METAL BAR GRATING

NAAMM MANUAL

MBG 534 -12

G R AT I N G S

METAL BAR GRATING

NAAMM MBG 534-12 November 4, 2012

ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL

NAAMM MBG 534-12 November 4, 2012

5
G R AT I N G S
A Division of

MBG Metal Bar Grating

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ARCHITECTURAL METAL MANUFACTURERS

This manual was developed by representative members of the Metal Bar Grating Division (MBG) of the National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers (NAAMM) to provide their opinion and guidance on the procedures used in design calculations for metal bar grating. This manual contains advisory information only and is published as a public service by NAAMM. NAAMM disclaims all liability of any kind for the use, application or adaptation of material published in this manual.

Copyright 2012 National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers All Rights Reserved

METAL BAR GRATING

ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL

Published and distributed by the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ARCHITECTURAL METAL MANUFACTURERS

800 ROOSEVELT ROAD, BLDG. C-312.....................................................................GLEN ELLYN, IL 60137 Fax (630) 790-3095 website: www.naamm.org Phone (630) 942-6591

METAL BAR GRATING

This manual sets forth procedures used in design calculations for metal bar grating. The load bearing capabilities and deflections of grating are based on the structural properties of the bearing bars and the number of bearing bars supporting the load. Grating is designed so that the allowable stresses of the metals used are not exceeded when the design loads are applied or, if deflection governs, the specified allowances for deflection are not exceeded. Metric properties, with sample calculations, are included for metric conversions. The concentrated, uniform and partially distributed uniform loads used in the calculations are modeled as static loads. Static loads are typically used to evaluate the functionality for live loading pedestrian load applications. Examples 1 5 on the following pages present the formulas used for calculating the load and deflection values of static loads. Heavy rolling loads are defined as Vehicular Loads. Examples 6 7 present the formulas used to calculate the values for welded and pressure locked gratings when subjected to vehicular loads. Example 8 presents the formulas used to calculate the values for riveted gratings subjected to vehicular loads. The Load Criteria presented for Vehicular Loads on page 12 is intended to serve as a guide for common vehicular applications. This criteria is not intended to be all-inclusive and if your application is not clearly represented by one of these options, contact NAAMM or your nearest NAAMM MBG member company for assistance in evaluating your specific application. NOMENCLATURE a = length of partially distributed uniform load or vehicular load, parallel with bearing bars, in. b = thickness of rectangular bearing bar, in. c = width of partially distributed uniform load or vehicular load, perpendicular to bearing bars, in. d = depth of rectangular bearing bar, in. Ac = distance center to center of main bars, riveted grating, in. Ar = face to face distance between bearing bars in riveted grating, in. Aw = center to center distance between bearing bars in welded and pressure locked gratings, in. C = concentrated load at midspan, pfw Dc = deflection under concentrated load, in. Du = deflection under uniform load, in. E = modulus of elasticity, psi F = allowable stress, psi I = moment of inertia, in4 IH20 = moment of inertia of grating under H20 loading, in4 Ib = I of bearing bar, in4 Ig = I of grating per foot of width, in4 In = moment of inertia of nosing, in4 K = number of bars per foot of grating width, 12"/Aw L = clear span of grating, in. (simply supported)

NAAMM MBG 543-12

ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL

M = bending moment, Ib-in Mb = maximum M of bearing bar, Ib-in Mg = maximum M of grating per foot of width, Ib-in N = number of bearing bars in grating assumed to carry load NbH20 = number of main bearing bars under load H20 NcH20 = number of connecting bearing bars under load H20 Pb = load per bar, Ib Pu = total partially distributed uniform load, Ib PuH20 = wheel load, H20, Ib Pw = wheel load, lb S = section modulus, in3 Sb = S of bearing bar, in3 Sg = S of grating per foot of width, in3 SH20b = section modulus at bottom of grating under H20 loading, in3 Sn = section modulus of nosing, in3 U = uniform load, psf ABBREVIATIONS in. = inch ft = foot Ib = pounds Ib-in = pound-inches pfw = pounds per foot of grating width psf = pounds per square foot psi = pounds per square inch

ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL

NAAMM MBG 543-12

METAL PROPERTIES
Allowable Design Stress F psi 18,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 16,500 20,000 16,500 12,000 12,000

Material Steel ASTM A1011 CS Type B ASTM A1011 SS GR36 ASTM A36 Stainless Steel ASTM A666 Type 304 ASTM A666 Type 304L ASTM A666 Type 316 ASTM A666 Type 316L Aluminum ASTM B221 6061-T6 ASTM B221 6063-T6

