PRINCIPLES OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION - Part 2 Bob Coulter
1 Power System Protection Principles of Protection Part 2
Protection Function - Components
PR
Bus CB Tr PR VT
DC Aux HMI
P C L
Protection Relay Circuit Breaker Protected Item Current Transformer Voltage Transformer DC Auxiliary supply Man-machine interface Communications Link CB trip coil
Principles of Protection Part 2
CB
CT
Equip
Equip CT VT DC Aux HMI
Control
Basic Arrangement of a Protection Scheme
2
PCL Tr
Methods of Detecting Faults
Magnitude of current Overcurrent protection Magnitude of current in earth or neutral Earth Fault protection Magnitude and Phase Angle of current Directional Overcurrent protection Magnitude and Phase Angle of current in earth or neutral Directional Earth Fault protection Magnitude and Angle of Impedance (Ratio V/I) Impedance protection Difference between two or more currents Differential protection Difference between Phase Angles of two currents Phase Comparison protection Magnitude of negative sequence current Magnitude of Voltage Overvoltage or Undervoltage protection Magnitude of Frequency Over or Underfrequency protection Temperature Thermal protection Specials i.e. transformer gas protection,
Principles of Protection Part 2
OVERCURRENT and EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
Bob Coulter
4
Principles of Protection Part 2
Principle of an Overcurrent Relay
+ve
Ip Is
Primary current CT secondary current Operating Current Setting Time Delay Setting
Current Level Detector
IIset
Time Delay Generator Output Auxiliary Relay
Is Ip
Time
Iset
Iset
Tset
Time
To Circuit Breaker Trip Coil
Tset
Operate Zone Operate Zone
Tset Tset Iset 10xIset Current Iset Current
Inverse Time Characteristic
Definite Time Characteristic
Principles of Protection Part 2
Connection of Overcurrent Relays for Phase and Earth Fault Protection
CT
CT
Ip(R) Ip(W) Ip(B) Is(B)
OC
.Current Transformer Phase Overcurrent Relay Earth Fault Overcurrent Relay Primary fault current Secondary current
OC
Is(W)
OC
Is(R)
OC
EF
Ip
EF
Is
6
Principles of Protection Part 2
Current Flow for Phase -to-Phase Fault Phase-to-Phase
CT
CT
0 Ip(W) Ip(B) Is(B)
OC
.Current Transformer Phase Overcurrent Relay Earth Fault Overcurrent Relay Primary fault current Secondary current
OC
Is(W)
OC
0
OC
EF
Ip
EF
Is
7
Principles of Protection Part 2
Current Flow for Phase -to-Earth Fault Phase-to-Earth
CT
CT
Ip(R) 0 0 0
OC
Current Transformer Phase Overcurrent Relay Earth Fault Overcurrent Relay Primary fault current Secondary current
OC
0
OC
Is(R)
OC
EF
Ip
EF
Is
8
Principles of Protection Part 2
Four -Wire Systems - 1 Four-Wire
CT
CT
Current Transformer Phase Overcurrent Relay Earth Fault Overcurrent Relay Primary fault current Secondary current
OC
Neutral
OC OC OC
EF
Ip
EF
Is
9
Principles of Protection Part 2
Four -Wire Systems - 4 Four-Wire
CT
CT
Current Transformer Phase Overcurrent Relay Earth Fault Overcurrent Relay Primary fault current Secondary current
OC
Neutral
OC OC OC RCD
EF
Ip
EF
Is
10
Principles of Protection Part 2
Setting Overcurrent Protection - 1
Load current to be carried safety margin of 30 to 50% Minimum fault current to be detected
Phase to phase or phase to earth Allowance for fault resistance Back-up for failure of adjacent protection
Maximum fault current to be detected Short-time rating of protected equipment Time coordination margin between adjacent protection schemes
