
V
u
V
n
Without Earthquake
V
u
= (1.3)(1.3)(1.499k) = 2.533k
With Earthquake
V
u
= 1.851k
The shear force without earthquake controls.
u

=
2.533k
0.85(12in)(8.75in)
(1000
lb
k
) = 28.4psi
o.k.
c
= 2 3, 000psi = 109.5psi > 28.4psi
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.3-7
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
Reinforcement-Footing-Heel
Note: Earthquake will not control and will not be checked.
(vertical earth pressure)
E
= 1.0
d =18" - 3" - (1/2)(0.750") =14.625"
b =12"
f'
c
=3,000 psi
M
u
= 1.3[(5.556k + 1.500k)(3.333ft) + 0.889k(4.444ft) + 1.178k(6.667ft)]
M
u
= 45.919(ft k)
R
n
=
45.919(ftk)
0.9(1ft)(14.625in)
2
(1000
lb
k
) = 238.5psi
=
0.85(3,000)psi
60,000psi

1 1
2(238.5psi)
0.85(3,000psi)
1
1
= 0.00418

min
= 1.7

18in
14.625in
1
2 3,000psi
60,000psi
= 0.00235
A
S
Req.
= 0.00418(12in)(14.625in) = 0.734
in
2
ft
Use #6's @ 7" cts.
Check Shear
Shear shall be checked at back face of stem.
V
u
= 1.3(5.556k + 1.500k + 0.889k + 1.178k) = 11.860k
o.k.
u

=
11.860k
0.85(12in)(14.625in)
(1000
lb
k
) = 79.5psi < 2 3,000psi = 109.5psi
Reinforcement-Footing-Toe
2 =5.556k
1
=0.889k
4 =1.500k
3.333'
4.444'
AV
P
0.958 '
1.917 '
4 =0.431k
P
T
H
P
7.583 '
P
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.3-8
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
d =18" - 4" =14"
b =12"
Without Earthquake
Apply Load Factors
load 4 (weight) =0.431k(1.3)(1.0) =0.560k

E
=1.3 for lateral earth pressure for retaining walls.

E
=1.0 for vertical earth pressure.
M
OT
= 12.567(ft k)(1.3)(1.3) = 21.238(ft k)
M
R
= [54.556(ft k) + 11.192(ft k)](1.3)(1.0) = 85.472(ft k)
V = 11.417k(1.3)(1.0) = 14.842k
x =
85.472(ftk)21.238(ftk)
14.842k
= 4.328ft
e =
9.5ft
2
4.328ft = 0.422ft
P
H
=
14.842k
(1ft)(9.5ft)

1
6(0.422ft)
9.5ft
1
= 1.146
k
ft
2
P
T
=
14.842k
(1ft)(9.5ft)

1+
6(0.422ft)
9.5ft
1
= 1.979
k
ft
2
P =

1.979
k
ft
1.146
k
ft
9.5ft
1
1(7.583ft) + 1.146
k
ft
= 1.811
k
ft
M
u
= 1.811
k
ft
(1.917ft)
2
2
+
1
2
(1.917ft)
2

1.979
k
ft
1.811
k
ft
1
2
3
0.560k(0.958ft)
M
u
= 2.997(ft k)
With Earthquake
P
H
= 1.139
k
ft
P
T
= 1.411
k
ft
P =

1.411
k
ft
1.139
k
ft
9.5ft
1
1
(7.583ft) + 1.139
k
ft
= 1.356
k
ft
M
u
= 1.356
k
ft
(1.917ft)
2
2
+
1
2
(1.917ft)
2

1.411
k
ft
1.356
k
ft
1
2
3
0.431k(0.958ft)
M
u
= 2.146(ft k)
The moment without earthquake controls.
R
n
=
2.997(ftk)
0.9(1ft)(14.0in)
2
(1000
lb
k
) = 16.990psi
=
0.85(3,000psi)
60,000psi

1 1
2(16.990psi)
0.85(3,000psi)
1
1
= 0.000284
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.3-9
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0

min
= 1.7

18in
14.0in
1
2 3,000psi
60,000psi
= 0.00257
Use =
4
3
=
4
3
(0.000284) = 0.000379
A
S
Req.
= 0.000379(12in)(14.0in) = 0.064
in
2
ft
12in
0.064in
2
=
s
0.196in
2
s = 36.8in
Minimum is #4 bars at 12 inches. These will be the same bars that are
in the back of the stem. Use the smaller of the two spacings.
Use #4's @ 10" cts.
Check Shear
Shear shall be checked at a distance "d" from the face of the stem.
Without Earthquake
P
d
=

1.979
k
ft
1.146
k
ft
9.5ft
1
1(8.750ft) + 1.146
k
ft
= 1.913
k
ft
V
u
=
1.979
k
ft
+1.913
k
ft
2
(0.750ft) 1.3

0.225
k
ft
1
(0.750ft) = 1.240k
With Earthquake
P
d
=

1.411
k
ft
1.139
k
ft
9.5ft
1
1
(8.750ft) + 1.139
k
ft
= 1.390
k
ft
V
u
=
1.411
k
ft
+1.139
k
ft
2
(0.750ft)

0.225
k
ft
1
(0.750ft) = 0.788k
Shear without earthquake controls.
o.k.
u

=
1.240k
0.85(12in)(14.0in)
(1000
lb
k
) = 8.7psi < 2 3,000psi = 109.5psi
Reinforcement-Shear Key
The passive pressure is higher without earthquake loads.
=1.3

E
=1.3 (lateral earth pressure)
*3.379 k
* Include 1' of eroded fill
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.3-10
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
d =12"-3"-(1/2)(0.5") =8.75"
b =12"
M
u
= (3.379k)(1.360ft)(1.3)(1.3) = 7.764(ft k)
R
n
=
7.764(ftk)
0.9(1ft)(8.75in)
2
(1000
lb
k
) = 112.677psi
=
0.85(3,000psi)
60,000psi

1 1
2(112.677psi)
0.85(3,000psi)
1
1
= 0.00192

min
= 1.7

12in
8.75in
1
2 3,000psi
60,000psi
= 0.00292
Use =
4
3
=
4
3
(0.00192) = 0.00256
A
S
Req.
= 0.00256(12in)(8.75in) = 0.269
in
2
ft
Use #4 @ 8.5 in cts.
Check Shear
o.k.
u