Yield Strength Fy psi 30,000(1) 36,000 36,000 30,000 25,000 30,000 25,000 35,000 25,000 METRIC

Tensile Strength Fu psi

Modulus of Elasticity E psi 29,000,000 29,000,000 29,000,000 28,000,000 28,000,000 28,000,000 28,000,000 10,000,000 10,000,000

53,000 58,000 75,000 70,000 75,000 70,000 38,000 30,000

Material Steel ASTM A1011M CS Type B ASTM A1011M SS GR250 ASTM A36M Stainless Steel ASTM A666 Type 304 ASTM A666 Type 304L ASTM A666 Type 316 ASTM A666 Type 316L Aluminum ASTM B221M 6061-T6 ASTM B221M 6063-T6

Allowable Design Stress F MPa 124.11 137.90 137.90 137.90 113.77 137.90 113.77 82.74 82.74

Yield Strength Fy MPa 205(1) 250 250 205 170 205 170 240 170

Tensile Strength Fu MPa

Modulus of Elasticity E MPa 200,000 200,000 200,000 193,000 193,000 193,000 193,000 69,000 69,000

365 400 515 485 515 485 260 205

(1) Based on many years of architectural metal experience.

FORMULAS
1. Number of bearing bars per foot of width for welded grating K = 12/AW Section modulus of rectangular bearing bar Sb = bd2/6 in3

2.

NAAMM MBG 543-12

ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL

3. Section modulus of grating per foot of width Sg = Kbd2/6 in3 = KSb in3 4. Section modulus required for given moment and allowable stress S = M/F in3 5. Moment of inertia of rectangular bearing bar Ib = bd3/12 in4 = Sb d/2 in4 6. Moment of inertia of grating per foot of width Ig = Kbd3/12 in4 = Klb in4 7. Bending moment for given allowable stress and section modulus M = SF Ib-in The following formulas are for simply supported beams with maximum moments and deflections occurring at midspan. 8. Maximum bending moment under concentrated load M = CL/4 Ib-in per foot of grating width 9. Concentrated load to produce maximum bending moment C = 4M/L Ib per foot of grating width 10. Maximum bending moment under uniform load M = UL2/(8 x 12) = UL2/96 Ib-in per foot of grating width 11. Uniform load to produce maximum bending moment U = 96M/L2 psf 12. Maximum bending moment due to partially distributed uniform load M = Pu (2L - a)/8 Ib-in 13. Maximum deflection under concentrated load Dc = CL3/48EIg in. 14. Moment of inertia for given deflection under concentrated load Ig = CL3/48EDc in4 15. Maximum deflection under uniform load Du = 5UL4/(384 x 12Elg) = 5UL4/4608EIg in. 16. Moment of inertia for given deflection under uniform load Ig = 5UL4/4608EDu in4 17. Maximum deflection under partially distributed uniform load Du = Pu((a/2)3 + L3 - a2 L/2)/48ElbN in.

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NAAMM MBG 543-12

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Example 1 These calculations show the procedures used to prepare data for metal bar grating load tables. The concentrated midspan and uniform load bearing capabilities of W-19-4 (1-1/2 x 3/16) welded A1011 CS Type B carbon steel grating and the corresponding midspan deflections will be calculated. Allowable stress, F = 18,000 psi Modulus of elasticity, E = 29,000,000 psi Span, L = 54 in. Bearing bar spacing, Aw = 1.1875 in. Number of bearing bars per foot of width K = 12/Aw = 12/1.1875 = 10.105 Section modulus of grating per foot of width Sg = Kbd2/6 = 10.105 x 0.1875 (1.5)2/6 = 0.711 in3 Moment of inertia of grating per foot of width Ig = Kbd3/12 = 10.105 x 0.1875 (1 .5)3/12 = 0.533 in4 Maximum bending moment for grating per foot of width Mg = FSg = 18,000 x 0.711 = 12,800 Ib-in Concentrated Load Load, C = 4Mg /L = 4 x 12,800/54 = 948 pfw Defl, Dc = CL3/48Elg = 948 x (54)3/(48 x 29,000,000 x 0.533) = 0.201 in. Uniform Load Load, U = 96Mg /L2 = 96 x 12,800/(54)2 = 421 psf Defl, Du = 5UL4/4608Elg = 5 x 421 x (54)4/(4608 x 29,000,000 x 0.533) = 0.251 in.