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Principles of Protection Part 2
Load Modeling Considerations
Network loads usually recorded as 15 or 30 minute averaged values OK for thermal, load accounting and setting slow control scheme purposes Real and reactive power components vary instantaneously and to some degree independently Not much known about load variation over an averaging time frame of seconds
MW MVAr
hh:15
hh:30
hh:45
Time Interval
12
Principles of Protection Part 2
Statistical distribution of short -time load variation short-time
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Principles of Protection Part 2
Example of short -time load variation short-time
13.2
13
Load 12.8 MWs 12.6
12.4
12.2
12
100
200
300
400 500 600 Time in seconds
700
800
900
1000
10 second load values - output from simulation
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Principles of Protection Part 2
Time Coordination Margin between Overcurrent Relays
Operating time interval between the operation of two adjacent overcurrent relays has to allow for:
Fault current interrupting time of the relevant circuit breaker Overshoot time of the relay Errors in current transformer ratio, relay operating time and calculated fault current magnitude Example 1: Electromechanical Relay and Oil Interruption CB Time Coordination Margin = 0.4 seconds Example 2: Digital Relay and Vacuum Interruption CB Time Coordination Margin = 0.25 seconds
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Principles of Protection Part 2
IMPEDANCE PROTECTION PRINCIPLES
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Power System Protection Principles of Protection Part 2
Impedance or Distance Protection
Basic Arrangement of an Impedance Protection Scheme
CB Tr Z<
P C L
Z< CB Line CT
Impedance Relay Circuit Breaker Protected Item Current Transformer Voltage Transformer DC Auxiliary supply Communications Link CB trip coil
CT
Line
VT Bus
Fault
VT DC Aux PCL Tr
DC Aux
17
Uses voltage and current measurement Can use angle of impedance as well as magnitude
Z= V I Operates for Z Z set
Principles of Protection Part 2
Transmission Lines
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Principles of Protection Part 2
Impedance Measurement - Load vs Fault Discrimination - 1 Source - ZS E A Z I VA VB Line - ZL B L o a d
System Voltage = 132kV nominal Zs E VA I
19
Load = 75MW,30MVAr = 80.8 21.8MVA ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80
= = = =
0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 77.64-3.02 kV (ph-n) 318.1-31.15 A
VB = 68.60-9.35 kV (ph-n) Z = VA/I = 244.1 28.13
Principles of Protection Part 2
Impedance Measurement - Load vs Fault Discrimination - 2 Source - ZS E A Z I VA Line - ZL Fault B L o a d
VB
System Voltage = 132kV nominal Zs = E = VA = I =
20
Load = 75MW,30MVAr = 80.8 21.8MVA ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80
0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 58.36-6.50 kV (ph-n) 1533-73.30 A
VB = 0 kV Z = VA/I = 38.08 66.80
Principles of Protection Part 2
Impedance Measurement - Load vs Fault Discrimination - 3 Source - ZS E A Z I VA Line - ZL Fault at 50% B L o a d
VB
System Voltage = 132kV nominal Zs = E = VA = I =
21
Load = 75MW,30MVAr = 80.8 21.8MVA ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80
0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 45.67-10.20 kV (ph-n) 2399-77.01 A
VB = 0 kV Z = VA/I = 19.04 66.80
Principles of Protection Part 2
