In this unit, students will learn how to 2% define discriminant (b* —4ac) of the quadratic expression ax? + bx + ¢. 2 find discriminant of a given quadratic equation. 2 discuss the nature of roots of a quadratic equation through discriminant. & determine the nature of roots of a given quadratic equation and verify the result by solving the equation. determine the value of an unknown involved in a given quadratic ‘equation when the nature of its roots is given. 2& find cube roots of unity. 23 recognize complex cube roots of unity as @ and co? 23 prove the properties of cube roots of unity. = = w use properties of cube roots of unity to solve appropriate problems. find the relation between the roots and the coefficients of a quadratic ‘equation. find the sum and product of roots of a given quadratic equation without solving it. 2 find the value(s) of unknown(s) involved in a given quadratic equation when © sum of roots is equal to a multiple of the product of roots, w © sum of the squares of roots is equal to a given number, © roots differ by a given number, © roots satisfy a given relation (e.g., the relation 24+ 5B = 7 where a and Bare the roots of given equation), ¢ both sum and product of roots are equal to a given number. 2% define symmetric functions of roots of a quadratic equation. 2 evaluate a symmetric function of the roots of a quadratic equation in terms of its coefficients.2 establish the formula, x? ~(sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0, to find a quadratic equation from the given roots. 2 form the quadratic equation whose roots, for example, are of the type: © 2a+1,2p+1, 2 a, B, where 0 Bare the roots of a given quadratic equation. & describe the method of synthetic division. & use synthetic divisic ¢ find quotient and remainder when a given polynomial is divided by a linear polynomial, ¢ find the value(s) of unknown(s) if the zeros of a polynomial are given, ¢ find the value(s) of unknown(s) if the factors of a polynomial are given, ¢ solve a cubic equation if one root of the equation is given, @ solve a biquadratic (quartic) equation if two of the real roots of the equation are given. & solve a system of two equations in two variables when © one equation is linear and the other is quadratic, © both the equations are quadratic. & solve the real life problems leading to quadratic equations.2.1 Nature of the roots of a quadratic equation On solving quadratic equations, we get different kinds of roots. Now we will discuss the nature or characteristics of the roots of the quadratic equation without actually solving it, 2.1.1 Discriminant (6? - dac) of the quadratic expression ax? + bx +c. We know that two roots of the equation ax? + bx +¢=0,a40 @ b+ PR dae, =P hae 2a ed 2a The nature of these roots depends on the value of the expression “b?— ac” which is called the “discriminant” of the quadratic equation (i) or the quadratic expression ar +brte. 2.1.2 To find the discriminant of a given quadratic equation. We explain the procedure to find the discriminant of a given quadratic equation through the following example: (GETLED Find the discriminant of the following equations, are fa) 2? -Tx+1=0 (b) = 3x4+3=0 (dt Te+ ) P-3r43 Here a=2, c= Here 1,b=-3,¢=3 Disc. = b? - dac Disc. = b? - dac -7)? - 4(2) (1) 3)? = 4(1) 8) =49-8=41 =9-12=-3 2.1.3 Nature of the roots of a quadratic equation through discriminant. al dae The roots of the quadratic equation ax? + bx +e = 0, (a# 0) are = ana its discriminant is 6? — 4ac. When a, b and c are rational numbers. (@ If —4ac > 0 and is a perfect square, then the roots are rational (real) and unequal. Gi) 1. - dac > 0 and is not a perfect square, then the roots are irrational (real) and unequal. If 5? —4ac =0, then the roots are rational (real) and equal. If? ~4ac <0, then the roots are imaginary (complex conjugates). Determine the nature of the roots of a given quadratic equation and verify the result by solving the equation. We illustrate the procedure through the following examples: Sp ‘Using discriminant, find the nature of the roots of the following equations and ‘verily the results by solving the