Concentrated Mid Span Load per foot of width

Uniform Load per square foot

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ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL

GRATING SELECTION
Example 2 - Concentrated Load Required: A welded ASTM A36 steel grating Type W-22-4 to support a concentrated load, C, of 4,000 pounds per foot of width at midspan on a clear span of 8'-0". Deflection, D, is not to exceed the 0.25" recommended for pedestrian comfort. Allowable stress, F = 20,000 psi Modulus of elasticity, E = 29,000,000 psi Span, L = 96in. Bearing bar spacing, Aw = 1.375 in. K = 12/Aw = 12 / 1.375 = 8.727 For a span of 8'-0", the minimum size bearing bar to sustain a 4,000 pfw load is: 3 x 3/8 Ig = Klb = 8.727 x 0.8438 = 7.364 in4 Sg = KSb = 4.909 in3 C = 4Mg/L = 4 x F x Sg/96 = 4 x 20,000 x 4.909/96 = 4,091 pfw Dc = CL3/48Elg = 4,000 x (96)3/(48 x 29,000,000 x 7.364) = 0.345 in. Since this exceeds the recommended limitation, a grating with a larger moment of inertia is needed to keep the deflection less than 0.25 in. Ig = CL3/48EDc = 4,000 x (96)3/(48 x 29,000,000 x 0.25) = 10.17 in4 Using the next larger size: 3-1/2 x 3/8 Ig = 8.727 x 1.3398 = 11.693 in4 Sg = 8.727 x 0.7656 = 6.682 in3 C = 4 x 20,000 x 6.682/96 = 5,568 pfw D = 5,568 x (96)3/(48 x 29,000,000 x 11.693) = 0.303 in. Deflection is directly proportional to load: Dc = 0.303 x 4,000/5,568 = 0.217 in. 0.25 in. OK

ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL

NAAMM MBG 543-12

GRATING SELECTION
Example 3 - Uniform Load Required: A 6063-T6 aluminum grating Type P-19-4 to support a uniform load, U, of 300 pounds per square foot on a clear span of 5'-0". Deflection, D, is not to exceed the 0.25" recommended for pedestrian comfort. Allowable stress, F = 12,000 psi Modulus of elasticity, E = 10,000,000 psi Span, L = 60 in. Bearing bar spacing, Aw = 1.1875 in. K = 12/Aw = 1211.1875 = 10.105 For a span of 5-0, the minimum size bearing bar to sustain a 300 psf load is: 1-3/4x3/16 Ig = Klb = 10.105 x 0.0837 = 0.846 in4 Sg = KSb = 10.105 x 0.0957 = 0.967 in3 U = 96Mg/L2 = 96 x F x Sg/(60)2 = 96 x 12,000 x 0.967/(60)2 = 309 psf Du = 5UL4/4608Elg = 5 x 309 x (60)4/(4608 x 10,000,000 x 0.846) = 0.514 in. Deflection is directly proportional to load: Du = 0.514 x 300/309 = 0.499 in. Since this exceeds the recommended limitation, a grating with a larger moment of inertia is needed to keep the deflection less than 0.25 in. Ig = 5UL4/4608EDu = 5 x 300(60)4/(4608 x 10 x 106 x 0.25) = 1.6875 in4 Using a larger size: 2-1/4 x 3/16 Ig =1.798 in4

U=512 psf D = 0.400 in.

Note: Uniform loads in these examples and in the standard load tables do not include the weight of the gratings. In designing for uniform live loads the weight of the grating, as well as any other dead load, must be added.

Du = 0.400 x 300/512 = 0.234 in. 0.25 in. OK

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ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL

GRATING SELECTION
Example 4 -Partially Distributed Uniform Load Required: A welded ASTM A1011 CS Type B steel grating Type W-19-4 to support a partially distributed uniform load, Pu, of 1,500 pounds over an area of 6" x 9" centered at midspan on a clear span of 3'-6". Deflection, D, is not to exceed the 0.25" recommended for pedestrian comfort. Allowable stress, F = 18,000 psi Modulus of elasticity, E = 29,000,000 psi Span, L = 42 in. Bearing bar spacing, Aw = 1.1875 in. Since the 6" x 9" load is rectangular, two conditions must be investigated to determine which condition places the greater stress on the grating: Condition A - 6" dimension parallel to bearing bars Condition B - 9" dimension parallel to bearing bars Condition A a = 6" c = 9"

Find maximum bending moment with load centered at midspan M = Pu(2L-a)/8 = 1,500 x (2 x 42 - 6)/8 = 14,625 Ib-in Find number of bars supporting load N = c/Aw = 9/1.1875 = 7.58 Maximum bending moment per bearing bar Mb = M/N =14,625/7.58 = 1,929 Ib-in Condition B a = 9" c = 6"