=
1.3(3.379k)(1.3)
0.85(12in)(8.75in)
(1000
lb
k
) = 64.0psi < 2 3,000psi = 109.5psi
Reinforcement Summary
3" Cl.
3" Cl.
#4 @
18" cts.
#4 @ 12" cts.
3" Cl.
#4 @ 18" cts.
4 "
1
1"
2
Cl.
2" Cl.
#4 @
10" cts.
#4 @
12" cts.
#4 @ 18" cts.
#4
#4 @ 8.5" cts.
#6 @ 7 " cts.
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.3-11
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
3.4 Example 2: L-Shaped Cantilever Wall
f'
c
=4,000 psi f
y
=60,000 psi = 29
s
= 120pcf
Allowable soil pressure =1.5 tsf =3.0 ksf
Retaining wall is located in Seismic Performance Category (SPC) A.
= tan
1
1
2.5
= 21.801
o
C
a
= cos

cos cos
2
cos
2

cos+ cos
2
cos
2

1
1
= 0.462
C
p
= tan
2

45+

2
1
= 2.882
P
A
=
1
2

s
C
a
H
2
=
1
2
(0.120
k
ft
3
)(0.462)(4.958ft)
2
= 0.681k
For sliding, P
P
is assumed to act only on the portion of key below the frost line
which is set at an 18in. depth on the southeren border.
P
P
=
1
2
(0.120
k
ft
3
)(2.882)

(2.458ft)
2
(1.500ft)
2
1
= 0.656k
Assumptions
Design is for a unit length (1 foot) of wall.
Sum moments about the toe at the bottom of the footing for overturning.
F.S. for overturning 2.0 for footings on soil.
F.S. for sliding 1.5 for footings on soil.
Resultant of dead load and earth pressure to be in back half of the middle
third of the footing if subjected to frost heave.
For all loading combinations the resultant must be in the middle third of
the footing except for collision loads.
The top 12 inches of the soil is not neglected in determining the passive
pressure because the soil there will be maintained.
20 " 10 "
2
.5
:1

12 "
P
P
H
2
H
6 "
5 ' - 2 "
Failure Plane A
Failure Plane B
1
P
P
AH
4 '
TYPICAL SECTION THRU WALL
4 ' - 11 "
18 "
3
2
L =5 ' - 9 "
A
AV
P
11.5 "
(Spread Footing)
L =12 "
L =3 ' - 9 "
2
3
1
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.4-1
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
Frost line is set at 18 inches at the south border for Missouri.
Portions of shear key which are above the frost line are assumed not to
resist sliding by passive pressure.
Use of a shear key shifts the failure plane to "B" where resistance to
sliding is also provided by friction of soil along the failure plane in front of
the shear key. Friction between the soil and concrete behind the shear
key will be neglected.
Soil cohesion along the failure plane is neglected.
Live loads can move to within 1 foot of the stem face and 1 foot from the
toe.
The wall is designed as a cantilever supported by the footing.
Footing is designed as a cantilever supported by the wall. Critical
sections for bending and shear will be taken at the face of the wall.
Load factors for AASHTO Groups I-VI for design of concrete are:
=1.3.

E
=1.3 for horizontal earth pressure on retaining walls.

E
=1.0 for vertical earth pressure.

LL
=1.67 for live loads and collision loads.
Dead Load and Earth Pressure - Stabilty and Pressure Checks
Load Force (k) Arm (in) Moment (ft-k)
(1) (0.833ft)(5.167ft)(0.150k/ft
3
) =0.646 5.333 3.444
(2) (0.958ft)(5.750ft)(0.150k/ft
3
) =0.827 2.875 2.376
(3) (1.000ft)(1.500ft)(0.150k/ft
3
) =0.225 4.250 0.956
V =1.698 M
R
=6.776
P
AV
0.253 5.750 1.455
V =1.951 M
R
=8.231
P
AH
0.633 1.653 1.045
P
P
0.656 1.06
a.
M
OT
=1.045
a. The passive pressure at the shear key is ignored in overturning checks.
Overturning
o.k. F.S. =
MR
M
OT
=
8.231(ftk)
1.045(ftk)
= 7.877 2.0
Location of Resultant
MoDOT policy is that the resultant must be in the back half of the middle
third of the footing when considering dead and earth loads:

5.750ft
2
= 2.875ft
1
x

|
'
5.750ft
2
+
5.750ft
6
|

= 3.833ft
1
o.k. x =
M
NET
V
=
8.231(ftk)1.045(ftk)
1.951k
= 3.683ft
Sliding
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.4-2
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
F.S. =
P
P
+V
|
\
L
2
L
1
tanss+
|
\
L
3
L
1
|
tansc1
P
AH
where:
s-s
=angle of internal friction of soil

s-c
=angle of friction between soil and concrete =(2/3)
s-s
o.k. F.S. =
0.656k+(1.951k)

|
\
3.75ft
5.75ft
|

tan29 +
|
\
1ft
5.75ft
|

tan
|
\
2
3
(29 )
|

1
1
0.633k
= 2.339 1.5
Footing Pressure
P =
V
bL

1
6e
L
1
e = x
L
2
= 3.683ft
5.75ft
2
= 0.808ft
Heel: o.k. P
H
=
1.951k
(1ft)(5.75ft)

1+
6(0.808ft)
5.75ft
1
= 0.625ksf < 3.0ksf
Toe: o.k. P
T
=
1.951k
(1ft)(5.75ft)

1
6(0.808ft)
5.75ft
1
= 0.053ksf < 3.0ksf
Dead Load, Earth Pressure, and Live Load - Stability and Pressure
Checks
Stability is not an issue because the live load resists overturning and
increases the sliding friction force.
The live load will be distributed as:
F
LL
=
LLWL
E
where E = 0.8X+ 3.75
X =distance in feet from the load to the front face of wall
The live load will be positioned as shown by the dashed lines above. The
bearing pressure and resultant location will be determined for these two
positions.
Live Load 1 ft From Stem Face
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.4-3
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
4.917 '
11.5 "
P
P
H
T
10 "
1 '
16 k
1 '
E
Resultant Eccentricity
X=1ft
E=0.8(1ft)+3.75=4.55ft
F
LL
=
16k
4.55ft
(1ft) = 3.516k
x =
M
NET

