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Speakers
Understanding HPLC Column Characterization and Selection
Dr Tony Edge
Technical Manager ThermoFisher Scientific
Tony Taylor
Technical Director Crawford Scientific
Moderator
Alasdair Matheson
Editor LCGC Europe
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Aims & Objectives
Essential characteristics of an HPLC stationary phase Review of bonded phase chemistry Why characterize HPLC columns? Column classification databases Common classification tests Interpreting classification results Using column classification to aid column selection Relating column properties to analyte characteristics Similar and orthogonal phases Column classification the future
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Column Classification Why?
Define the essential characteristics of stationary phases in terms of retentivity but more especially selectivity
Derive a set of test probes which highlight differences between these properties Use the data generated to characterize all columns available Use chemometrics to find a useful way to display this data for easy column comparison Rank columns on similarity / difference based on a specific property or on overall performance Identify columns which have a dominant (helpful) characteristic for method development Gain better insight into problems / issues by relating analyte properties to column characteristics (column interactions)
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Measuring Column Performance (I)
Retention Factor (k) Efficiency (N)
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Measuring Column Performance (II)
Selectivity (a) Resolution (R)
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Measuring Column Performance (III)
Peak Asymmetry (As)
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C18 HPLC Column Essential Properties (I)
Bonded phase
Standard octadecylsilyl alkyl silane Polar Embedded C18 (with imide, carbamate etc. spacer) Mixture of C18 and shorter alkyl chains Nature of the silane substituents (e.g di-isobutyl silane) Carbon loading Carbon loading to silica surface area ratio (phase density)
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C18 HPLC Column Essential Properties (II)
Nature of the base silica
Sol or sil-gel particle Type I or Type II silica Silica metal ion content Totally porous, polymeric or superficially porous support Pure silica or organic / inorganic hybrid Spherical or irregular silica particle Particle size and particle size distribution Pore size Surface area Deactivation / nature of the end-capping reagent
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C18 HPLC Column Essential Properties (III)
Column Format
Column Length Internal diameter Nature of the material used for column construction Metal passivation technique Interior tubing surface polishing Nature of the frit and spreaders used in the column end fittings (porosity and material of construction) Packing methodology (packing pressure, solvents used etc.)
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Silica Silica as a support material (I)
Nature of base silica
R is usually methyl or ethyl
Silanol species
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Silica as a support material (II)
* *
Type I and II Silica
Basic, polar analyte (*) analysed using Type I (right) and Type II (left) silica under reversed phase conditions (45% MeCN / 55% 0.1%TFA, pH 2.1, 35oC)
pH Dependence
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Common bonded phase types (I)
Alkyl Phases
Base Chemistry and pH Modifications
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Common bonded phase types (II)
Polar Embedded Phases
Phenyl Phases
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Key Column Classification Initiatives
Tanaka et. al. K. Kimata, K. Iwaguchi, S. Onishi, K. Jinno, R. Eksteen, K. Hosoya, M. Arki, N. Tanaka, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 27 (1989) 721. Euerby & Petersson M. R. Euerby, P. Petersson, J. Chromatogr. A 994 (2003), p. 13 36 USP Working Group on HPLC Columns Pharmacopeial Forum Vol. 31(2) [Mar.Apr. 2005]
PQRI Snyder, Dolan et. al. N.S. Wilson, M.D. Nelson, J.W. Dolan, L.R. Snyder, R.G. Wolcott, P.W. Carr, J. Chromatogr. A 961 (2002) 171-193.
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Important Column Variables
Variables HR hydrophobic retention HS hydrophobic selectivity SS steric selectivity HBC hydrogen bonding capacity BA base activity C chelation IEX ion exchange capacity at pH 2.6 and 7.6 AI acid interaction
Figure courtesy of ThermoFisher Scientific, Runcorn, UK
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Tanaka Probes(I)
Retention Factor (kPB) - retention factor of pentylbenzene (kPB) / surface coverage & ligand density (methanol as t0) Conditions: MeO:H2O (80:20, v/v), 1.0 ml/min, 40 oC, 5 ml injection of pentylbenzene (0.6 mg/ml) Hydropbobic Selectivity (aCH2) selectivity between pentylbenzene and butylbenzene / further measure of ligand density (aCH2 = kPB / kBB)
Pentybenzene logP (o/w) : 4.90 Butylbenzene logP (o/w) : 4.27
Conditions: MeOHH2O (8:2, v/v), 1.0 ml/min, 40 oC, individual 5 ml injection of pentylbenzene (0.6 mg/ml) and butylbenzene (0.3 mg/ml)
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Tanaka Probes (II)
Shape Selectivity (aT/O) ability of the phase to discriminate between planar structures (triphenylene) and those with greater spatial volume (o-terphenyl) / reflects ligand spacing & shape functionality of end capping reagent (aT/O = kT / kO )
triphenylene (T)
o-terphenyl (O)
Conditions: MeOHH2O (80:20, v/v), 1.0 ml/min, 40 oC, individual 5 ml injection of o-terphenyl (0.05 mg/ml) and triphenylene (0.05 mg/ml)
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Tanaka Probes (III)
Hydrogen bonding capacity,(aC/P) selectivity between caffeine and phenol / descriptor of the columns ability to hydrogen bond with a solute / reflects the number of available silanol groups & nature and degree of end-capping (aC/P = kC / kP ) caffeine (C) phenol (P) (pKa = 9.95)
Conditions: MeOHH2O (3:7, v/v), 1.0 ml/min, 40 oC, individual 5-ml injections of phenol (1 mg/ml) and caffeine (0.5mg/ml).
