SUBSTATION PROTECTION 2
SOMPOL C.
Busbar Protection
Bus arrangement 1. Radial bus 2. Main and transfer 3. Double breaker double bus 4. Ring bus 5. Breaker and a half
Busbar Protection
Busbar Protection
Main Bus
Disconnect Switch Circuit Breaker
Circuit
Radial bus
1. Radial bus Advantages
Busbar Protection
Lowest cost Small land area required Easy to expand Simple to operate Simple protective relay
1. Radial bus Disadvantages
Busbar Protection
Low reliability Low flexibility of operation for maintenance Bus fault and failure of breaker requires substation be removed from service
Busbar Protection
Main Bus
Disconnect Switch
Transfer Circuit Breaker (N.O.)
Circuit Breaker
N.O.
N.O.
N.O.
Transfer Switch
Transfer Bus
Circuits
Circuits
Main and transfer
2. Main and transfer Advantages
Busbar Protection
Small land area required Easy to expand Increased flexibility of operation over radial bus Any breaker can be removed from service without an outage
2. Main and transfer Disadvantages
Busbar Protection
Increased cost over radial bus Increased complexity of operation over radial bus Increased complexity of protection over radial bus Low reliability
Busbar Protection
Circuits
Bus No. 1
Disconnect Switch
Circuit Breaker
Circuit Breaker
Double breaker double bus
Circuits
Bus No. 2
3. Double breaker double bus Advantages
Busbar Protection
Very high reliability Very flexibility operation Any breaker can be removed from service without an outage
3. Double breaker double bus Disadvantages
Busbar Protection
High cost Large land area required Complex protective relaying and control
Busbar Protection
Load
Line Disconnect Switch
Source
Disconnect Switch
Circuit Breaker
Source
Ring bus
Load
4. Ring bus Advantages
Busbar Protection
High reliability Flexibility operation Low cost Any breaker can be removed from service without outage Expandable to breaker and a half configuration
4. Ring bus Disadvantages
Busbar Protection
Complex protective relaying and control Failed breaker during fault caused outage of one additional circuit
Busbar Protection
Circuits
Main Bus No. 1
Line Disconnect Switch
Disconnect Switch
Circuit Breaker
Breaker and a half
Circuits
Main Bus No. 2
5. Breaker and a half Advantages
Busbar Protection
Very high reliability Very flexibility operation Any breaker can be removed from service without an outage
Busbar Protection
5. Breaker and a half Disadvantages
Large land area required High cost Complex protective relaying and control
Busbar Protection
Approximate per unit cost Reliability
Radial Main and transfer Ring bus Breaker and a half Double breaker double bus
1 1.2 1.25 1.45 1.75
5 4 3 2 1
Busbar Protection
Radial bus
Busbar Protection
Main and transfer
Busbar Protection
Double breaker double bus
Busbar Protection
Breaker and a half
Practice 0
- What kind of bus arrangement in single line diagram 1 and 2 ? - Where is the zone of protection of 87B1 and 87B2 ?
Busbar Protection
Criteria of Bus Differential relay (87B) Check the difference current between the current flow in and out of the protected bus ( vector summation at relay = 0 )
Busbar Protection Bus differential has 2 types
1. High impedance 2. Low impedance
High impedance bus differential
Busbar Protection
1. Every bay must use same class and CT ratio 2. Suitable for non switching substation 3. Easy to expand 4. Easy to use
Because of fault current at bus bar is very high, so some CT may saturate and make 87B misoperation on external fault..
Assume one CT saturate on external fault
saturate
Voltage = 0 at 87B
CT saturation
- Equivalent circuit ( saturate ) Ip/n Is Rct
Im
saturate
Ip/n
Is
Rct
Lm
Rct
E
If
Lm = 0 Im =
Equivalent circuit = Rct
Assume one CT saturate on external fault
Rct
87B
Voltage > 0 at 87B
Ex Calculation of 87B
- CT ratio 2000/5 ( N ) - Rct = 1.2
Data - 3 phase fault current at bus = 25000 A ( If - 3phase ) - 1 phase fault current at bus = 23600 A ( If - 1phase )
- RL = 1.5 ( lead resistance between relay and CT ) - Relay setting range ; 175, 225, 275, 325 v - Vk = 800 v
Setting of 87B ( Vs )
Vs1 >= ( If / N )* ( Rct + 2RL ) ; 1phase fault Vs3 >= ( If / N )* ( Rct + RL ) ; 3 phase fault Vs1 = 249.6 v Vs3 = 169.8 v So set Vs = 325 v; ( Vk >= 2Vs )
Practice 1
- From single line diagram 2, if - 3phase fault =17000 A - 1phase fault = 13000 A What is the setting of Vs ?
