The document contains definitions and proofs related to limits, convergence, and compactness in analysis. It defines properties like Cauchy sequences and supremums. It proves theorems like the sum of a convergent and divergent sequence being divergent. It also proves properties of open, closed, and compact sets.
The document contains definitions and proofs related to limits, convergence, and compactness in analysis. It defines properties like Cauchy sequences and supremums. It proves theorems like the sum of a convergent and divergent sequence being divergent. It also proves properties of open, closed, and compact sets.
The document contains definitions and proofs related to limits, convergence, and compactness in analysis. It defines properties like Cauchy sequences and supremums. It proves theorems like the sum of a convergent and divergent sequence being divergent. It also proves properties of open, closed, and compact sets.
The document contains definitions and proofs related to limits, convergence, and compactness in analysis. It defines properties like Cauchy sequences and supremums. It proves theorems like the sum of a convergent and divergent sequence being divergent. It also proves properties of open, closed, and compact sets.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1/ 3
f (x) + g (x) sup{f (x) : x X } + sup{g (x) : x X } sup{f (x) + g (x) : x X } sup{f (x) : x X } + sup{g (x) : x X }. 1. 2.6.
2 (a) n+1 n
f (x) sup{f (x) : x X }, g (x) sup{g (x) : x X }
converges, then it is Cauchy.
n (1)n n
(b) (1) is not convergent, so is not Cauchy. (c) n + diverges, then it is not Cauchy. n 2
(d) conversges, then is Cauchy.
(1) n 1 (e) Since 2n2 +3 is convergent and 2n2 +3 is not convergent, then sum is not convergent. why is the sum of a convergent and a divergent sequence is divergent? Assume an a and bn is divergent. We prove by contradiction, that if cn = an + bn , then cn must be divergent. If not we can assume that cn c. Therfore bn = an cn . Then bn is the dierence of two convergent sequences, i.e an , and cn . Then bn is convergent. 1)n n2 Next, you may ask why ( 2n2 +3 is divergent. This is because if we
You can see that |an an1 | converges to 1. This implies that |an an1 | > .5 for suciently large n. Now, the rest is same as poblem #3 in your midterm. 1 1 n ) n , and bn = n. Then an e, ) , an = (1 + (f) Let sn = (1 + n n n bn , then sn = ab n . Then sn is not Cauchy. 2. 2.6.8 ) First, show by induction that an > 0 for all n 1. Then this implies that (2 + an+1 )(2 + an ) = 4 + > 4. Therefore |an+1 an | = 3. 2.6.9 (a) First show by induction that 0 cn < 1 for all n 1. This implies that cn + cn1 < 2, and we have |cn1 cn | = cn + cn1 2 1 2 |c c2 |cn cn1 | < |cn cn1 |. n1 | = 5 n 5 5 1 1 1 |an an1 | < |an an1 |. (2 + an1 )(2 + an ) 4
(b) Since cn is contractive, then it is convergent. Then we may take a limit from both sides. Let assume limcn = x. 1 1 2 1 2 x = lim cn+1 = lim (c2 n + 2) = (x + 2) x = (x + 2). 5 5 5 Rearrange this equation to nish. (c) See Example 2.6.8. Note that there is a typo in the solution on page 85. You need to replace b 1 with 1 b.
(d) Follow the Example 2.6.5.b.
4. 3.1.5 If p / F , then p F c . Since F c is opne, then there is > 0 sucht that N (p) F c . Then |pn p| > for all n. This contradicts our assumption that pn p. 5. 3.1.6. (a) There is a typo here. You need to show that O is open. Let x O . Then x O0 , for some 0 . Since O0 is open, then x is in the interior of O0 . Then there is > 0, such that N (x) O0 . Since O0 O , then x is in the interior of O , the O is open. 1 (b) Let Gn = [0, 1 n ], then n1
Gn = [0, 1), which is not closed.
6. 3.1.9 (a) A A, andB B A B A B. Since A and B are closed, then so is A B . Then Theorem 3.1.11.c) implies that A B A B. To get the other inclusion we have A A B A A B , and simillarly B A B . Therefore A B A B.
(b) See the corresponding proof for the union in part a. 7. 3.1.11 (a) See the hint. (b) E {0}. (c) (d)
. .
If x \, i.e if x is irrational then every neiborhood N (x) contains a piont of ,( his is because is dense in ) and a point from c with is x itself, then x is in the boundary of . If x , then every neiborhood N (x) contains a piont of which is x itself, and irrationa points. This is because every neighborhood of x is uncountale, and rationals are countalbe. 2
8. (a) If E is open then every x E is contained in a neighborhood N (x) E , then there is no element from E c in this neighborhood. Then x is not a boundary point. On the other hand if E doesnt contain its boundary points, then every pint x E has a neighborhood N (x) such that N (x) doesnt contain points from both E and E c . Since it has points from E then it all points are in E , i.e N (x) E , this means E is open.
(b) If E contains its boundary points, then E c doesnt (here you have to verify for yourself that the boundary of E and E c are the same.) Then by part a, E c is open. Then E is closed.
9. 3.2.5 Since K is compact then it is bounded, then the a = sup K exists. If a / K , then a is a limit point of K , this is true for any set (you dont need compactness for thsi.) Since K compact, then it is closed, then it must contain its limit point a. why a is a limit point of K ? If not then some neighborhood N (a) doesnt contain any point from K . Then every elemnt of K is smaller than a , then a is an upper bound of K . This contradicts the fact that a = sup K . 10. 3.2.10. The intersection of compact sets is closed, because compact sets are closed, and so is their intersection. The intersection of compact sets is bounded, as it is subset of any of these compact sets. Then it is closed and bounded, and so is compact.