Condition A

Find maximum bending moment with load centered at midspan M = Pu (2L - a)/8 = 1,500 x (2 x 42 - 9)/8 = 14,063 Ib-in Find number of bars supporting load N = c/Aw = 6/1.1875 = 5.05 Mb = M/N = 14,063/5.05 = 2,785 Ib-in Condition B produces greater bending moment and will be used to establish grating size. Required section modulus, Sb = Mb/F = 2,785/18,000 = 0.155 in3 From Table A on page 19, select: 2-1/4 x 3/16 bar Sb = 0.1582 in3

Condition B

Ib = 0.1780 in4

Check deflection: Du = Pu((a/2)3 + L3 - a2 L/2)/48Elb N = 1,500 x ((9/2)3 + 423 - 92 x 42/2)/(48 x 29 x 106 x 0.1780 x 5.05) = 0.087 in. < 0.25 in.

ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL

NAAMM MBG 543-12

STAIR TREADS
Grating stair tread design calculations are based on the following assumptions: 1. The front or nosing area of the tread receives the greatest load and use under normal conditions. The back or rear area of the tread is seldom used. 1.1. The strength of the tread is determined by and limited to the front 5 inches of the tread. 1.2. The bearing area of the nosing is approximately 1-1/4" wide. The number of bearing bars considered to be carrying the load depends on their center to center spacing and is determined by the formula: N = (5 - nosing width)/(center to center distance of bars) +1 For 1-3/16 in. spacing, N = (5 - 1.25)/(1.1875) + 1 = 4 For 15/16 in. spacing, N = (5 - 1.25)/(0.9375) + 1 = 5 In calculating the strength of treads, the nosing plus N bearing bars is used. 2. For steel grating, all nosing is considered to have the strength of an angle 1-1/4" x 1-1/4" x 1/8". (S = 0.049 in3; I = 0.044 in4) For aluminum grating, all nosing is considered to have the strength of an angle 1-1/4" x 1-1/4" x 3/16". (S = 0.071 in3; I = 0.061 in4) These are the standard support angles used for cast abrasive nosings. Other shapes and configurations may be used by various manufacturers, but to conform to NAAMM Standards, the nosing must meet or exceed the physical characteristics of these angles. 3. The tread is to support a midspan concentrated design load of 300 pounds with a deflection not to exceed L/240. L = EI/5P 4. Treads over 5'-6" are to support the design load of 300 pounds at the one-third points of the span since loads may be applied at two points on longer treads. Deflection should not exceed L/240. L = EI/8.5P Example 5 SAMPLE CALCULATIONS FOR TREAD DESIGN 5A. Determine the maximum span length for a tread with 1-1/4" x 3/16" bearing bars on 1-3/16" centers. Use ASTM A1011 CS Type B steel. Allowable design stress Nosing 1-1/4 x 3/16 bar F = 18,000 psi Sn = 0.049 in3 Sb = 0.0488 in3

In = 0.044 in4 Ib = 0.0305 in4

N = (5 - 1.25)/(1 .1875) + 1 = 4 Design S = Sn + NSb = 0.049 + 4 x 0.0488 = 0.244 in3 Design I = In + NIb = 0.044 + 4 x 0.0305 = 0.166 in4

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ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL

Resisting Moment, M = SF = 0.244 x 18,000 = 4,390 Ib-in Tread Span Length, L= 4M/C = 4 x 4,390 / 300 = 58.5 in. L = EI/5P = 29,000,000 x 0.166 / (5 x 300) = 56.6 in. (controls) 5B. Determine the maximum span length for a tread with 1 x 3/16" bearing bars on 1-3/16" centers. Use ASTM A1011 CS Type B steel. 1 x 3/16 bar Sb = 0.0313 in3 Ib = 0.0156 in4 Nosing properties and allowable design stress from 5A. Design S = 0.049 + 4 x 0.0313 = 0.1742 in3 Design I = 0.044 + 4 x 0.0156 = 0.1064 in4 Resisting Moment, M = 0.1742 x 18,000 = 3,140 Ib-in Tread Span Length, L = 4M/C = 4 x 3,140 / 300 = 41.8 in. (controls) L = EI/5P = 29,000,000 x 0.1064 / (5 x 300) = 45.3 in. 5C. Determine the maximum span length for a tread with 1-1/4" x 3/16" bearing bars on 1-3/16 centers. Use 6063-T6 aluminum. Allowable Design Stress, F = 12,000 psi Nosing Sn = 0.071 in3 Sb = 0.0488 in3 1-1/4" x 3/16" Design S = 0.071 + 4 x 0.0488 = 0.266 in3 Design I = 0.061 + 4 x 0.0305 = 0.183 in4 Resisting Moment, M = SF = 0.266 x 12,000 = 3,190 Ib-in Tread Span Length, L = 4M/C = 4 x 3,190/300 = 42.5 in. L = EI/5P = 10,000,000 x 0.183 / (5 x 300) = 34.9 in. (controls) 5D. Determine the maximum span length for a tread with 1" x 3/16" bearing bars on 1-3/16" centers. Use 6063-T6 aluminum. 1" x 3/16" bar Sb = 0.0313 in3 Ib = 0.0156 in4 Nosing properties and allowable design stress from 5C. Design S = 0.071 + 4 x 0.0313 = 0.1962 in3 Design I = 0.061 + 4 x 0.0156 = 0.1234 in4 Resisting Moment, M = SF = 0.1962 x 12,000 = 2,350 Ib-in Tread Span Length, L = 4M/C = 4 x 2,350/300 = 31.3 in. L = EI/5P = 10,000,000 x 0.1234 / (5 x 300) = 28.6 in. (controls)

In = 0.061 in4 Ib = 0.0305 in4

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5E. Determine the bearing bar size for a tread with bearing bars at 1-3/16" on center having a length of 6'-4". Use ASTM A1011 CS Type B steel. Load distribution for treads over 5'-6":

300 lbs

300 lbs

1/ 3

1/ 3 Tread Length

1/ 3

Design Formula: L = EI/8.5P L = 76 inches E = 29,000,000 lb/in2 P = 300 lbs I = 8.5PL / E = 8.5 x 300 x 76 / 29,000,000 = 0.5079 in4 Design I = In + N Ib In = 0.044 in4 I = .5079 in4 N=4 Ib = (I In)/N = (.5079 - 0.044) / 4 = 0.1160 in4 Ib = bd3/12 Ib = moment of inertia per bearing bar, in4 b = thickness of bearing bar, in d = depth of bearing bar, in d3 = (12 x Ib)/b = (12 x (0.116))/(.1875) = 7.424 in3 d = 1.9508 in Therefore, for a Type 19-4 tread with a length of 6'-4" the recommended bearing bar size would be 2 x 3/16". Check for stress: F = 18,000 psi S = Sn + NSb = 0.049 + 4(0.125) = 0.549 in3 Resisting moment M = SF = 0.549 x 18,000 = 9,882 in lbs Maximum moment applied = 300 (76/3) = 7,600 in lbs Deflection controls

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Vehicular Loads
Welded and Pressure Locked Construction The following load criteria and design calculations (Examples 6 and 7) were used to prepare data for the Vehicular Load Tables found in NAAMM publication MBG-532, Heavy Duty Metal Bar Grating Manual. These examples apply to welded and pressure locked gratings only (for riveted gratings see the design calculations related to Example 8). Load distribution criteria conforms with the AASHTO Standard Specification for Highway Bridges, 16th Edition, paragraph 3.27.3.1. This specification for open floors states that H-20 / HS-20 loads shall be distributed over an area 20" x 20" plus one bearing bar on each side of the wheel load. The wheel load for H-20 / HS-20 loads is 20,800 lbs. which includes a 30% impact factor per paragraph 3.8.2.1. For maximum service life it is recommended that deflection for gratings subject to vehicular loads be restricted to the lesser of .125 inches or L/400. Additionally, to reduce the effects of impact and fatigue, it is recommended that gratings subject to heavy, high speed or multi-directional traffic be specified with load carrying banding.

LOAD CRITERIA Vehicular Loads

AASHTO H-25 AASHTO H-20 AASHTO H-15 Passenger Vehicles 5 Ton Forklifts 3 Ton Forklifts 1 Ton Forklifts

Truck/Vehicle Weight (pounds) Load Capacity (pounds) Axle Load (pounds) Impact Factor Total Load (pounds) % of load on drive axle Pw = Wheel Load (pounds) a = Length of Distribution parallel to bearing bars (inches) c = Width of Distribution perpendicular to bearing bars (inches) 26,000 25 20,800 20 15,600 15 40,000 30% 52,000 32,000 30% 41,600 24,000 30% 31,200