Low impedance bus differential
Busbar Protection
1. Can use difference CT ratio for each bay 2. Suitable for switching substation 3. Not easy to expand
Function of bus differential Trip all circuit breakers that connected to the fault bus via 86B ( bus differential lockout relay ) and interlock all circuit breakers also.
Busbar Protection
Practice 2
From single line diagram 2 - Which circuit breaker should be tripped if 87B1 operated? - What is the operating time of 87B?
Transmission line Protection
Transmission line protection
Since the impedance of a transmission line is proportional to its length, for distance measurement it is appropriate to use a relay capable of measuring the impedance of a line up to a predetermined point. Such a relay is called distance relay ( 21 ).
Transmission line protection
The basic principle of impedance measurement ( Z ) involves the comparison of the fault current ( I ) with the voltage ( V ) seen by the relay at the relaying point.
Zr = Vr / Ir
Transmission line protection
Relay point
ZS
Ir
Z line
Vs
Vr
Zr
Z load
Impedance seen by relay Zr = Zline + Zload
Transmission line protection
Basic operation of distance relay
Operating condition :
Transmission line protection
Since the relay see current via CT and voltage via VT, so actual impedance that relay seen is :
Z relay = Zr * CT ratio / PT ratio
Transmission line protection
We use R-X diagram to represent the line impedance:
Z = R + jX
Relation between rectangular and polar form
Rectangular form Polar form
R = P cos X = P sin
Z = R + jX P P
2 + X2 = R
-1 X/R = tan
Transmission line protection
We use R-X diagram to represent the line impedance:
Z = R + jX
Transmission line protection
jX
P1 1 P2 2
Z1=R1+jX1
Z2=R2+jX2
2 1
Load area
R-X diagram
Transmission line protection
jX
Plain impedance
Transmission line protection Plain impedance has no direction !
Transmission line protection
Plain impedance with direction
Transmission line protection
jX
Mho
R
Transmission line protection
jX
Offset mho
Transmission line protection
Quadrilateral
Stepped distance protection
Transmission line protection
- 3 zone of protection, zone1, zone2, zone3 - 3 difference tripping time
T3A T2 Z2A Z1B Z1A A T2 B Z3A
Z1B T2B Z3C T3C Z2C T2C
Z1C
Transmission line protection
Example criteria Zone1 = 85 % line , instantaneous trip Zone2 = 120 % line , delay trip T2 Zone3 = 100 % line+120 % next line delay trip T3
Ex Calculation of 21
Data - Base voltage =115 kV - Base MVA = 100 MVA - CT ratio = 800/5 - PT ratio 115/115 kV/V - Conductor type : 477 MCM AAC 590 A
Data - Length of line AB = 70 km, line BC = 30 km, line BD = 50 km - Impedance data : AB : z1= z2 = 9.7 + j29.1 p , z0 = 25.4 + j101 p BC : z1= z2 = 5.8 + j16.9 p BD : z1= z2 = 8 + j25 p C A
21
Multiply by 0.16, so AB : z1= z2 = 1.55 + j4.65 s , z0 = 4 + j16.1 s = 4.91 71.5 s BC : z1= z2 = 0.92 + j2.7 s BD : z1= z2 = 1.28 + j4 s Setting Zone 1 = 85% line AB = 4.17 71.5 s Zone2 = 120% line AB = 5 71.5 s , 0.5 sec Zone3 = 100% line AB + 120% line AB = 9.17 71.5 s ,1 sec
jX
zone3 B zone2 zone1
71.5
A
Earth fault compensate
Kn = ( z0 z1 ) / 3z1
= 2.51 + j11.51 = 11.78 77.6 4.67 + j13.97 14.73 71.5 = 0.799 6.15
Practice 3
From single line diagram 2 - Which circuit breaker should be tripped if 21 line 1 operated ( both primary and back up )? - Which circuit breaker should be reclosed? - Where is the zone of protection of 21?