V
=
8.231(ftk)+(3.516k)(3.917ft)1.045(ftk)
1.951k+3.516k
= 3.834ft
o.k. e = x
L
2
= 3.834ft
5.75ft
2
= 0.959ft
L
6
=
5.75ft
6
= 0.958ft
Footing Pressure
P =

V
bL

1
6e
L
1
Allowable Pressure =3.0ksf
Heel: o.k. P
H
=
5.467k
(1ft)(5.75ft)

1+
6(0.959ft)
5.75ft
1
= 1.902ksf
Toe: o.k. P
T
=
5.467k
(1ft)(5.75ft)

1
6(0.959ft)
5.75ft
1
= 0.000ksf
Live Load 1 ft From Toe
Resultant Eccentricity
X=3.917ft
E=0.8(3.917ft)+3.75=6.883ft
F
LL
=
16k
6.883ft
(1ft) = 2.324k
x =
8.231(ftk)+(2.324k)(1ft)1.045(ftk)
1.951k+2.324k
= 2.225ft
o.k. e =
L
2
x =
5.75ft
2
2.225ft = 0.650ft
L
6
=
5.75ft
6
= 0.958ft
Footing Pressure
Allowable Pressure =3.0ksf
Heel: o.k. P
H
=
4.275k
(1ft)(5.75ft)

1
6(0.650ft)
5.75ft
1
= 0.239ksf
Toe: o.k. P
H
=
4.275k
(1ft)(5.75ft)

1+
6(0.650ft)
5.75ft
1
= 1.248ksf
Dead Load, Earth Pressure, Collision Load, and Live Load - Stability
and Pressure Checks
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.4-4
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
During a collision, the live load will be close to the wall so check this
combination when the live load is one foot from the face of the stem.
Sliding (in either direction) will not be an issue. Stability about the heel
should be checked although it is unlikely to be a problem. There are no
criteria for the location of the resultant, so long as the footing pressure
does not exceed 125% of the allowable. It is assumed that the distributed
collision force will develop an equal and opposite force on the fillface of
the back wall unless it exceeds the passive pressure that can be
developed by soil behind the wall.
F
LL
=3.516k
F
COLL
=
10k
2(3ft)
(1ft) = 1.667k
C
P
= cos

cos+ cos
2
cos
2

cos cos
2
cos
2

1
1
= 1.867
P
PH
=
1
2

s
C
P
H
2
cos =
1
2
(0.120kcf)(1.867)(4.958ft)
2
cos(21.801 )
P
PH
=2.556k >F
COLL
Thus the soil will develop an equal but opp. force.
Overturning About the Heel
F.S. =
(0.646k)(0.417ft)+(0.827k)(2.875ft)+(0.225k)(1.500ft)+(3.516k)(1.833ft)+(1.667k)(
4.958ft
3
)
(1.667k)(3.958ft)
o.k. F.S. =
12.184(ftk)
6.598(ftk)
= 1.847 1.2
Footing Pressure
x =
12.184(ftk)6.598(ftk)
1.951k+3.516k
= 1.022ft from heel
e =
5.75ft
2
1.022ft = 1.853ft
Allowable Pressure =(1.25)(3.0ksf)=3.75ksf
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.4-5
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
4.917 '
11.5 "
P
P
H
T
10 "
1 '
16 k
10 k
3 ' E
Heel: o.k. P
H
=
2(

V)
3b

L
2
e1
=
2(5.467k)
3(1ft)

5.75ft
2
1.853ft
1
= 3.566ksf
Stem Design-Steel in Rear Face
= 1.3
(active lateral earth pressure)
E
= 1.3
d = 10in 2in
0.5in
2
= 7.75in
P
AH
=
1
2

s
C
a
H
2
cos =
1
2

0.120
k
ft
3
1
(0.462)(4ft)
2
(1ft)cos21.801
o
P
AH
= 0.412k
M
u
= (1.333ft)(0.412k)(1.3)(1.3) = 0.928(ft k)
R
n
=
Mu
bd
2
=
0.928(ftk)
(0.9)(1ft)(7.75in)
2
|
'
1000
lb
k
|

= 17.160psi
=
0.85fc
fy

1 1
2Rn
0.85fc
1
1
=
0.85(4,000psi)
60,000psi

1 1
2(17.160psi)
0.85(4000psi)
1
1
= 0.000287

min
= 1.7

h
d
1
2 fc
fy

min
= 1.7

10in
7.75in
1
2 4,000psi
60,000psi
= 0.00298
Use =
4
3
=
4
3
(0.000287) = 0.000382
A
S
Req.
= bd = 0.000382(12in)(7.75in) = 0.036
in
2
ft
One #4 bar has A
S
=0.196 in
2
so the required minimum of one #4 bar
every 12 in. controls.
Use #4's @ 12 in. (min)
P
AH
4 ' 5 ' - 2 "
10 "
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.4-6
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
(These bars are also the bars in the bottom of the footing so the smaller
of the two required spacings will be used.)
Check Shear
Vu

V
n
u

=
(1.3)(1.3)(0.412k)
0.85(12in)(7.75in)
(1000
lb
k
) = 8.8psi

c
= 2 f
c
o.k.
c
= 2 4, 000psi = 126.5psi > 8.8psi
Stem Design-Steel in Front Face (Collision Loads)
The soil pressure on the back of the stem becomes passive soil pressure
during a collision, however this pressure is ignored for reinforcement
design.
= 1.3

LL
= 1.67
d = 10in 1.5in 0.5in
0.5in
2
= 7.75in
F
COLL
=
10k
2L
=
10k
(2)(3ft)
= 1.667
k
ft
M
u
= 1.667
k
ft
(1ft)(3ft)(1.3)(1.67) = 10.855(ft k)
R
n
=
10.855(ftk)
0.9(1ft)(7.75in)
2
(1000
lb
k
) = 200.809psi
=
0.85(4,000psi)
60,000psi