6,322 3,578

14,400 10,000

9,800 6,000

4,200 2,000

30% 12,870 60% 3,861 9

30% 31,720 85% 13,481 11

30% 20,540 85% 8,730 7

30% 8,060 85% 3,426 4

25 *

20 *

15 *

9*

11 *

7*

4*

* plus 2 x the center/center spacing of bearing bars

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Design Calculations: Sb = section modulus per bar, in3 F = allowable stress, psi a = length of distribution parallel to bearing bar, in c = width of distribution perpendicular to bearing bar, in Pb = load per bar, lb E = modulus of elasticity, psi Ib = I of bearing bar, in4 L = clear span, in

Maximum Span = 4((Sb / (Pb/F)) + (a / 8) Deflection - Max Span = [Pb /(96)(E)(Ib)] [2(L)3 - a2 x L + a3/4]

Example 6 - Vehicular Load Calculations Required: Determine maximum span for A-36 carbon steel grating, type W-22-4 3-1/2" x 3/8" for AASHTO H-20 loads. Deflection to be the lesser of .125 inches or L / 400. Proposed Grating: Bearing bar spacing Bearing bar depth Bearing bar thickness W-22-4 3-1/2" x 3/8" 1.375" 3-1/2" 0.375"

Area of Distribution: a = Parallel to bearing bars = 20" c = Perpendicular to bearing bars = 22.75" Pw = Wheel Load = 20,800 lb. Material: A-36 Carbon Steel F = 20,0000 psi E = 29,000,000 psi N = Number of bars supporting load = c / 1.375 = 16.545 Pb = load per bar = (Pw / N) = 1,257 lb. Pb / F = .0629, in2 Ib = bd3 / 12 = 1.3398 in4 Maximum Span = 4((Sb / (Pb/F)) + (a / 8)) = 58" Deflection - Maximum Span = [Pb / (96)(E)(Ib)] [2(L)3 - a2 x L + a3/4] = .124"

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ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL

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Partially Distributed Vehicular Loads The following design calculations were used to prepare data for vehicular loads when the tire contact length exceeds the clear span of the grating. Example 7 Partially Distributed Vehicular Load Required: Determine a type W-22-4, A-36 carbon steel grating, capable of supporting H-20 loads over a 15 inch clear span, maximum deflection not exceeding the lesser of .125 inches or L/400. Load Condition: AASHTO H-20 Area of Distribution: a = Length of distribution parallel with bearing bars = 20" c = Width of distribution perpendicular to bearing bars = 22.75" Pw = Wheel load (pounds) = 20,800 lb. Proposed Grating: W-22-4 Bearing bar spacing Bearing bar depth Bearing bar thickness Material: 1-1/2" x 1/4" 1.375" 1.50" .25"

A-36 Carbon Steel

F = 20,000 psi E = 29,000,000 psi L = clear span in inches = 15" M = maximum bending moment = (Pw/a)(L/8) = 29,250 in. lb. Sg = required section modulus of grating = M / F = 1.4625 in Aw = center to center spacing of bearing bars = 1.375" N = number of bars supporting load = c / Aw = 16.5455 Sb = required section modulus per bar = Sg / N = .089 in/bar Section Modulus Required per Bar = .089 in Section Modulus of Proposed Bar = 0.094 in Deflection Calculation: Ib = Moment of inertia of proposed bar = b x d / 12 = 0.070 in4/bar Ig = Moment of inertia - grating = Ib x N = 1.163 in4 Deflection = ((5*(Pw/a) L4)) / (384 EIg) Deflection equals = 0.020" (Deflection .125" and L/400)

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Riveted Heavy Duty Gratings The following design calculations were used to prepare data for the Vehicular Load Tables found in NAAMM publication MBG-532, Heavy Duty Metal Bar Grating Manual. These design calculations and Example 8 apply specifically to type R-37-5 Riveted Grating. Example 8 Riveted Heavy Duty Vehicular Loads Determine the maximum clear span L with simple supports for type R-37-5 size 5" x 1/4" A-36 Steel heavy duty riveted grating under AASHTO / HS-20 loading with maximum impact factor of 30%. Design Formulas and Descriptions: IH20 = Moment of inertia of grating under HS-20 loading F = Max allowable fiber stress for ASTM A36 steel a = Length of load distribution parallel to bearing bars c = Width of load distribution perpendicular to bearing bars.* Ac = Distance center to center of main bearing bars = Ar + b NbH20 = Number of main bearing bars under load H-20 NcH20 = Number of connecting bearing bars under load PUH20 = Partially distributed uniform load = Wheel load. E = Modulus of elasticity (psi) M = Max moment applied to grating section L = Maximum clear span (in inches) Values = 32.305 (see calculations below) = 20,000 psi = 20" = 20" + 2 bearing bars = 2.5625" = 9.8 (see calculation below) = 8.8 (see calculation below) 20,800 lbs 29,000,000 psi 231,200 in Ibs (see calculation below) 54.5 inches (see calculation below) Reference formula number 4 Reference formula number 12 Reference formula number 17