equations (b) eed @ 7 +8r41 f@) P-Sx+ (© P+8x416=0@ 2-5x+5=0 ‘Compare with the standard quadratic equation a2tbr+c=0 b=-Sand c=5 . = BP hac = (C5) = 4(1) (5) = 25-20=5>0 As the Dise. is positive and is not a perfect square. Therefore, the roots are irrational (real) and unequal. Now solving the equation x? ~ Sx + 5 = 0 by quadratic formula = 4ac (5) + JSP — 40) G) _5+25-20_5+V5 2a) a2 8 Evidently, the roots are irrational (real) and unequal. (b) 2-4 1=0 Here a » b=-Land c=1 Disc. = b? - 4ac 1)*=4(2) (1) =1- As the Disc. is negative, therefore, the roots of the equation are imaginary and unequal. Verification by solving the equation. Qax+l ‘Using quadratic formula ba PF dae c+ I= 4) NE tae 202) <0 1+ Evidently, the roots are imaginary and unequal. © 22+ 8x + 16=0 Here a=1,b=8and Disc. = b?- dac 8)? - 4(1) (16) 64-64=0 ‘As the discriminant is zero, therefore the roots are rational (real) and equal 16Verification by solving the equation. 24 8x4 16=0 (x44? =0 > xe-4-4 So the roots are rational (real) and equal @ = 7e+8r+1=0 Here 1, b= Bande Disc. =? - ac = 6-47) 0) = 64-28 = 36 = (6) which is positive and perfect square. ‘The roots are rational (real) and unequal. ‘Now solving the equation by factors, we get T+ 8r+ 150 T+ Tet xt] Text +1 +20 G+) (xt Either x+1=0 or 7x4 1=0, thatis x=-1 or Ine-l => x= ‘Thus, the roots are (real) rational and unequal. 2.5 To determine the value of an unknown involved in a given quadratic ‘equation when nature of its roots is given. We illustrate the procedure through the following example: Find kif the roots of the equation (k+3)x2—2(k+ 1) x—(h+ 1) = O are equal, if k 4-3. (k+3)2-2k+ Dx-k+ D=0 Here a=k+3, b=-2(k + 1) and e=-(k +1) As roots are equal, so Disc, = 0, that is, Be dac [-2k + P= 4(k +3) [Hk + =O Afk+ IP 44k +3)(k+1)=0 of 4k+1) K+ 1+k+3)=0 > AHN) kH4)=0 of BKH1)K+2=0 => kb1=0 or k+2= = kel or Thus, roots will be equal if=r 1. Find the discriminant of the following given quadratic equations: @ 28 43x-1=0 (i) 6 -8r+3=0 Gi) 9x? - 30x +25=0 (iv) 4?-7x-2=0 2. Find the nature of the roots of the following given quadratic equations and verify the result by solving the equations: @ P= 23+120=0 Gi) 2 +3x47=0 Gil) 16° -24r+9=0 Gv) 3x? +7x-13= 3. For what value of k, the expression Hx? + 2(k + 1) x + 4s perfect square. 4, Find the value of &, if the roots of the following equations are equal. @ —— Qk=1) 7 + 3ke+3=0 (i) 242k +2)x4BE+4)=0 Gi) Gk #2) 2-54 x4 2k+3)=0 5. Show that the equation x? + (mx + c)? = a? has equal roots, if aX + m2) 6 Find the condition that the roots of the equation (mx + c)?- 4ax=0 are equal, 7. If the roots of the equation (c? ~ ab) x2 - 2(a? — be) x + (b? — ac) = 0 are equal, then a=Oora’ +3 +c} = 3abe. 8. Show that the roots of the following equations are rational @ — ab- 9.2 + ea) x+c(a-b) Gi) (#26) 2+ 2at bert at20)=0 9. Forall values of &, prove that the roots of the equation eaakepee3eo, #0 ate real 10. Show that the roots of the equation (b= 2 + (C-a)x+ (a-b)=0 are real. 2.2 Cube Roots of Unity and Their Properties. 2.2.1 The cube roots of unity. Let a number x be the cube root of unity, 13 1 = 8-1 ()-()3=0 (1) 024x410 [using a B= (a—b) (a2 + ab +22] 0 or eext1=0=1+Vay— ors 20) cleyi=4 -1tV3 = tiy8 2.7 2 2 Three cube roots of unity are tab and = where f=J=1. 2.2.2. Recognise complex cube roots of unity as @ and @. = a ana If we name anyone of these as (pronounced as omega), then the other is «, We shall prove this statement in the next article. 2.2.3 Properties of cube roots of unity. (a) Prove that each of the complex cube roots of unity is the square of the other. i+ y=3 2 DE The two complex cube roots of unity are Proof: ‘The complex cube roots of unity are We prove that G38) 2 G4 Fay ts AS). Thus, each of the complex cube root of unity is the square of the other, that is, al+y3 a1-\3 al+y3 2 2 2 (b) Prove that the product of three cube roots of unity is one. Proof: Three cube roots of unity are a14V3 | =v 1 and FS ifo= then a? =The product of ee roots of ity = (= I =A && en 3k aa ie, Q)(@)(@)=1 oF o=1 (©) Prove that each complex cube root of unity is reciprocal of the other. Proof: We know that @?