DESIGN, FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACES (FSS) BASED MICROWAVE FILTER

ANJALI OMER Electrical and Electronics Engineering Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College Ghaziabad, India Email: anjali.s.omer1991@gmail.com Mobile: 8800270726

LIPIKA JAIN Electrical and Electronics Engineering Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College Ghaziabad, India Email: lipika.jain091@gmail.com Mobile: 9899190754

Abstract This paper mainly focuses on the design, fabrication and characterization of frequency selective surface based microwave filter .A frequency selective surface is a periodic, planer assembly of generally metallic elements on a dielectric layer. Their main feature is their ability to modify spectral content of any electromagnetic wave. By changing the shape and size of the metallic elements on the FSS surface we can develop different types of filters with different cutoff frequencies.The main advantage of frequency selective surfaces (FSS) based microwave filter is that they are lighter and more accurate as compared to other conventional filters. These filters can be used in a variety of beam forming applications as well as in high performance antenna designs. Keywords- FSS (frequency selective surface), FSMS (free space measurement system), Microwaves

lighter and more accurate as compared to other conventional filters. These filters can be used in a variety of beam forming applications as well as in high performance antenna designs. FSS technology seems to be an inexpensive solution to the problem of wireless communication in buildings with energy saving windows. However their most important application is their use in design of special covers for defense aircrafts called radomes that are capable of absorbing RADAR waves.

II. Designing Process For highly specialized task FSS surfaces are designed and analyzed with the help of software known as Microsoft schedule. This software is very expensive and for handling it we need a proper training. However for the purpose of understanding the pattern that we want to generate on FSS surface can also be created with the help of Microsoft PowerPoint.

I. Introduction The aim of the paper is to present a method for design, fabrication and characterization of frequency selective surface based microwave filter. A frequency selective surface is a periodic, planer assembly of generally metallic elements on a dielectric layer. Their main feature is their ability to modify spectral content of any electromagnetic wave. Its behavior can be divided into four frequency response types: low pass, highpass, band pass and band stop. By changing the shape and size of the metallic elements on the FSS surface we can develop different types of filters with different cutoff frequencies.The main advantage of frequency selective surfaces (FSS) based microwave filter is that they are

Above patterns were generated with the help of Microsoft PowerPoint. In this case the size of the element is not known , the space between them is not same and their size is not same. These problems would not arise if we develop these surface with the help of Microsoft Schedule III. Fabrication Process In order to fabricate Frequency Selective Surface we need to have following materials and have to follow following procedure: REQUIREMENTS: PCB Board, Brasso Liquid Polish, Photo Resist, Dye, Developer, Ferric Chloride, Hydrochloric Acid, Glass Tray, Heater PROCEDURE: Follow the following steps in order to create frequency selective surface Step I: Remove all the oxides, dust, stain etc. lying on the Cu film with the help of Brasso liquid polish. Step II: After polishing cover the Cu sheet with a layer of photo resist. Step III: The type of periodic pattern that is desired on FSS, create with the help of Microsoft PowerPoint. Step IV: Take a print out of the pattern thus generated on a plastic sheet like transparency. Step V: Keep a part of it transparent that is desired on the FSS board and the remaining portion must be black. Above tasks must be performed inside a dark room. Step VI: Put this sheet on the PCB board and expose to UV radiations for 20-30s. Step VII: After this use developer in order to develop the pattern formed on the PCB

board. Add few drops of blue dye so that the pattern become visible. Step VIII: After this heat a solution of ferric chloride and hydrochloric acid in a glass tray with the help of a heater. Step IX: When the solution get heated to a sufficient temperature then pour the PCB board in it for sufficient time. This process is known as etching and removes undesired Cu from the PCB board. RESULT: FSS surface) is ready. (Frequency selective

IV. Measurement Process.

In order to determine the range of frequencies that above FSS surfaces allow to pass , we need to plot a graph between s21r and frequency on the basis of experimental data that can be collected using FREE SPACE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE .

FREE - SPACE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE It is in wide spread use for the reflectivity measurement of Electromagnetic wave absorbers abbreviated as EMA, in VHF and UHF range In the free-space method, both the reflection levels from EMA and the metal plate of the same size are measured, and the reflectivity is calculated by their ratio. Free space methods are non-destructive and contact less.A free space measurement system operating in the GHz frequency range is used to measure the reflection and transmission coefficient, S11 and S21. The measurement system consists of transmitting and receiving horn lens antennas, a network analyzer, mode transitions, and a computer. Results are reported in the frequency range of 8.6 to 13.4 GHz for materials such as Teflon, Sodium borosilicate glass, and microwave absorbing materials. Sample can be in the form of sheets, coating, powder or liquid. Requires no special sample preparation. Samples can be evaluated at the controlled temperatures in the range of -40 degree Celsius to +1500 degree Celsius using specially designed high and low temperature cells.

V. Characterization Process Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS) can be characterized into different type of filters for different frequency ranges depending upon the graph between frequency and S21 r SAMPLE 1 It can act as a band stop filter with stop band ranging from 9.586 GHz to 10.342 GHz

SAMPLE 2 It can act as a band pass filter with pass band ranging from 8.2 GHz to 12.316 GHz

SAMPLE 3 It can act as a high pass filter with cutoff frequency 10.405 GHz

VI. Applications FSS technology seems to be an inexpensive solution to the problem of wireless communication in buildings with energy saving windows. However their most important application is their use in design of special covers for defense aircrafts called radomes that are capable of absorbing RADAR waves. VII. Conclusion

SAMPLE 3

It can act as a high pass filter with cutoff frequency 10.405 GHz

SAMPLE 4 It can act as a band pass filter with pass band ranging from 8.2 GHz to 12.358 GHz

Thus we can conclude by saying that by changing the shape and size of the metallic elements on the FSS surface we can develop different types of filters with different cutoff frequencies. VIII. References

SAMPLE 4

It can act as a band pass filter with pass band ranging from 8.2 GHz to 12.358 GHz

SAMPLE 5 It can act as a low pass filter with cutoff frequency at 12.316 GHz .

1. Wikipedia 2. IEEE 3. Minutes sheet on Traditional frequency selective surfaces : design , characterization and applications 4. Paper on High impedence electromagnetic surfaces with a forbidden frequency band by Dan Sievenpiper, member IEEE

SAMPLE 5

It can act as a low pass filter with cutoff frequency at 12.316 GHz .