Impedance Measurement - Load vs Fault Discrimination - 4 Source - ZS E A Z I VA Fault VB Line - ZL B L o a d
System Voltage = 132kV nominal Zs = E = VA = I =
22
Load = 75MW,30MVAr = 80.8 21.8MVA ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80
0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 0 kV 5333-90.0 A
VB = 0 kV Z = VA/I = 0
Principles of Protection Part 2
Representation on R:X Plane 1
V
jX
I Inductive Reactance
Real Power Flow into Bus from Line
-R
R
Real Power Flow from Bus into Line
Capacitive Reactance
V V
Bus Line
P Q
-jX
+ +
I
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Principles of Protection Part 2
Representation on R:X Plane - 2
Bus A Line
P
Bus A Line
P Q
+ +
Load
Z jX
B
Generation
Load A
-R
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Principles of Protection Part 2
Polar Characteristics on R:X Plane
jX jX z jX z
Impedance
jX z jX
Mho
Offset Mho
jX
X
R R R
25
Elliptical
Reactance
Quadrilateral
Principles of Protection Part 2
Zones of Impedance Measurement
Station Y Station X E A D Line Z = 100 B C
Zd
Line Z = 100
Station Z
Zf
Time
Z Zone 1
Ze
Za Zb Zone 2
t = 0.5s t = 0.1s
Zc
Zg Zone 3 Zone 1
t = 0.1s 80% Z t = 0.5s t = 0.1s
Impedance
t = 1.5s t = 1.0s
t = 0.4s 80% Y 100 120%
X 0
26
200
Principles of Protection Part 2
Impedance Measurement Relay Connections - 1
Source
ER1 EW1 EB1
Relay Location
Line F A U L T
IR IW IB VRn VWn VBn
ZL1, ZL2, ZL0 ZS1, ZS2, ZS0 Z1, Z2, Z0 VRn, VWn, VBn IR, IW, IB ER1, EW1, EB1 27
Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence Line Impedances Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence Source Impedances Sequence Impedances to Fault: Z1=ZS1+ZL1, Z2=ZS2+ZL2, Z0=ZS0+ZL0 Phase-to-Neutral Voltages at Relay Location Phase Currents at Relay Location Phase-to-Neutral Source Voltages: Note EW1= 2ER1 and EB1= ER1
Principles of Protection Part 2
Impedance Measurement - Fault Resistance - 1 Source - ZS E A Z I VA Fault R VB Line - ZL B
System Voltage = 132kV nominal Zs = E = VA = I =
28
No Load Condition ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80 R = Fault Resistance 15 VB = 20.58-59.04 kV (ph-n) Z = VA/I = 30.0 + j35.0
Principles of Protection Part 2
0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 63.25-9.64 kV (ph-n) 1372-59.04 A
Impedance Measurement - Fault Resistance - 2 Source - ZS E A Z I VA Line - ZL Fault R at 50% B
VB
System Voltage = 132kV nominal Zs = E = VA = I =
29
No Load Condition ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80 R = Fault Resistance 15 VB = 30.36-55.30 kV (ph-n) Z = VA/I = 22.5 + j17.5
Principles of Protection Part 2
0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 57.69-17.43 kV (ph-n) 2024-55.30 A
Impedance Measurement - Fault Resistance - 3 Source - ZS E A I VA R Fault VB Z Line - ZL B
System Voltage = 132kV nominal Zs = E = VA = I =
30
No Load Condition ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80 R = Fault Resistance 15 VB = 56.57-45.0 kV (ph-n) Z = VA/I = 15.0 + j0
Principles of Protection Part 2
0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 56.57-45.0 kV (ph-n) 3771-45.0 A
Impedance Measurement - Fault Resistance & Load - 1 Source - ZS E A Z I VA Fault R VB Line - ZL B L o a d
System Voltage = 132kV nominal Zs = E = VA = I =
31
Load = 75MW,30MVAr = 80.8 21.8MVA ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80 R = Fault Resistance 15 VB = 19.38-58.60 kV (ph-n) Z = VA/I = 29.08 + j35.34
Principles of Protection Part 2