= 1 > 0.08 or Thus, each complex cube root of unity is reciprocal of the other. (@)__ Prove that the sum of all the cube roots of unity is zero. je, 1+0+0%= Proof: ‘The cube roots of unity are a3 a 1, and i" aly a The sum of all the roots = 1+ @ + a Thus, 1+0+0%=0 We can easily deduce the following results, that is, @ — 1+@%=-0 (i) 1+@=-0 (iil) +0? =-1 2.2.4 Use of properties of cube roots of unity to solve appropriate problems. ‘We can reduce the higher powers of « into 1, @ and oo, eg OT=P.O= (17 0-0 (oo = (1)? oF = oFJi 1 1 ear ora! MD erase 1H 1-H. MMM G++ 1-5" eS bess (2ca)8 + (20)% = 256 w8 + 256 «6 56 [oat + col] 56 (0)? 0? + (0 0] =256 [o? + 0] re 56 (-1) = -256 GBTLED Prove tha x x— y) (= @y) (&— @y), EMME ¥ - y= &-y) ay) &- oy) RHS = (¢-y) (x-ay) (xy) (°—y) Lx? aay oxy + 0y?] oe — y) [2 — ay (0? + 0) + 1)" (x= y) P= xy C1) + y4] ay) BE + ay +7] o-y=LHS OD. t — 1 Find the cube roots of -1, 8, -27, 64. 2. Evaluate @ (-@-0 @ (1 = 30-302) (ii) (9+ 4044025 Gy) 2 +20- 20%) 6-30 + 30%) 0) Cl4yB+C1-V! wy 48). 28) (il) oT +0%-5 ill) oP eo7 Prove that x' +? +2) —3xyz = (x+y +2) (+ wy + 0%) (+ y+ 2). Prove that (1 +@) (1+?) (1+ 4) (1 + 0%) .... 2n factors = 12.3 Roots and co-efficients of a quadratic equation. Fe ee rade sng oe ta ax’ + bx + ¢=0 where a, b ate coefficients of x? and x respectively. While c is the constant term. are roots of the equation 2.3.1 Relation between roots and co-efficients of a quadratic equation. ab +P dae =b— VP dac 2a 2 then we can find the sum and the product of the roots as follows. Sum of the roots = a+ i and f= nb ey 4ae | -b—fo? dae a 2a a 2b + = tac ~ b - VF— Fac _-2b = 2a 2a Product of the roots = af -4 Ib — 4ac (= [b2 - dae = 2a 2a Cop = Cf Aue)? _ 02 ~ 0? ~ ac) - 4a? 4a? Baw + da =Pott ewe denote the sum of roots and product of roots by S and P respectively, then b__ Cocificient of x Co-efficient of Constant term __ ‘o-efficient of 23.2 The sum and the product of the roots of a given quadratic equation without solving it. We illustrate the method through the following example. GTITED Without solving, find the sum and product of the roots of the equations. (2) 38-Se47=0 (b) xt 44x-9=0 QETND a) Let and Abe the roots of the equation 32-5r47=0 ‘Then sum of roots = + B= and product of roots = @= $= 3 (b) Let and fbe the roots of the equation x2 + 4x-9=0‘To find unknown values involved in a given quadratic equation. The procedure is illustrated through the following examples. (a) Sum of the roots is equal to a multiple of the product of the roots. (GEEDTTED Find the value of h, if the sum of the roots is equal to 3-times the product of the roots of the equation 3x? + (9 - 6h) x + Sh=0. QAM ct o, fe the roots of the equation 3x2 + (9 - 6h) x + Sh=0 b 8% Then ot B= 5 Since a+ B= 308) (Shy 3(2h-3) #3) or SQH=3)_ 2h-3=5h => 2h-SI —3h=3 > h (b)__Sum of the squares of the roots is equal to a given number. Find p, if the sum of the squares of the roots of the equation 4x2 + 3px-+ p2=0 is unity, EM Ir & Bare the roots of 4x2 + 3px +p? =0, Bw then ort B= Since a+ f2=1 Given) (a+ B)-20B=1 @)Ga BF 9pt—Bp?=16 => p2=16 => paid(© Two roots differ by a given number. GEEDTED Find f, if the roots of the equation x?— hx +10=0. differ by 3. ED Let rand or 3 be the roots of x2 = hx + 10=0. Then @ta—3= 2a-3=h > da=h+3 = a=Ath @ 10 and aar- 3) =10 or a(a-3)=10 ii), Putting value of orfrom equation (i) in equation (ii), we get CGH > CHC 203) W=49 > hatT (@) Roots satisfy a given relation (e.g. 2+ 5B = 7, where & Bare the roots of a given equation). (ENTITLED Find p, if the roots @, of the equation x? — Sx + p=0, satisty therelation 204 5f=7, RINALDI cx Bare the roots of the equation x? - Sx +p = ‘Then 0 => h-9 = 40, thatis, Gi) and =p = af=p i) Since 2@+58=7 (Given) (ii) Put the value of B from equation (i) in equation (iii) 2a 5(5— a) =7 2a+2S-Sa=7 ot -3a=7-25, thatis “Ba=-18 > a=6 tiv) B=5-6=-1 Use () and Gv) Put the values of arand fin eq. (ii) 6) =p = p=—6 (©) __ Both sum and product of the roots are equal to a given number. EDD Find m, if sum and product of the roots of the equation Sx°-+ (72m) x+3=0 is equal to a given number, say A.