1 1
2(200.809psi)
0.85(4,000psi)
1
1
= 0.00345

min
= 1.7

10in
7.75in
1
2 4,000psi
60,000psi
= 0.00298
A
S
Req.
= 0.00345(12in)(7.75in) = 0.321
in
2
ft
One #4 bar has A
S
=0.196 in
2
s
0.196in
2
=
12in
0.321in
2
10,000 lb
L =3 '
P
PH
4 '
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.4-7
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
s = 7.3in
Use #4's @ 7 in.
Check Shear
o.k.
u

=
(1.3)(1.67)(1.667k)
(0.85)(12in)(7.75in)
(1000
lb
k
) = 45.8psi < 126.5psi
Footing Design - Bottom Steel
It is not considered necessary to design footing reinforcement based
upon a load case which includes collision loads.
Dead Load and Earth Pressure Only
Footing wt. =

11.5
12
ft
1
(4.917ft)

0.150
k
ft
3
1
(1ft) = 0.707k
(lateral earth pressure)
E
= 1.3
= 1.3
Apply Load Factors:
V = 1.951k(1.3) = 2.536k
M
R
= 8.231(ft k)(1.3) = 10.700(ft k)
M
OT
= 1.045(ft k)(1.3)(1.3) = 1.766(ft k)
Footing wt. = 0.707k(1.3) = 0.919k
x =
10.700(ftk)1.766(ftk)
2.536k
= 3.523ft
e = 3.523ft
5.75ft
2
= 0.648ft
P
H
=
2.536k
(1ft)(5.75ft)

1+
6(0.648ft)
5.75ft
1
= 0.739ksf
P
T
=
2.536k
(1ft)(5.75ft)

1
6(0.648ft)
5.75ft
1
= 0.143ksf
P
W
= 0.143ksf + [0.739ksf 0.143ksf]

4.917ft
5.75ft
1
= 0.653ksf
Moment at Wall Face:
4.917 '
11.5 "
P P
H
W
T
10 "
P1
P
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.4-8
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
M
W
=

0.143
k
ft
1

(4.917ft)
2
2
1
+
1
3
(4.917ft)
2

0.653
k
ft
0.143
k
ft
1
1
2
0.919k

4.917ft
2
1
= 1.524(ft k)
Dead Load, Earth Pressure, and Live Load
Live Load 1 ft From Stem Face
(lateral earth pressure)
E
= 1.3

LL
= 1.67
= 1.3
Apply Load Factors:
F
LL
= 3.516k(1.3)(1.67) = 7.633k
V = 7.633k + 1.951k(1.3) = 10.169k
M
OT
= 1.045(ft k)(1.3)(1.3) = 1.766(ft k)
M
R
= 8.231(ft k)(1.3) + 3.917ft(7.633k) = 40.599(ft k)
x =
40.599(ftk)1.766(ftk)
10.169k
= 3.819ft
e = 3.819ft
5.75ft
2
= 0.944ft
P
T
=

10.169k
(1ft)(5.75ft)
1

1
6(0.944ft)
5.75ft
1
= 0.026ksf
P
H
=

10.169k
(1ft)(5.75ft)
1

1+
6(0.944ft)
5.75ft
1
= 3.511ksf
P
W
= 0.026ksf + [3.511ksf 0.026ksf]

4.917ft
5.75ft
1
= 3.006ksf
P
LL
= 0.026ksf + [3.511ksf 0.026ksf]

3.917ft
5.75ft
1
= 2.400ksf
Footing wt. from face of wall to toe:
Footing wt. = 1.3

11.5
12
ft
1
(4.917ft)

0.150
k
ft
3
1
(1ft) = 0.919k
Footing wt. from LL
WL
to toe:
4.917 '
11.5 "
P
P
H W
T
10 "
1 '
16 k
L L
P
P
E
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.4-9
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
Footing wt. = 1.3

11.5
12
ft
1
(3.917ft)

0.150
k
ft
3
1
(1ft) = 0.732k
Moment at Wall Face:
M
W
= 0.026
k
ft
(4.917ft)
2
2
7.633k(1ft)
+
1
2

3.006
k
ft
0.026
k
ft
1
(4.917ft)
2

1
3
1
0.919k
(4.917ft)
2
M
W
= 2.430(ft k)
Moment at LL
WL
M
LL
= 0.026
k
ft
(3.917ft)
2
2
0.732k
(3.917ft)
2
+
1
2

2.400
k
ft
0.026
k
ft
1
(3.917ft)
2

1
3
1
= 4.837(ft k)
Live Load 1 ft From Toe
Apply Load Factors:
F
LL
= 2.324k(1.3)(1.67) = 5.045k
V = 5.045k + 1.951k(1.3) = 7.581k
M
OT
= 1.045(ft k)(1.3)(1.3) = 1.766(ft k)
M
R
= 8.231(ft k)(1.3) + 5.045k(1ft) = 15.745(ft k)
x =
15.745(ftk)1.766(ftk)
7.581k
= 1.844ft
e =
5.75ft
2
1.844ft = 1.031ft
P
H
= 0ksf
P
T
=
2(7.581k)
3(1ft)

5.75ft
2
1.031ft
1
= 2.741ksf
L
1
= 3

L
2
e
1
L
1
= 3

5.75ft
2
1.031ft
1
= 5.532ft
P
W
= 2.741ksf

0.615ft
5.532ft
1
= 0.305ksf
P
LL
= 2.741ksf

4.432ft
5.532ft
1
= 2.196ksf
4.917 '
11.5 "
P
P
T
10 "
16k
1 '
H
1
L
E
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.4-10
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
Moment at Wall Face:
M
W
= 5.045k(3.917ft) 0.919k

4.917ft
2
1
+
1
2
(0.305
k
ft
)(4.917ft)
2
+
1
2
(4.917ft)
2

2.741
k
ft
0.305
k
ft
1
2
3
= 1.298(ft k)
Moment at LL
WL
:
M
LL
= 0.187k(0.5ft) + 2.196
k
ft
(1ft)
2
2
+
1
2
(1ft)

2.741
k
ft
2.196
k
ft
1

2
3
1
(1ft) = 1.186(ft k)
Design Flexural Steel in Bottom of Footing
d = 11.5in 4in = 7.500in
(controlling moment) M
u
= 4.837(ft k)
R
n
=
4.837(ftk)
0.9(1ft)(7.5in)
2
= 0.096ksi
=
0.85(4,000psi)
60,000psi