0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 62.98-9.44 kV (ph-n) 1376-59.99 A
Impedance Measurement - Fault Resistance & Load - 2 Source - ZS E A Z I VA Line - ZL Fault R at 50% B L o a d
VB
System Voltage = 132kV nominal Zs = E = VA = I =
32
Load = 75MW,30MVAr = 80.8 21.8MVA ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80 R = Fault Resistance 15 VB = 27.04-58.49 kV (ph-n) Z = VA/I = 21.66 + j17.88
Principles of Protection Part 2
0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 57.06-17.09 kV (ph-n) 2032-56.63 A
Impedance Measurement - Fault Resistance & Load - 3 Source - ZS E A Z I VA R Fault VB Line - ZL B L o a d
System Voltage = 132kV nominal Zs = E = VA = I =
33
Load = 75MW,30MVAr = 80.8 21.8MVA ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80 R = Fault Resistance 15 VB = 50.93-49.22 kV (ph-n) Z = VA/I = 14.15 + j0.37
Principles of Protection Part 2
0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 54.21-45.86 kV (ph-n) 3829-47.36 A
Impedance Zone Coverage
Zone 3 Zone 2 Z Zone 1 A Zone 2 Zone 3 Left End of Line (20%) Centre 60% of Line Faults Cleared in Faults Cleared in Zone 1 time from A ( 0.1s) Zone 1 time ( 0.1s) at A and B and Zone 2 time ( 0.5s) from B
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Zone 1: A to B Zone 1: B to A
Z B
Zone 1
Right End of Line (20%) Faults Cleared in Zone 1 time from B ( 0.1s) and Zone 2 time ( 0.5s) from A
Principles of Protection Part 2
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION PRINCIPLES
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Power System Protection Principles of Protection Part 2
Basic Current Differential Protection External Fault
Is1
N1
Is2 Current Measuring Relay Is2 CT 2 Is2
I
|I|>0
N2
Is1
Is1
Ip1
CT 1
Protected Equipment
Ip2
Consider ideal current transformer performance:
Ip1 = Ip2
Therefore Is1 = Is2 Therefore I = 0, magnitude of I = 0
36
Current measuring relay does not operate
Principles of Protection Part 2
Basic Current Differential Protection Internal Fault 1
Is1
N1
Is2
|I|>0 Current Measuring Relay Is1 Is1
N2
Is2
Is2
Ip1
CT 1
Protected Equipment If
Fault
CT 2
Ip2
37
Consider ideal current transformer performance: If = Ip1+ Ip2 Therefore Is1 Is2 Therefore I = Is1+Is2 0, magnitude of I> 0 Current measuring relay operates
Principles of Protection Part 2
Basic Current Differential Protection Internal Fault 2
Is1
N1
|I|>0 Current Measuring Relay Is1 Is1
N2
Is2 = 0
Ip1
CT 1
Protected Equipment If
Fault
Ip2 = 0
CT 2
38
Consider ideal current transformer performance: If = Ip1 as Is2 = 0 ie no fault current infeed from one side Is2 = 0 Therefore I = Is1 0, magnitude of I> 0 Current measuring relay operates
Principles of Protection Part 2
Basic Current Differential Protection Internal Fault 3
Is1
N1
Is2
Current Measuring |I|>0 Relay Is1 Is1
N2
Ip1
CT 1
Protected Equipment If
Is2 CT 2
Is2
Ip2
39
High Impedance Fault Consider ideal current transformer performance: If = (Ip1- Ip2) > 0 Therefore Is1 Is2 Therefore I = Is1- Is2 0, magnitude of I> 0 Current measuring relay operates
Principles of Protection Part 2
Basic Current Differential Protection Internal Fault 4
Is1
N1
Is2
|I|>0 Current Measuring Relay Is1 Is1
N2
Is2
Short-circuited turns
Is2
Ip1
CT 1
CT 2
Ip2
Protected Equipment
40
Consider ideal current transformer performance: Ip1 = Ip2 Therefore Is1 = Is2 Therefore I = 0, magnitude of I = 0 Current measuring relay does not operate
Principles of Protection Part 2