(QED Le A be the roots of the equation Sx 4 (7 -2m) x43=0 a+ po —b a 1=2m_m=1 a and of=£=3 Lt atf=2 @) and fad Gi Then from () and Gi) a+ A= af, thatis, 2m=7_3 eg SS 2m-7 S"P.cave spe Without solving, find the sum and the product of the roots of the following quadratic ‘equations @ e-Sr+ Gil) pt—geer () Cem) x24 mtn)xtn— Find the value of k, if (sum of the roots of the equation 2kx? - 3x + 4k = 0 is twice the product of the roots. (i) Bee I-11 0 (iv) (a+b) axr+b=0 =0 (i) DA = Smr + 9n=0 Gi) sum of the roots of the equation x? + (Bk - 7) x + Sk=0 is 3 times the product of the roots, Find k, if (sum of the squares of the roots of the equation 4k? + 3kx = 8 =0 is 2, Gi) sum of the squares of the roots of the equation 22 2kx + Ok+ 1) =0is 6 Find p, if (i) the roots of the equation x2 - x + p? = 0 differ by unity. Gi). the roots of the equation x? + 3x +p —2= 0 differ by 2. Find m, if the roots of the equation x? - 7x + 3m 5 = 0 satisfy the relation 3+ 28=4 Gi) the roots of the equation x? + 7x + 3m—5 = 0 satisfy the relation 3a-2=4 (iii) the roots of the equation 3x2 ~ 2x + 7m + 2 = 0 satisfy the relation Tar 3A= 18 Find m, if sum and product of the roots of the following equations is equal to a given number A. ()—— @m+3)x? + (Im —5)x-+ Bm — 10) =0 Gi) 4x2 G + Smx-(9m— 17) =02.4 Symmetric functions of the roots of a quadratic equation. 2.4.1 Define symmetric functions of the roots of a quadratic equation Definition: Symmetric functions are those functions in which the roots involved are such that the value of the expressions involving them remain unaltered, when roots are interchanged. For example, if f(a, B) = o + B?, then FB = B+ P= + fh Co B+ = oF +B) =f(a B) Find the value of a? + J}? + 308, if a= 2, B= 1. Also find the value of a + f° +308 if a=1, B=2 OMEN When or= 2 and f= 1, @ + B+ 30f= (2) + (1) +32) (1) 4146215 When a@= 1 and f= 2, @ + B+ 3af =(1) + (2) + 3(1) 2) 4846-15 ‘The expression o + 8° + 3af represents a symmetric function of oand &. 2.4.2. Evaluate a symmetric function of roots of a quadratic equation in terms of its co-efficients If @, Bare the roots of the quadratic equation. ax? +bx+¢=0, (@#0) @ ‘Then ort «i and of = Gi) ‘The functions given in equations (ii) and (iii) are the symmetric functions for the quadratic equation (i). ‘Some more symmetric functions of two variables o, fare given below: @ — @+ pr Gi) a + BS 11 a wy bed w Sef If a Bare the roots of the quadratic equation petgrtr=0 , (p40) then evaluate 28+ af? MMP Since a, Bare the roots of px? + gx + r=0, therefore,@B + of? = afla+ ph a2(_a\ na HC-F If a, Bare the roots of the equation 2x? + 3x +4 =0, then 11 ‘ oth find the value of @) 246 Ww Otg EMM since a. fare the roots of the equation 2x? + 3x +4 = 0, therefore, ai (ii) a) 3 Chge2 —— EXERCISE 1. If Bare the roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0, then evaluate @ asp? Gi) aps af? cin Gre 2. If @ Bare the roots of the equation 4x2 — 5x +6 =0, then find the values of ot. +h Gi) op? 41,1 eB id pt op ware 3. Ife are the roots ofthe equation k?-+mx+n=0 (10), then find the values of @ A fr+ op Gi)2.5 Formation of a quadratic equation. If rand Pare the roots of the required quadratic equation. Let rsa and x=f ie, , xo f= and (x) (x B)=0 (at Bx af=0 which is the required quadratic equation in the standard form. 2.5.1 Find a quadratic equation from given roots and establish the formula 22 — (sum of the roots) x + product of the roots = 0. Let & ibe the roots of the quadratic equation + (@#0) @ axttbx+c=0 then a+f=-£ — and Rewriteeg. (as 42 x4 £=0 oe (AreSeo P= (at fyxt aB=0 or x2 ~(sum of roots) x + product of roots = 0, that is, x-Sx+P=0 where $= art Band P= of Form a quadratic equation with roots 3 and 4. Since 3 and 4 are the roots of the required quadratic equation, therefore, jum of the roots=3 +4=7 P= Product of the roots = (3) (4) = 12 As 2-Sr+P=0, so the required quadratic equation is x2 7x + 12=0 2.5.2. Form quadratic equations whose roots are of the type 2 pe il 28 (@ 2a41, 2841 Gi) BG GH OM BEE Wat B, 4 +povhere @, Bare the roots of a given quadratic equation, If a Bare the roots of the equation 2x? - 3x — ‘having roots = 0, form