SH20b = Section modulus at bottom of grating under HS-20 loading. = 11.56 (see calculations below)

Max moment = M = SH20b x F Maximum span L = ((8M+(a x PUH20)) / (2 PUH20) Deflection at max span = PuH20 ((a/2)3 + L3 - a2 L/2) / (48 E IH20) * c = a + 2 Ac NbH20 = (a / Ac) + 2 NcH20 = (a / Ac) + 1

Reference AASHTO Specification for Bridges 16th edition paragraph 3.27.3.1

Using the formulas above: NbH20 = (20 / 2.5625) + 2 = 9.8 main bearing bars with each having thickness of 0.25" The depth of the main bearing bars is d main = 5" NcH20 = (20 / 2.5625) + 1 = 8.8 connecting bars with each having thickness of 0.1875" The depth of the connecting bars is d connecting = 1.5"

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The resulting section of riveted grating under load is modeled as a T section with dimensions shown below.

4.102

1.500 5.000

2.451

2.794 Distance to Centroid

In the T section the centroid distance and second moment of inertia IH20 can be calculated using the parallel axis theorem. IH20 = 32.305 in4 and the centroid distance to bottom is as shown 2.794" SH20b = IH20 / centroid distance to bottom = 32.305 / 2.794 = 11.56 in3 The maximum moment that can be applied to the section is M = SH20b x F = 11.56 x 20,000 = 231,200 in Ibs Now using formula 12, Maximum Span is calculated as follows L = ((8xM)+(a x PUH20)) / (2 PUH20) = ((8 x 231,200) +(20 x 20,800) / (2 x 20,800) = 54.5 inches. Deflection Calculation: Du = Pu [(a/2)3 + L3 - a2 L/2] / (48 E IH20) Du = 20,8000 [(20/2)3 + (54.5)3 - (20)2 x 54.5 / 2] / (48 x 29,000,000 x 32.305) Du = 0.070 in ( .125 and L/400)

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METAL BAR GRATING DESIGN MANUAL METRIC PRACTICE

The system of metric measurement used in this manual is from IEEE/ASTM SI 10-2002, Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System. SI prefixes: k (kilo) = 103 M (mega) = 106 G (giga) = 109 Corresponding units: Length - meter, m millimeter, mm Force - newton, N Stress - pascal, Pa (newton/square meter) Bending Moment - newton meter, N-m Conversion factors: 1 in. = 0.0254 m = 25.4 mm 1 in2 = 645.16 mm2 1 in3 = 16,387 mm3 1 in4 =416,231 mm4 1 ft = 0.3048 m = 304.8 mm 1 ft2 = 0.092903 m2 = 92,903 mm2 1 Ib (force) (Ib) = 4.44822 N 1 kip = 4.44822 kN 1 psi = 4.44822N/645.16mm2 = 0.006894757 N/mm2 = 6,894.757 N/m2 = 6,894.757 Pa = 6.894757 kPa = 0.006894757 MPa 1 psf = 47.88026 Pa = 0.04788026 kPa 1 pfw = 4.44822N/0.3048m = 14.5939 N/m of width Sample Calculations - Stainless Steel Bar Grating Load bearing capabilities and corresponding midspan deflections of a W-19 (1 x 1/8) welded stainless steel grating are calculated. Using ASTM A666 Type 304 Allowable stress, F = 137.90 MPa Modulus of elasticity, E = 193,000 MPa Aw= 1.1875 in. = 30.16 mm K = 12/Aw = 12/1.1875 = 12 x 25.4/30.16 = 10.105 Sg = Kbd2/6 = 10.105 x (0.125 x 25.4) x (1 x 25.4)2/6 = 3,450 mm3 Ig = Kbd3/12 = 10.105 x (0.125 x 25.4) x (1 x 25.4)3/12 = 43,800 mm4