1 1
2(0.096ksi)
0.85(4ksi)
1
1
= 0.00162

min
= 1.7

11.5in
7.5in
1
2 4,000psi
60,000psi
= 0.00421
Use =
4
3
=
4
3
(0.00162) = 0.00216
A
S
Req.
= 0.00216(12in)(7.5in) = 0.194
in
2
ft
s
0.196in
2
=
12in
0.194in
2
s = 12.1in
Use #4's @ 12 in. cts. (Also use this spacing in the back of the stem.)
Check Shear
Dead Load and Earth Pressure Only
V
W
= 0.143
k
ft
(4.917ft) +
1
2
(4.917ft)

0.653
k
ft
0.143
k
ft
1
0.919k
V
W
= 1.038k
Live Load 1 ft From Stem Face
Shear at the wall can be neglected for this loading case.
V
LL
= 0.026
k
ft
(3.917ft) +
1
2
(3.917ft)

2.400
k
ft
0.026
k
ft
1
0.732k
V
LL
= 4.019k
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.4-11
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
Live Load 1 ft From Toe
V
W
= 0.305
k
ft
(4.917ft) +
1
2
(4.917ft)

2.741
k
ft
0.305
k
ft
1
0.919k 5.045k
V
W
= 1.525k
V
LL
= 2.196
k
ft
(1ft) +
1
2
(1ft)

2.741
k
ft
2.196
k
ft
1
0.187k
V
LL
= 2.282k
Use V
U
= 4.019k
o.k.
u

=
4019(lbs)
0.85(12in)(7.5in)
= 52.5psi < 2 4000psi = 126.5psi
Shear Key Design
For concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth, minimum
cover for reinforcement is 3 inches.
d = 12in 3in
1
2

1
2
in
1
= 8.75in
P
1
= 0.120
k
ft
3
(1ft)(2.882)

11.5
12
ft
1
= 0.331
k
ft
P
2
= 0.120
k
ft
3
(1ft)(2.882)

29.5
12
ft
1
= 0.850
k
ft
M
u
= (1.3)(1.3) 0.331
k
ft
(1.5ft)
2
2
+
1
2
(1.5ft)

0.850
k
ft
0.331
k
ft
1

2
3
1
(1.5ft)
M
u
= 1.287(ft k)
R
n
=
1.287(ftk)
0.9(1ft)(8.75in)
2
= 0.0187ksi
=
0.85(4,000psi)
60,000psi

1 1
2(0.0187ksi)
0.85(4ksi)
1
1
= 0.000312

min
= 1.7

12in
8.75in
1
2 4,000psi
60,000psi
= 0.00337
Use =
4
3
=
4
3
(0.000312) = 0.000416
A
S
Req.
= 0.000416(12in)(8.75in) = 0.0437
in
2
ft
s
0.196in
2
=
12in
0.0437in
2
P
P
18 "
P
P
1
2
11.5 "
12 "
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.4-12
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
s = 53.8in
Use #4 's @ 18 in. cts. (min)
Check Shear
V = 0.886k
o.k.
u

=
(1.3)(1.3)(886lbs)
0.85(12in)(8.75in)
= 16.8psi < 126.5psi
Reinforcement Summary
1
2 " Cl.
1"
2
Cl.
3 " Cl.
4 " 3 " Cl.
3 " Cl.
#4's @ 12 "
#4's @ 7 "
#4's @ 18 "
#4's @ 18 "
#4's @ 18 "
#4's @ 12 "
#4's @ 12 "
(Typ. )
#4's
(Top and Bottom)
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.4-13
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: Sept. 2002 E6202 E3.62-0
Page: 3.5-1
3.5 Example 3: Pile Footing Cantilever Wall

TYPICAL SECTION THROUGH WALL
(PILE FOOTING)

PLAN OF FOOTING
f
c
= 3,000 psi
f
y
= 60,000 psi
f = 27
o

g
s
=
120 pcf
Pile type: HP 10 x 42
Allowable pile bearing = 56 tons
Pile width = 10 inches
Toe pile batter = 1:3
Barrier curb weight = 340 lbs/foot of length
Barrier curb resultant = 0.375 ft. from its flat back

Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: Sept. 2002 E6202 E3.62-0
Page: 3.5-2
Assumptions

Retaining wall is located such that traffic can come within half of the
wall height to the plane where earth pressure is applied.
Reinforcement design is for one foot of wall length.
Sum moments about the centerline of the toe pile at a distance of 6B
(where B is the pile width) below the bottom of the footing for
overturning.
Neglect top one foot of fill over toe in determining soil weight and
passive pressure on shear key.
Neglect all fill over toe in designing stem reinforcement.
The wall is designed as a cantilever supported by the footing.
Footing is designed as a cantilever supported by the wall.
Critical sections for bending are at the front and back faces of the wall.
Critical sections for shear are at the back face of the wall for the heel
and at a distance d (effective depth) from the front face for the toe.
For load factors for design of concrete, see page 1.2-8 of this section.

- +
- -
=
f d d
f d d
d
2 2
2 2
cos cos cos
cos cos cos
cos
A
C

d = 0, = 27 f so
A
C reduces to:

376 . 0
27 sin 1
27 sin 1
sin 1
sin 1
=
+
-
=
+
-
=
o
o
A
C
f
f

663 . 2
2
27
45 tan
2
45 tan
2 2
=

+ =

+ =
o
o o
P
C
f


Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: Sept. 2002 E6202 E3.62-0
Page: 3.5-3
Table is for stability check (moments taken about C.L. of toe pile at a depth
of 6B below the bottom of the footing).
Load Force (kips/ft)
Arm about C.L.
of toe pile at 6B
below footing (ft)
Moment (ft-kips)
per foot of wall
length
Dead Load
(1) 0.340 2.542 0.864
(2)
(1.333ft)(7.000ft)(0.150k/ft
3
)=1.400
2.833 3.966
(3)
(3.000ft)(8.500ft)(0.150k/ft
3
)=3.825
4.417 16.895
(4)
(1.000ft)(1.750ft)(0.150k/ft
3
)=0.263
4.417 1.162
V = 5.828 M
R
= 22.887
Earth Load
(5)
(7.000ft)(5.167ft)(0.120k/ft
3
)=4.340
6.083 26.400
(6)
(2.000ft)(2.000ft)(0.120k/ft
3
)=0.480
1.167 0.560
V = 4.820 M
R
= 26.960
Live Load Surcharge
SV
P
(2.000ft)(5.167ft)(0.120k/ft
3
)=1.240
6.083 M
R
=7.543
SH
P