quadeatic equations () 2@+1,28+1 Gi) B® cin B on fee @ arp4EMD As & Bare the roots of the equation 2x? 3x-5=0, 3 therefore, a+ 8) Zand oB=F S=Sum of the roots = 2a+1+2f+1 =2(a+p+2=2(5)+2=5 P = Product of the root @ a+ 1) (28+ 1) Japs 2 (a+ B)+1 =4(-$)+2G)+1 =-104+3+1=-6 Using x? - Sx + P=0, we have wo Sx- Gi) $= Sum of the roots = a? + ne P= Product of the roots = a? p =p) =(-3) Using x2 -Sx+P=0, we have Be Bao 3 42-2904 25=0 Gil) $= Sumof the roots =4 Ox8 cap) we 3 . =3 c: Using x2 -Sx+P=0, we have 3) 2 2-(-g)x+(-g]=0 > Sr+3x-2=0 5 = ao Bet BL 4 iv) S=Sumof the rots = 5+ f=" = lias 8) - 208) op [C9Using x? - Sx + P= 0, we have 2-(Brsie0 => 10x? + 29x + 10=0 Bro op (%) S=Sumof the roots = os Beggs spe septs = =10 P = Product of the roots = (a+ A). (5+ Using x2 - Sx+ P=0, we have 9 eathxe()-0 = 1029-920 IF o Brae the roots ofthe equation 42-78 +9 =O, then form an equation whose roots are 2orand 2. GEM since « fare the roots of the equation x? — 7x +9 = 0, therefore, and The roots of the required equation are 2c, 28 $= Sum of roots = 2a+ 28= Aart B P = Product of roots = (20) (28) = 4a = 4(9) Thus the required quadratic equation will be 22 Sx+P=0, thatis, 20 1dr + 36=0——)) EXE) 1, Write the quadratic equations having following roots. @ 45 ow 49 © 23 @ 0,3 © 26 ® 1-7 @ ltil-i hy) 3+y2,3-12 2. If @ fare the roots of the equation x? ~ 3x + 6 =0. Form equations whose roots are @) 2@41,28+1 e) at BP © ak a a @ Be © ahah 3. Ifa Bare the roots of the equation x4 px +q=0. Form equations whose roots are @ & pf ) 2.6 Synthetic Division Synthetic division is the process of finding the quotient and remainder, when a polynomial is divided by a linear polynomial. In fact synthetic division is simply a shortcut of long division method. 2.6.1 Describe the synthetic division method. ‘The method of synthetic division is described through the following example. Using synthetic division, divide the polynomial P(x) = 5x4 +x? - 3x by x- 2. (Gx! +23 -3x) = (@-2) From divisor, x- a , here a= 2 Now write the co-efficients of the dividend in a row with zero as the co-efficient of the missing powers of x in the descending order as shown below. Dividend P(x) = 5x4 + 1x28 +0 x28 - 3x 40x29 ‘Now write the co-efficients of x from dividend in a row and a= 2 on the left side, aB Ba (i) Write 5 the first co-efficient as it isin the row under the horizontal line. Gi) Multiply $ with 2 and write the result 10 under I. write the sum of I + 10 = 11 under the line (Gil) Multiply 11 with 2 and place the result 22 under 0. Add 0 and 22 and write the result 22 under the line,‘Multiply 22 with 2, place the result 44 under ~3. Write 41 as the sum of 44 and —3 ‘under the line. (¥) Multiply 41 with 2 and put the result 82 under 0. The sum of 0 and 82 is 82. In the resulting row 82 separated by the vertical line segment is the remainder and 5, 11, 22, 41 are the co-efficients of the quotient. ‘As the highest power of x in dividend is 4, therefore the highest power of x in ‘quotient will be 4— 1 =3 Thus Quotient = Q(x) = 5x3 + 1x? + 22x + 41 and the Remainder = 2.6.2. Use synthetic division to (a) find quotient and remainder, when a given polynomial is divided by a linear polynomial. Using synthetic division, divide P(x) =x4=32 +15. by x41 (t=? + 15) #1) As xt1=x-(l),soa=-1 Now write the co-efficients of dividend in a row and a = —1 on the left side. Quotient = Q(x) = 33 x2 +0.x+0=9—x2 and Remainder = 15 (b) find the value (s) of unknown (s), ifthe zeros of a polynomial are given. ‘Using synthetic division, find the value of h. If the zero of polynomial PO) = 3x2 +4x~Th is 1 P(x) = 3x2 + 4x — Th and its zero is 1 Then by synthetic division, Remainder =7- 7h Since 1 is the zero of the polynomial, therefore, Remainder = 0, that is, 7-Th=0 T=Th => h=1 ©) find the value (s) of unknown (s), ifthe factors of a polynomial are given. Using synthetic division, find the values of J and m, if x 1 and x +1 are the factors of the polynomial P(x) = x3 + 3h? + mx—-1 MMP Since x- 1 and x + | are the factors of P(x) = x3 + 3x2 + mx - 1 therefore, 1 and—1 are zeros of polynomial P(x).Now by synthetic division 1 31 m - 1 o 1 3141 