Definitions of Unit# 2
(1) What are the roots of quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0?
The roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are
and
(2) Define discriminant of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0. The discriminant of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is b2 4ac. (3) Describe the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation. i. If b2 4ac > 0 and is a perfect square, then the roots are rational (real) and unequal. ii. If b2 4ac > 0 and is not a perfect square , then the roots are irrational(real) and unequal. iii. If b2 4ac < 0 , then the roots are imaginary (complex conjugate). iv. If b2 4ac = 0, then the roots are rational (real) and equal. (4) What are the complex cube roots of unity? The complex cube roots of unity are and
Properties of cube roots of unity
(a) Prove that each of the complex cube roots of unity is the square of the other.
Solution
The complex cube roots of unity are Then = = = = = Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali
and
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= = = = = = = Thus, If = , then
2
and if
, then
(b)
Prove that the product of the cube roots of unity is one.
Solution
The complex cube roots of unity are Then Product = = = = = = 1 (1) ( )( )
and
Hence, Product of the cube roots of unity is one. Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali Page 2
(c)
prove that each complex cube root of unity is reciprocal of the other.
Solution We know that
3
=
2
1 1
. So,
= thus,
or
each complex cube root of unity is reciprocal of the other. (d) Prove that the sum of all the cube roots of unity is zero.
Solution
The complex cube roots of unity are 1, Sum = = = = = 0 1+ +
and
Hence, the sum of the cube roots of unity is zero (5) What are the roots and co-efficient of a quadratic equation.
Solution
and
are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b
are co-efficient of x2 and x respectively. While c is the constant term.
Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali
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Vii
Relation between roots and co-efficient of a quadratic equation. If Then, Sum of the roots = = = = = Product of the roots = ( )( ) + + = and =
= = = = = Formulas S = = P = = (6)Symmetric functions of the roots of the quadratic equation Symmetric functions are the function in which the roots involved are such that the value of the expression involving them remain unaltered. When roots are interchanged. Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali Page 4
Some symmetric functions of two variables
are.
(i) If ,
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 then
= =
Formation of a quadratic equation: Let and are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 then + = = Dividing (i) with a + x2 + x2 x2 ( + Or x2 (Sum of roots) x +Product of roots = 0 Or x2 S x +P = 0 Where S = + and P = + =0 + =0 + =0 )x+ =0 (i)
Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali
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(7) Synthetic Division
Synthetic Division is the process of finding the quotient and remainder , when a polynomial is divided by a linear polynomial. (8) Simultaneous Equation A system of equations having a common solution is called a simultaneous equation. (9)Solution set of simultaneous equation
The set of all the ordered pairs(x, y) which satisfies the system of the equations is called the solution set of the system.
Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali
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