(2.000ft)(0.376)(10.000ft)(0.120k/ft
3
)
= 0.902
10.000 M
OT
=9.020
Earth Pressure
A
P

2.256
a

8.333 M
OT
= 18.799
P
P

3.285
b


Collision Force
( )
COL
F

(10.000k)/[2(7.000ft)] = 0.714 18.000 M
OT
= 12.852
Heel Pile Tension
( )
HV
P

(3.000tons)(2k/ton)(1pile)/(12.000ft) =
0.500
7.167 M
R
= 3.584
Toe Pile Batter ( )
BH
P

5.903
c


Passive Pile
Pressure ( )
pp
P
0.832
d



a.
( )( )
ft
k
ft
ft
k
H C P
A S A
256 . 2 10 376 . 0 120 . 0
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
=

= = g

b.
[ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
ft
k
ft ft
ft
k
H H C P
P S P
285 . 3 5 75 . 6 663 . 2 120 . 0
2
1
2
1
2 2
3
2
1
2
2
= -

= - = g

c.
( )
( ) ( )
ft
k
ft
in in
in
piles
ton
k
pile
tons
P
BH
903 . 5
12
1
4 12
4
2 2 56
2 2
=

=

d.
( )( ) ( )( )
ft
k
ft
piles ft
ft
k
ft P
PP
832 . 0
12
1
3 833 . 0 120 . 0 5 663 . 2
2
1
3
2
=

=

Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: Sept. 2002 E6202 E3.62-0
Page: 3.5-4
Table is for bearing pressure checks (moments taken about C.L of toe pile at the
bottom of the footing).

Load Force (kips/ft)
Arm about C.L.
of toe pile at
bottom of
footing (ft)
Moment (ft-kips)
per foot of wall
length
Dead Load
(1) 0.340 0.875 0.298
(2)
(1.333ft)(7.000ft)(0.150k/ft
3
)=1.400
1.167 1.634
(3)
(3.000ft)(8.500ft)(0.150k/ft
3
)=3.825
2.750 10.519
(4)
(1.000ft)(1.750ft)(0.150k/ft
3
)=0.263
2.750 0.723
V = 5.828 M
R
= 13.174
Earth Load
(5)
(7.000ft)(5.167ft)(0.120k/ft
3
)=4.340
4.417 19.170
(6)
(2.000ft)(2.000ft)(0.120k/ft
3
)=0.480
-0.500 -0.240
V = 4.820 M
R
= 18.930
Live Load Surcharge
SV
P
(2.000ft)(5.167ft)(0.120k/ft
3
)=1.240
4.417 M
R
= 5.477
SH
P

(2.000ft)(0.376)(10.000ft)(0.120k/ft
3
)
= 0.902
5.000 M
OT
= 4.510
Earth Pressure
A
P

2.256 3.333 M
OT
=7.519
P
P

3.285

Collision Force
( )
COL
F

(10.000k)/[2(7.000ft)] = 0.714 13.000 M
OT
= 9.282

Heel Pile Tension
( )
HV
P

(3.000tons)(2k/ton)(1pile)/(12.000ft) =
0.500
5.500 M
R
= 2.750

Toe Pile Batter ( )
BH
P

5.903

Passive Pile
Pressure ( )
pp
P
0.832

Investigate a representative 12 foot strip. This will include one heel pile and
two toe piles. The assumption is made that the stiffness of a batter pile in the
vertical direction is the same as that of a vertical pile.
Neutral Axis Location = from the toe.
2piles(1.5ft)+1pile(7ft)
3piles
= 3.333ft
I = Ad
2
For repetitive 12ft strip:
Total pile area =3A
I = 2A(1.833ft)
2
+ A(3.667ft)
2
= 20.167(A)ft
2
For a 1ft unit strip:
I =
20.167(A)ft
2
12ft
= 1.681(A)ft
2
Total pile area =(3A/12ft)=0.250A
Case I
F.S. for overturning 1.5
F.S. for sliding 1.5
Check Overturning
Neglect resisting moment due to P
SV
for this check.
M
R
= 22.887(ft k) + 26.960(ft k) + 3.584(ft k)
M
R
= 53.431(ft k)
M
OT
= 9.020(ft k) + 18.799(ft k) = 27.819(ft k)
o.k. F.S.
OT
=
MR
M
OT
=
53.431(ftk)
27.819(ftk)
= 1.921> 1.5
N.A.
7 '
3.333 '
1.5 '
3.667 ' 1.833 '
12 '
6 '
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.5-5
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
Check Pile Bearing
Without P
SV
:
V = 5.828k + 4.820k = 10.648k
e =
M
V
=
(13.174+18.930)(ftk)(4.510+7.519)(ftk)
10.648k
= 1.885ft
Moment arm =1.885ft - 1.833ft =0.052ft
P
T
=
V
A

Mc
I
=
10.648k
0.250A

10.648k(0.052ft)(1.833ft)
1.681(A)ft
2
P
T
=
41.988
A
k
P
H
=
10.648k
0.250A
+
10.648k(0.052ft)(3.667ft)
1.681(A)ft
2
P
H
=
43.800
A
k
Allowable pile load =56tons/pile. Each pile has area A so:
o.k. P
T
= 41.988
k
pile
= 20.944
tons
pile
o.k. P
H
= 43.800
k
pile
= 21.900
tons
pile
WithP
SV
:
V = 5.828k + 4.820k + 1.240k = 11.888k
e =
(13.174+18.930+5.477)(ftk)(4.510+7.519)(ftk)
11.888k
= 2.149ft
Moment arm =2.149ft - 1.833ft =0.316ft
o.k. P
T
=
11.888k
0.250A