Stem 1 Bel lemti | 3ltm Since 1 is the zero of polynomial, therefore remainder is zero, that is, 314m=0 @ and 1 31 m -1 a1 4 =I =3+1 3l=m=1 1 31-1 -31+m+1 | 31-m=2 Since 1 is the zero of polynomial, therefore, remainder is zero, that is, 31-m-2=0 Gi) Adding eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 61-2=0 6l=2 => gu Put the value of /in eq. () (f)+m=0 or 1+m=0 => m=-1 Thus 1 ; and m=—I (@) solve a cubic equation, if one root of the equation is given. EDL Using synthetic division, solve the equation 3x° - 11x? + 5x+3=0 when 3 is the root of the equation. QWMMDsince 3 is the root of the equation 3x3 — 11x? + 5x+3=0. ‘Then by synthetic division, we get ‘The depressed equation is 3x2—2x-1=0 3xt-3x+x-1=0 3xx- 1) + 10-1) =0 (-DGr+=0 Either x-1=0 or 3x+1=0, thatis,-1 = xs- 1 ; Hence 3, | and ~ are the roots of the given equation. (©) solve a biquadratic (quartic) equation, if two of the real roots of the equation are given. CEDTTTD By synthetic division, solve the equation xt ~ 49x? + 36x + 252 = O having roots ~2 and 6. QVMDSince -2 and 6 are the roots of the given equation x! — 49x? + 36x + 252 =0. ‘Then by synthetic division, we get 49 4 45 6 6 24 1 4 21 The depressed equation is? 44x21 =0 4 Tx-3x-21=0 w+ N34 =0 +D-H=0 Either x#7=0 or x-3 x Thus -2, 6, ~7 and 3 are the roots of the given equation. or x = RCISE 2.6 gS 1 Use synthetic division to find the quotient and the remainder, when @ O24 Ix- D+ e+ 1 (ii) (4x3 — Sx + 15) +(x +3) Gil) G8 +x? - 3x 42)+(-2) 2 Find the value of h using synthetic division, if (@ 3 isthe zeto of the polynomial 2x3 — 3hx? +9 Gi) Lis the zero of the polynomial x? - 2hx? + 11 Gi) 1 is the zero of the polynomial 2x° + Shx ~ 23 3. Use synthetic division to find the values of J and m, if @ — (x+3) and (x— 2) are the factors of the polynomial 28 44x + Dem (i) (r= 1) and (x +1) are the factors of the polynomial 8-32 + Ime + 6Solve by using synthetic division, if (@ 2s the root of the equation x3 - 28x + 48 = 0 i) 3 is the root of the equation 2x? — 3x2 — 11x + (ii) 1 is the root of the equation 4x} — x*- 11x— 5. Solve by using synthetic division, if (@ Land 3 are the roots of the equation x 10° +9=0 Gi) 3 and—4 are the roots of the equation x4 + 2x? - 13x - 14x +24=0 2.7. Simultaneous equations A system of equations having a common solution is called a system of simultaneous ‘equations. The set of all the ordered pairs (x, y), which satisfies the system of equations is called the solution set of the system. 2.7(i) Solve a system of two equations in two variables, (@) when one equation is linear and the other is quadratic. To solve a system of equations in two variables x and y. Find ‘y’ in terms of x from the given linear equation. Substitute the value of y in the quadratic equation, we get an other ‘quadratic equation in one variable x. Solve this equation for x and then find the values of y. ‘The values of x and y provide the solution set of the system of equations. EREDLED soe the system of equations Setys4 and 3x2 4y2=52, EMM Me given equations are Brtya4 @ and 3x24 y?=52. ai) Fromeq. (i) y=4—-3x (ii) Pat value of y in eq, (i) 3x24 4 - 3a)? = 52 3x2 + 16-244 912 -52=0 122 -24x-36=0 or x2-2x-3=0 By factorization = 3rtx-3=0 x(-3)+10-3)=0 > 3+) =0 Either x-3 x=3 or Put the values of xin eq, (ii) When x=3 =0ya4-3x y=4-3@)=4-9 yas ©. The ordered pairs are (3, -5) and (-1,7) ‘Thus, the solution set is {(3,-5), C1, 7)} () when both the equations are quadratic. ‘The method to solve the equations is illustrated through the following examples. Solve the equations Pe yte2x=8 and (x- 1+ (y+ 1% =8 1¢ given equations are aye 2e=8 w (x= 1? ++ D2=8 Gi) From equation (ii), we get at Ltye+ 24158 or yt 2k +226 ii) Subtracting eq, (ii) from eq. (i), we have 4x-2y=2 or 2v-y=1 2-1 (iv) Put the value of y in eq. (ii) (x= 124 Qe- 14 DP=8 2-2 + 1442-820 Sx2-2x-7=0 Se -7e45x-7=0 or xSx-7) +1 Sx-7) > Gx-De+l Either 5x-7=0 or x + 1.=0,, thats, setosle a 1 ‘Now putting the values of x in eq. (iv), we haveEDD Sove the equations 4yt=7 and 2x24 3y?