Summary Current Differential Principles
Protection zone defined by current transformer locations Measures quantities for fault detection at two or more locations Faults between current transformer locations are called internal faults and faults outside of zone between current transformers are called external or out of zone faults In principle can have very high sensitivity, i.e. operation for high impedance type faults possible Will not operate for load current Will not operate for internal series type faults
Principles of Protection Part 2
41
Balanced Voltage Differential Protection External Fault
Current Measuring Relay |I|>0 Vs1 Is1 Is1 Vs2 Is2 Is2
Ip1
CT 1
Protected Equipment
CT 2
Ip2
Consider ideal current transformer performance:
Ip1 = Ip2
Vs1 = Vs2 and Is1 = Is2 = 0 Therefore magnitude of I = 0
42
Current measuring relay does not operate
Principles of Protection Part 2
Balanced Voltage Differential Protection Internal Fault
Current Measuring Relay |I|>0 Vs1 Is1 Is1 Vs2 Is2 Is2
Ip1
Protected Equipment If
Fault
CT 1
CT 2
Ip2
Consider ideal current transformer performance: Vs1 Vs2 Therefore magnitude of I 0
43
Current measuring relay operates
Principles of Protection Part 2
Practical Current Differential Circuit
RL
Is1
N1
Is2
I
Z |I|Iset
RL
Is1
Rc Xm RL
Current Measuring Relay
RL
Is2
Rc Xm
Is1
N2
Is2
Ip1
CT 1
Protected Equipment
CT 2
Ip2
Xm = Magnetising reactance of current transformer, note this is non-linear Rc = resistance of current transformer secondary winding Z = Input impedance of current measuring relay 44 RL = secondary circuit wiring resistances Iset = Current setting of measuring relay
Note: Operating criteria for protection now |I|Iset instead of |I|>0
Principles of Protection Part 2
Principle of Biased Current Differential Relay
k[Is1+Is2] Is1
1 1
k
1
C
Is2
1
Is1-Is2
Is1-Is2 Is1 Is1 CT 1 Is1 Is2 Is2 Is2
Ip1
Protected Equipment
CT 2
Ip2
C is a current magnitude comparator - operates for Is1-Is2 k[Is1+Is2] k[Is1+Is2[ input is called restraint or bias input, [Is1-Is2] input is called operate input. k is less than 0.5, typically 0.1 to 0.4,and is called the bias setting. 45
Principles of Protection Part 2
Biased Current Differential Relay External Fault
k[Is1+Is2] Is1
1 1
k
1
C
Is2
1
Is1-Is2
Is1-Is2 Is1 Is1 CT 1 Is1 Is2 Is2 Is2
Ip1
Protected Equipment
CT 2
Ip2
46
Ip1 = Ip2 Is1 and Is2 will be similar in magnitude and phase therefore Is1-Is2 will be small and Is1+Is2 will be large. Is1-Is2 < k[Is1+Is2]so no operation
Principles of Protection Part 2
Biased Current Differential Relay Internal Fault 1
k[Is1+Is2] Is1
1 1
k
1
C
Is2
1
Is1-Is2
Is1-Is2 Is1 Is1 Is1 Is2 Is2 Fault CT 2 Is2
Ip1 CT 1
47
Protected Equipment If
Ip2
Primary fault current If = Ip1+Ip2 Is1-Is2 will be large and Is1+Is2 will be small. Is1-Is2 > k[Is1+Is2]so operation achieved
Principles of Protection Part 2
Biased Current Differential Relay Internal Fault 2
k[Is1] Is1
1 1
k
1
C
0
1
Is1
Is1 Is1 Is1 Is1 0 Fault CT 2 0
Ip1 CT 1
48
Protected Equipment If
Ip2=0
Primary fault current If = Ip1 Operate input will be equal to Is1, restraint input will be k[Is1] Is1-Is2 > k[Is1+Is2]so operation achieved
Principles of Protection Part 2
I B Relay I W Relay I R Relay
R W B R W B
Protected Equipment
Arrangement for Phase by Phase Protection
49
Principles of Protection Part 2
I Restricted Earth
Fault Protection
W B
Protected Equipment
Arrangement for Earth Fault Protection Only
50
Principles of Protection Part 2