Transmission line protection
Zone1 can over trip due to :
- CT, PT error - Impedance data and calculation error - Relay error
So zone1 should not set 100 % line
Tele Protection
Transmission line protection
Because zone 1 cannot clear fault at the end of line ( 15 % ), fault must be cleared by zone 2 with delay time T2. Too slow! To solve this problem communication system is required.
Transmission line protection
Teleprotection scheme
1. Permissive underreach transfer trip ( PUTT ) 2. Permissive overreach transfer trip ( POTT )
Transmission line protection
1. Permissive underreach transfer trip ( PUTT ) - Send carrier by zone 1 - High speed trip ( by pass T2 ) when
zone 2 start and carrier received
Transmission line protection
2. Permissive overreach transfer trip ( POTT ) - Send carrier by zone 2 - High speed trip ( bypass T2 ) when
zone 2 start and carrier received
Transmission line protection
Benefit of teleprotection
- clear fault 100% line as fast as zone 1 - on more over trip - also initiate recloser as zone 1
Transmission line protection Other functions in distance relay
* Power swing blocking * Fuse failure * Switch onto fault ( SOTF )
Transmission line protection
Power Swing Blocking distance relay operate by detect impedance in its zone, and sometime voltage and current in the system are disturb by fault. System impedance also change and if impedance move into relays zone, Its trip. Wrong operation!
Transmission line protection
To prevent this situation, relay use PSB. By detect rate of change of the impedance, relay will know which one is fault which one is power swing and block itself to trip
Transmission line protection
Fuse failure Distance relay calculate impedance by the ratio of voltage to current. If voltage goes to zero, impedance will be zero also. Zero impedance means fault is very close to distance relay and should trip the transmission line.
Transmission line protection
PT fuse blows can make distance relay see zero impedance in spite of no fault in high voltage system. Distance relay use zero sequence concept to protect itself from misoperation
Transmission line protection
Switch OnTo Fault ( SOTF ) For safty in transmission line maintenance, the line should be grounded for all 3 phases. After finish the job, sometime ground are forgotten to remove from line. When CB is closed, it closed to fault.
Transmission line protection
Distance relay use healthy voltage for reference, so when close into 3 phase fault , no voltage reference at all. Its possible that all the zones are not trip!. Memory feature is now used to make high speed trip instead. Its SOTF.
Auto recloser relay ( 79 )
Transmission line protection
- Close circuit breaker after tripped by distance relay
( only trip by high speed zone ) - Single or multi shots - Single or three poles - Dead time and reclaim time should be set properly - Helpful for temporary fault
Trip & reclose
Dead time
Synchrocheck relay ( 25 )
Transmission line protection
- Supervise recloser relay befor close circuit breaker by check voltage level, frequency, and phase angle at both sides of circuit breaker ( sync. Function , BH-LH or LL-LB) - Only check voltage level for charge line function ( voltage check Function, BH-LD or DL-LB )
Back up Protection
Back up Protection
In protection system, each equipment should have 2 sets of protective relay. One set we call primary protection and the another is call back up protection.
Example :
Back up Protection
Transformer Primary 87K, self protection, Back up 51T, BF Feeder Primary 51/51G, Back up 51T, BF
Transmission line Primary zone1, Back up zone2, zone3 and others distance relay ( 115 kV ), BF Primary protection primary, Back up protection back up and others distance relay ( 230 kV ) , BF
Back up Protection
Bus bar Primary 87B, Back up zone2, zone3 of others distance relay at remote end substation ( 115 kV ), BF
Back up Protection
Back up Protection
Principle of Breaker failure
Measure the duration of fault current from the instance at which any relay operates to trip circuit breaker. If current is still flowing after preselected time delay, it is considered that the circuit breaker has failed to trip.
Back up Protection
Principle of Breaker failure
Normally breaker failure timer should less than zone 2 timer of distance relay at remote end substation to limit the tripping area only in substation that breaker fail.
Back up Protection
Element of Breaker failure
1. Main protection operate 2. Current detector operate ( 50BF) 3. Breaker fail timer operate ( 62BF) 4. On this function by cut off switch ( BFCO)
Back up Protection
Function of Breaker failure
When breaker fail to trip, the tripping and interlocking of all other circuit breakers connected to the failed circuit breaker will be initiated. Another lockout relay, 86BF, is required.
Practice 4
From single line diagram 2 - If circuit breaker 80722 fail to trip, which circuit breakers should be tripped? From single line diagram 1 - If circuit breaker 7052 fail to trip, which circuit breakers should be tripped?
Question ?
Have a nice day!
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