= 18. (EMD Given equations are xeyta7 2x2 + 3y2 = 18 ‘Multiply equation (i) with 3 3x2 + 3y? = 21 Subtracting equations (ii) from (iii) w=3 => x=tV3 When x=-/3, then from equation @) S4yeT or 34227 = ytad = yt? When x=-1/3, then y=+2 Thus, the required solution set is { (4-3. +2)} Solve the equations 2? + y= 20 and 6x? + xy—y" Given equations are e+y=20 @ 6x? +.xy- The equation (ii) can be written as We have y= Substituting y= 3x in the equation (i), we wa 2? + Bx =20 or x? 49x? = 20 = 1r=20 > P=2 > x=ty When x=9/2, y=3 ()2) = 32 and when x =—~J2, Substituting ~2x in the equation (i), we have 20 or 44e ‘Thus, the solution is { (2, 32), (4/2, 2), (2,4), 2, 4)}wo 3x? — Dry—y? = 80 Gi) ‘Multiplying equation (i) by 2, we have 2x? + 2y? = 80 (iii) ‘Subtracting the equation (iii) from equation (ii), we get = day 3y=0 Gy ‘The equation (iv) can be written as at Bry tay-dyte or x 3y) ty (e-3y)=0 > &-H)@+y)=0 Either x-3y=0 or = x+y =0 =3y or x Putin eq. (i), Gy)? +? = 40 (oy +y? = 40 10y? = 40 2? =40 ysd y= 20 yt? yot2V5 yao ye yas ya-2y¥5 x=3y y xey sey x= 3(2) (-2) x=- (245) x=-(-2J5) x=6 x=-6 xs-2\8 22.5 The solution setis {(6, 2), (-6, 2), (2-V5,-2-V5), (-2-V5, 2-V5)}=—)) EXERCISE 2.7 == Solve the following simultancous equations. 1 xty=5 ; a2 2y- 14 2 3x-2y=1 : 3.0 x-ys7 5 xty=a-b 5 4. 5 #aQ-Nt=10 6 @HDP+OHISS ; 1 8. 9 5 3x2 — Sry - 12)? =0 ytays3 2.7(ii) Solving Real Life Problems with Quadratic Equations ‘There are many problems which lead to quadratic equations. To form an equation, we use symbols for unknown quantities in the problems. Then roots of the equation may provide the answer to these problems, The procedure to solve these problems is explained in the following examples, ‘Three less than a certain number multiplied by 9 less than twice the number is 104. Find the number. Let the required number be x. Then three less than the number = x—3 and 9 less than twice the number = 2x — 9 According to the given condition, we have (x= 3) (2x9) = 104 2x2 — 15x +27 = 104 2x? 15x-77=0 Factorizing, we get (Qx+7) (e-11) = and 11 are the requited numbers. The length of a rectangle is 4cm more than its breadth. If the area of the rectangle is 45cm2, Find its sides.‘Then the length in cm will be x +4. By the given condition rectangular area = 45cm’, that is, x(r44)=45 w+ 4x-45=0 +9 (x-5)=0 x9 or x-5=0 9 or xaS Ifx=5,thenx+4=5+4=9 (neglecting -ve value) ‘Thus the breadth is Sem and length is 9om, ‘The sum of the co-ordinates of a point is 6 and the sum of their squares is 20. Find the co-ordinates of the point. Let (x, y) be the co-ordinates of the point. Then by the given conditions, we have xty=6 0 2 +y2=20 Gi) Fromeq.() y=6-x Gi) Putting y = 6 —x in eq, (i), we get 2246-2) =20 22436422 - 12x-20=0 22 12x+16=0 or 2-6r+8=0 Factorizing, we get (e-4)(e-2)=0 > v=4 or x=2 using eq. (ii), y=6-4=2 or y 4 the co-ordinates of the point are (4, 2) or (2, 4) SS". 9 Sop RS 1, The product of two positive consecutive numbers is 182. Find the numbers, ‘The sum of the squares of three positive consecutive numbers is 77. Find them, 3. The sum of five times a number and the square of the number is 204. Find the number. ‘The product of five less than three times a certain number and one less than four times the number is 7. Find the number. 5. The difference of a number and its reciprocal is, a Find the number. 6. The sum of the squares of two digits of a positive integral number is 65 and the number is 9 times the sum of its digits. Find the number.@ ai) Gi) ww) w) wi) iy (viii) (ix) ‘The sum of the co-ordinates of a point is 9 and sum of their squares is 45, Find the co-ordinates of the point. Find two integers whose sum is 9 and the difference of their squares is also 9. Find two integers whose difference is 4 and whose squares differ by 72. Find the dimensions of a rectangle, whose perimeter is 80cm and its area is 375em®. MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE - 2 Multiple Choice Questions Four possible answers are given for the following questions. Tick (7) the correct answer. If a, Bate the roots of 3x° + 5x-2=0, then a+ Bis 5 3 =5 @ 5 oF © Fz @ Uf a Bare the roots of 7x? —x+4=0, then apis a 4 7 @ > ) 5 © gq @ Roots of the equation 4x? - Sx +2 =0 are (a) irrational (b)_ imaginary (c)_ rational (d) none of these Cube roots of -1 are (@ -1,-0,-07 (b) -1.0,-0 © -1,-0.0? @) 1-0, -w Sum of the cube roots of unity is @ 0 1 © 4 @ 3 Product of cube roots of unity is @ 0 om oa @ 3 If? ~ dac <0, then the rots of ax? + bx += 0 are @) irrational (b) rational (©) imaginary (@) _none of these If? ~ dac> 0, but not a perfect square then roots of ax? + bx + c= O are (@) imaginary (b) rational (@) irrational (@)_—_none of these ie a8 equal to 1 @ |(xi) (xii) (xiii) (xiv) (xy) a) (iil) (iv) ) (vi) (vii) (viii) fix) &® (xi) @ + is equal to @ @&-p ©) oH © (a+ pP-206 @ af Two square roots of unity are @ 1-1 © Lo © Lo @ oo Roots of the equation 4x? — 4x + 1 =0 are (@) real, equal (b) real, unequal (c) imaginary (4) _istational If a, Bare the roots of px? + gx + r= 0, then sum of the roots 2orand 2Bis, <4 z a4 a OF > OF @ -% If a Bare the soots of x2 x— 1 = 0, then product of the roots 2erand 2fis @ 2 &) 2 © 4 @ -4 The nature of the roots of equation ax? + bx + ¢ = 0 is determined by (@) sum of the roots (b) product of the roots (©) synthetic division (d) discriminant The discriminant of ax? + bx + c= is (a) B-dac —() BP +dac (©) B+ 4ac @) ~ BP dae Write short answers of the following questions. Discuss the nature of the roots of the following equations (@) P43x45=0 (ob) 20? - 7x43 (©) 2+6x-1=0 (@ 162—8r+1=0 Find o? it = =eN=3 2 Prove that the sum of the all cube roots of unity is zero. Find the product of complex cube roots of unity Show thax} +y* = (+) (x + ay) (+0) Evaluate o°7 + @* +1 Evaluate (1 — @ + 0) Ife is cube root of unity, form an equation whose roots are 30 and 30” Using synthetic division, find the remainder and quotient when (x! + 3x?-+ 2) + (x 2) Using synthetic division, show that x ~ 2 is the factor of x3 4x2 —7x-+ 2. Find the sum and product of the roots of the equation 2px? + 3gx ~ 4r = 0 14 Find 7g + 2 of the roots ofthe equation x? — 4x +3=0vy vv If @, Bare the roots of 4x” - 3x + 6 = 0, find @ @e & G8 @ ap If of Bare the roots of x2 — Sx +7 =0, find an equation whose roots are (a) -a-B (b) 2a, 26. Fill in the blanks ‘The discriminant of ax? + bx +c = Ois . If b? — 4ac = 0, then roots of ax? + bx + are, If b? — 4ac > 0, then the roots of ax? + bx + ¢ = 0 are If b? — 4ac < 0, then the root of ax? + bx += 0 are If 2 — 4ac > 0 and perfect square, then the roots of ax? + bx+c=Oare_ If b* — 4ac > 0 and not a perfect square, then roots of ax? + bx + ¢= If of Bare the roots of ax2 + bx +e If a, Bare the roots of ax? + bx +0 If @ Bare the roots of 7x? - Sx+3 If @, Bare the roots of $x? + 3x-9 0, then sum of the roots is 0, then product of the roots is 0, then the sum of the roots is 0, then product of the roots is For a quadratic equation ax? + bx + ¢ Cube roots of unity are Under usual notation sum of the cube roots of unity is IF 1, © are the cube roots of unity, then (0°? is equal to If of are the roots of the quadratic equation, then the quadratic equation is written as If 20 and 20? are the roots of an equation, then equation is = Discriminant of the quadratic expression ax? + bx + c is “b? — 4ac”. a5 -1-\E ates and peney Complex cube roots of unity are @ and Properties of cube roots of unity. (@) The product of three cube roots of unity is one. Le, (1) (@) (0) (b) Each of the complex cube roots of unity is reciprocal of the other. (©) Each of the complex cube roots of unity is the square of the other. ()__ The sum of all the cube roots of unity is zero, ie, 1+0+0*=0 The cube roots of unity are 1,‘The sum and the product of the roots of ax? + bx + ¢=0,a#0 are b a+B > — Symmetric functions of the roots of a quadratic equation are those functions in which the roots involved are such that the values of the expressions remain unaltered, when roots are interchanged, > Formation of a quadratic equation if its roots are given; 22 — (sum of the roots) x + product of the roots = 0 => xt-(a+B)x+ af=0. > Synthetic division is the process of finding the quotient and remainder, when a polynomial is divided by a linear polynomial. > A system of equations having a common solution is called a system of simultaneous equations, and af = © respectively.