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If section modulus and moment of inertia are known in inch units, conversion is even simpler, and the result will be well within engineering accuracy. If Sg = 0.21 in3 and Ig = 0.1053 in4, then Sg = 0.21 x 16,387 = 3,440mm3 Ig = 0.1053 x 416,231 = 43,800 mm4 To calculate loads and deflections for a 0.762 m (2'-6") span, the following procedures may be used: Maximum bending moment for grating per 0.3048 m (1 ft) width Mg = F x Sg = 137.90 MPa (N/mm2) x 3,450 mm3 = 475,728 N mm = 475.7 N m per 0.3048 m of width Concentrated Load at Midspan Load, C = 4Mg/L = 4 x 475.7/0.762 = 2,497 N per foot of width = 2,497/(103 x 0.3048) = 8.19 kN per meter of width Defl, Dc = CL3/48EI = 2,497 x 0.7623 x 109/(48 x 193,000 x 43,800) = 2.72 mm Uniform Load Load, U = 8Mg/L2 = 8 X 475.6/0.7622 = 6,553 N/m per foot of width = 6,553/(103 x 0.3048) = 21.50 kN/m2 Defl, Du = 5UL 4/384EI = 5 x 6,553 x 0.7624 x 109/(384 x 193,000 x 43,800) = 3.40 mm

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TABLE A SECTION MODULI AND MOMENTS OF INERTIA FOR RECTANGULAR BEARING BARS
S = Section Modulus, in3 (mm3) I = Moment of Inertia, in4 (mm4) Thickness of Bar in. (mm) Depth of Bar in. 3/4 (mm) (19.0) S I S I S I S I S I S I S I S I S I S I S I S I S I 0.0117 0.0044 0.0208 0.0104 0.0326 0.0203 0.0469 0.0352 0.0638 0.0558 0.0833 0.0833 0.1055 0.1187 0.1302 0.1628 (192) (1 ,830) (341) (4,330) (534) (8,450) (769) (14,650) (1,045) (23,200) (1,365) (34,700) (1,728) (49,400) (2,130) (67,800) 0.0176 0.0066 0.0313 0.0156 0.0488 0.0305 0.0703 0.0527 0.0957 0.0837 0.1250 0.1250 0.1582 0.1780 0.1953 0.2441 0.2813 0.4219 0.3828 0.6699 0.5000 1.0000 0.6328 1.4238 0.7813 1.9531 (288) (2,750) (513) (6,490) (800) (12,700) (1,152) (21,900) (1,568) (34,800) (2,050) (52,000) (2,590) (74,100) (3,200) (101,600) (4,610) (175,600) (6,270) (279,000) (8,190) (416,000) (10,370) (593,000) (12,803) (813,000) 0.0234 0.0088 0.0417 0.0208 0.0651 0.0407 0.0938 0.0703 0.1276 0.1117 0.1667 0.1667 0.2109 0.2373 0.2604 0.3255 0.3750 0.5625 0.5104 0.8932 0.6667 1.3333 0.8438 1.8984 (383) (3,660) (683) (8,660) (1,067) (16,940) (1,537) (29,300) (2,090) (46,500) (2,730) (69,400) (3,460) (98,800) (4,270) (135,500) (6,140) (234,000) (8,360) (372,000) (10,920) (555,000) (13,830) (790,000) 0.0352 0.0132 0.0625 0.0313 0.0977 0.0610 0.1406 0.1055 0.1914 0.1675 0.2500 0.2500 0.3164 0.3560 0.3906 0.4883 0.5625 0.8438 0.7656 1.3398 1.0000 2.0000 1.2656 2.8477 1.5625 3.9063 (577) (5,490) (1,024) (13,000) (1 ,600) (25,400) (2,300) (43,900) (3,140) (69,700) (4,100) (104,000) (5,180) (148,200) (6,400) (203,000) (9,220) (351,000) (12,550) (558,000) (16,390) (832,000) (20,700) (1,185,000) (25,605) (1,626,000) 1/8 (3.2) 3/16 (4.8) 1/4 (6.4) 3/8 (9.5)

(25.4)

1-1/4

(31.8)

1-1/2

(38.1)

1-3/4

(44.4)

(50.8)

2-1/4

(57.2)

2-1/2

(63.5)

(76.2)

0.1875 (3,070) 0.2813 (117,000) 0.2552 (4,180) 0.4466 (186,000) 0.3333 (5,460) 0.6666 (277,000) 0.4219 (6,910) 0.9492 (395,000) 0.5208 (8,534) 1.3021 (542,000)

3-1/2

(88.9)

(101 .6)

4-1/2

(114.3)

(127.0)

1.0417 (17,070) 2.6042 (1,084,000)

Note: The bearing bar sizes in this table are those which are covered in the NAAMM Metal Bar Grating Standards.

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