11.888k(0.316ft)(1.833ft)
1.681(A)ft
2
= 43.456k = 21.728
tons
pile
o.k. P
H
=
11.888k
0.250A
+
11.888k(0.316ft)(3.667ft)
1.681(A)ft
2
= 55.747k = 27.874
tons
pile
Check Sliding
o.k. F.S.
Sliding
=
3.285k+5.903k+0.832k
0.902k+2.256k
= 3.173 1.5
Case II
F.S. for overturning 1.2
F.S. for sliding 1.2
Check Overturning
M
R
= (22.887+ 26.960+ 7.543+ 3.584)(ft k) = 60.974(ft k)
M
OT
= (9.020+ 18.799+ 12.852)(ft k) = 40.671(ft k)
o.k. F.S.
OT
=
M
R
MOT
=
60.974(ftk)
40.671(ftk)
= 1.499 1.2
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.5-6
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
Check Pile Bearing
e =
M
V
=
(13.174+18.930+5.477)(ftk)(4.510+7.519+9.282)(ftk)
(5.828+4.820+1.240)k
= 1.369ft
Moment arm = 1.833ft - 1.369ft = 0.464ft
P
T
=
V
A
+
Mc
I
=
11.888k
0.250A
+
11.888k(0.464ft)(1.833ft)
1.681(A)ft
2
o.k. P
T
= 53.567
k
pile
= 26.783
tons
pile
56
tons
pile
P
H
=
11.888k
0.250A

11.888k(0.464ft)(3.667ft)
1.681(A)ft
2
= 35.519k
o.k. P
H
= 17.760
tons
pile
56
tons
pile
Check Sliding
o.k. F.S.
Sliding
=
3.285k+5.903k+0.832k
0.902k+2.256k+0.714k
= 2.588 1.2
Case III
F.S. for overturning 1.5
F.S. for sliding 1.5
Check Overturning
M
R
= (22.887 + 26.960 + 3.584)(ft k) = 53.431(ft k)
M
OT
= 18.799((ft k)
o.k. F.S.
OT
=
M
R
MOT
=
53.431(ftk)
18.799(ftk)
= 2.842 1.5
Check Pile Bearing
e =
M
V
=
(13.174+18.930)(ftk)7.519(ftk)
(5.828+4.820)k
= 2.309ft
Moment arm = 2.309ft - 1.833ft = 0.476ft
P
T
=
10.648k
0.250A

10.648k(0.476ft)(1.833ft)
1.681(A)ft
2
= 37.065k
o.k. P
T
= 18.532
tons
pille
56
tons
pile
P
H
=
10.648k
0.250A
+
10.648k(0.476ft)(3.667ft)
1.681(A)ft
2
= 53.649k
o.k. P
H
= 26.825
tons
pile
56
tons
pile
Check Sliding
o.k. F.S.
Sliding
=
3.285k+5.903k+0.832k
2.256k
= 4.441 1.5
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.5-7
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: Sept. 2001 E5201
Case IV
Check Pile Bearing
e =
M
V
=
(13.174+18.930)(ftk)
5.828k+4.820k
= 3.015ft
Moment arm = 3.015ft - 1.833ft = 1.182ft
P
H
=
V
A
+
Mc
I
=
10.648k
0.250A
+
10.648k(1.182ft)(3.667ft)
1.681(A)ft
2
P
H
= 70.047k = 35.024
tons
pile
25% overstress is allowed on the heel pile:
o.k. P
H
= 35.024
tons
pile
1.25(56
tons
pile
) = 70
tons
pile
P
T
=
10.648k
0.250A

10.648k(1.182ft)(1.833ft)
1.681(A)ft
2
= 28.868k
o.k. P
T
= 14.434
tons
pile
56
tons
pile
Reinforcement - Stem
b = 12 in
cover = 2 in
h = 16 in
d = 16 in - 2 in - 0.5(0.625 in) = 13.688 in
F
Collision
= 0.714
k
ft
P
LL
=
s
C
A
H(2.000ft) = (2.000ft)(0.376)(7.000ft)(0.120
k
ft
3
) = 0.632
k
ft
P
AStem
=
1
2

s
C
A
H
2
=
1
2

0.120
k
ft
3

(0.376)(7.000ft)
2
= 1.105
k
ft
Apply Load Factors
F
Col.
=
LL
(0.714k) = (1.3)(1.67)(0.714k) = 1.550k
P
LL
=
E
(0.632k) = (1.3)(1.67)(0.632k) = 1.372k
P
A
Stem
=
E
(1.105k) = (1.3)(1.3)(1.105k) = 1.867k
M
u
= (10.00ft)(1.550k) + (3.500ft)(1.372k) + (2.333ft)(1.867k)
F
Collision
LL
P
10 '
7 '
A
P
Stem
2.333 '
3.5 '
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.5-8
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: Sept. 2001 E5201
M
u
= 24.658(ft k)
R
n
=
Mu
bd
2
=
24.658(ftk)
(0.9)(1ft)(13.688in)
2
= 0.146ksi
=
0.85fc
fy

1 1
2Rn
0.85f c

=
0.85(3ksi)
60ksi

1 1
2(0.146ksi)
0.85(3ksi)

= 0.00251

min
= 1.7

h
d

2 fc
fy
= 1.7

16in
13.688in

2 3000psi
60000psi
= 0.00212
= 0.00251
A
S
Req.
= bd = (0.00251)(12in)(13.688in) = 0.412
in
2
ft
One # 5 bar has A
S
= 0.307 in
2

s
0.307in
2
=
12in
0.412in
2
s = 8.9in
Use # 5 bars @ 8.5 in. cts.
Check Shear
V
u
V
n
V
u
= F
Collision
+ P
LL
+ P
A
Stem
= 1.550k + 1.372k + 1.867k = 4.789k
u

=
Vu
bd
=
4789lbs
0.85(12in)(13.688in)
= 34.301psi
o.k.
n
=
c
= 2 f
c
= 2 3, 000psi = 109.5psi > 34.3psi
Reinforcement - Footing - Top Steel
b = 12 in
cover = 3 in
h = 36 in
d = 36 in - 3 in - 0.5(0.5 in) = 32.750 in
Design the heel to support the entire weight of the superimposed materials.
2.583 '
slab wt.
soil
1
LL
s
3 '
5.167 '
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.5-9
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: Sept. 2001 E5201
Soil(1) = 4.340
k
ft
LL
s
= 1.240
k
ft
Slab wt. = (3.000ft)

0.150
k
ft
3

(5.167ft) = 2.325
k
ft
Apply Load Factors
Soil(1) =
E
(4.340k) = (1.3)(1.0)(4.340k) = 5.642k
LL
s
=
E
(1.240k) = (1.3)(1.67)(1.240k) = 2.692k
Slab wt. =
D
(2.325k) = (1.3)(1.0)(2.325k) = 3.023k
M
u
= (2.583ft)(5.642k + 2.692k + 3.023k) = 29.335(ft k)
R
n
=
Mu
bd
2
=
29.335(ftk)
(0.9)(1ft)(32.750in)
2
= 0.0304ksi
=
0.85(3ksi)
60ksi

1 1
2(0.0304ksi)
0.85(3ksi)

= 0.000510

min
= 1.7

36in
32.750in

2 3,000psi
60,000psi
= 0.00188
Use =
4
3
=
4
3
(0.000510) = 0.000680
A
S
Req.
= bd = (0.000680)(12in)(32.750in) = 0.267
in
2
ft
One # 4 bar has A
s
= 0.196 in
2

s
0.196in
2
=
12in
0.267in
2
s = 8.8in
Use # 4 bars @ 8.5 in. cts.
Check Shear
V
u
= Soil(1) + LL
s
+ Slab wt. = 5.642k + 2.692k + 3.023k = 11.357k
o.k.
u

=
Vu
bd
=
11357lbs
(0.85)(12in)(32.750in)
= 33.998psi 109.5psi =
c
Reinforcement - Footing - Bottom Steel
Design the flexural steel in the bottom of the footing to resist the largest
moment that the heel pile could exert on the footing. The largest heel pile
bearing force was in Case IV. The heel pile will cause a larger moment about
the stem face than the toe pile (even though there are two toe piles for every
one heel pile) because it has a much longer moment arm about the stem
face.
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.5-10
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: Sept. 2001 E5201
Pile is embedded into footing 12 inches.
b =12 in
h =36 in
d =36 in - 4 in =32 in
Apply Load Factors to Case IV Loads
V =
D

5.828
k
ft
1
+
E

4.820
k
ft
1
V = 1.3(1.0)

5.828
k
ft
1
+ 1.3(1.0)

4.820
k
ft
1
V = 13.842
k
ft
M =
D

13.174
(ftk)
ft
1
+
E

18.930
(ftk)
ft
1
M = (1.3)(1.0)

13.174
(ftk)
ft
1
+ (1.3)(1.0)

18.930
(ftk)
ft
1
M = 41.735
(ftk)
ft
e =
M
V
=
41.735(ftk)
13.842k
= 3.015ft
Moment arm =3.015 ft -1.833 ft =1.182 ft
P
H
=
V
A
+
Mc
I
=
13.842k
0.250A
+
13.842k(1.182ft)(3.667ft)
1.681(A)ft
2
P
H
= 91.059
k
pile
|
'
1
12ft
|

= 7.588
k
ft
M
u
=
|
'
7.588
k
ft
|

(3.667ft) = 27.825
(ftk)
ft
R
n
=
Mu
bd
2
=
27.825(ftk)
(0.9)(1ft)(32in)
2
= 0.0301ksi
=
0.85(3ksi)
60ksi

1 1
2(0.0301ksi)
0.85(3ksi)
1
1
= 0.000505

min
= 1.7

36in
32in
1
2 3,000psi
60,000psi
= 0.00196
Use =
4
3
=
4
3
(0.000505) = 0.000673
A
S
Req.
= bd = (0.000673)(12in)(32in) = 0.258
in
2
ft
3.6667 '
Heel Pile Force
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.5-11
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
One #4 bar has A
s
=0.196 in
2
.
s
0.196in
2
=
12in
0.258in
2
s = 9.1in
Use #4 bars @ 9 in. cts.
Check Shear
The critical section for shear for the toe is at a distance d =21.75 inches
from the face of the stem. The toe pile is 6 inches from the stem face so
the toe pile shear does not affect the shear at the critical section. The
critical section for shear is at the stem face for the heel so all of the force
of the heel pile affects the shear at the critical section. The worst case
for shear is Case IV.
V
u
= 7.588k
o.k.
u

=
Vu
bd
=
7588lbs
0.85(12in)(32in)
= 23.248psi 109.5psi =
c
Reinforcement - Shear Key
b =12 in
h =12 in
cover =3 in
d =12 in - 3 in - 0.5(0.5 in) =8.75 in
Apply Load Factors
P
P
=
E
(3.845k) = (1.3)(1.3)(3.845k) = 6.498k
M
u
= (0.912ft)(6.498k) = 5.926(ft k)
R
n
=
Mu
bd
2
=
5.926(ftk)
(0.9)(1ft)(8.75in)
2
= 0.0860ksi
=
0.85(3ksi)
60ksi

1 1
2(0.0860ksi)
0.85(3ksi)
1
1
= 0.00146

min
= 1.7

12in
8.75in
1
2 3,000psi
60,000psi
= 0.00292
3 '
P
P
0.912 '
Include 1 ' of eroded fill
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.5-12
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0
Use =
4
3
=
4
3
(0.00146) = 0.00195
A
S
Req.
= bd = (0.00195)(12in)(8.75in) = 0.205
in
2
ft
One #4 bar has A
s
=0.196 in
2

s
0.196in
2
=
12in
0.205in
2
s =11.5 in
Use #4 bars @ 11 in. cts.
Check Shear
u

=
Vu
bd
=
6498lbs
0.85(12in)(8.75in)
= 72.807psi < 109.5psi =
c
Reinforcement Summary
#4's @
12 " cts.
#4's @
18 " cts.
#4's @
18 " cts.
#4's @ 12 " cts.
(Top and Bottom)
#4's
@ 11 "
cts.
#4's @
#4's
#5 's @
8.5 " cts.
8.5 " cts.
#4 's @
9 " cts.
1.5 " Cl.
2 " Cl.
3 " Cl.
4 "
3 " Cl.
Bridge Manual
Retaining Walls - Section 3.62 Page: 3.5-13
Cast-In-Place Concrete Retaining Walls
Revised: December 1998 E3.62-0