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Tanaka (IV)
Total ion-exchange capacity, (aB/P pH 7.6) - selectivity between benzylamine and phenol at a mobile phase pH of 7.6 / reflects the total silanol activity (total ion exchange capacity) of the column (aB/P = kB / kP (pH 7.6)) Benzylamine (B) (pKa 9.33)
phenol (P) (pKa = 9.95)
Conditions: 20 mM KH2PO4 , pH 7.6, in MeOHH2O (30:70), 1.0 ml/min, 40 oC, individual 5-ml injections of phenol and benzylamine HCl both at 0.5 mg/ml.
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Tanaka (V)
Total ion-exchange capacity, (aB/P pH 2.7) - selectivity between benzylamine and phenol at a mobile phase pH of 2.7 / reflects the acidity of the silanol surface (aB/P = kB / kP (pH 2.7)) Benzylamine (B) (pKa 9.33)
phenol (P) (pKa = 9.95)
Conditions: 20 mM KH2PO4 , pH 2.7, in MeOHH2O (30:70), 1.0 ml/min, 40 oC, individual 5-ml injections of phenol and benzylamine HCl both at 0.5 mg/ml.
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Chemometric Comparison (PCA)
PC1 and 2 score plot for 125 silica phases A - mostly non-C18 and traditional acidic (type A) C18 silica phases B - mostly non-acidic (type B) C - polar embedded phases
PC1 and 2 loading plot for all columns excluding non-silica and amino
M. R. Euerby, P. Petersson, J. Chromatogr. A 994 (2003)
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Chemometric Comparison (PCA)
Principal component contribution plot for two C18 columns using Tanaka probes
M. R. Euerby, P. Petersson, J. Chromatogr. A 994 (2003)
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Chemometric Comparison (PCA)
20 mM KH PO , pH 2.7, in MeOHH2O (3.3:96.7, v/v), 1.0 ml/min, 60 oC, 5 ml hydrophilic base test mixture, detection at 210nm. 1 Nicotine 2 Benzylamine 3 Terbutaline 4 Procainamide 5 Salbutamol 6 Phenol
M. R. Euerby, P. Petersson, J. Chromatogr. A 994 (2003)
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Further Chemometric Comparison (PCA)
PC1 and 3 score plot for 125 silica phases: D non C18 phases E acidic phases F perfluoro phases G highly hydrophobic phases H cyano phases
PC1 and 3 loading plot for all columns excluding non-silica and amino
M. R. Euerby, P. Petersson, J. Chromatogr. A 994 (2003)
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PCA Practically Speaking!
M. R. Euerby, P. Petersson, J. Chromatogr. A 994 (2003)
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PCA Practically Speaking!
M. R. Euerby, P. Petersson, J. Chromatogr. A 994 (2003)
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PCA Impractically Speaking!
PCA - not practical for everyone Columns have continuum of characteristics Columns may be on the cusp of two classes Defining variable may have no relevance to the separation at hand Need to be able to compare columns without assigning them to classes Need to be able to equate differences in specific column variables to analyte structure / physico-chemical properties
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Quantifying Similarity & Orthogonality
Similar Columns
Orthogonal Columns
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Further Classification Phenyl phases
o-terphenyl (O)
pentylbenzene (PB)
1,3,5trinitrobenzene (TNB) Nitrobenzene (NB)
2-nitrotoluene (2NT)
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2,4dinitrotoluene (DNT)
Orthogonality in Phenyl phases
20mM KH2PO4, pH 2.7 in MeOH:H2O (45.5:54.5, v/v), 60 oC, 5ml injection of a lipophilic base test mixture and detection at 210 nm
M. R. Euerby, P. Petersson J. Chromatogr. A 1154 (2007)
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Conclusions on Phenyl Phases (I)
Phenyl phases tend to show lower hydrophobic retention than their C18 counterparts
The length of the alkyl spacer / inclusion of an electronegative atom strongly influences p-p interaction Main difference between phenyl (p-base) and pentafluorophenyl (PFP) phases (p-acid) is enhanced shape selectivity and reduced aromatic selectivity
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Conclusions on Phenyl Phases (II)
Phenyl phases appeared to have a higher hydrogen bonding capacity than their alkly counterparts (although caffeine may notbe an appropriate probe) Phenyl phases with longer alkyl linking chains exhibit enhanced hydrophobicity, increased shape and aromatic selectivity, decreased ion exchange and increased apparent hydrogen bonding capacity
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USP Characterization Methodology
The USP Working Group on HPLC columns Members of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the five largest manufacturers of HPLC columns in the United States This group uses the NIST Standard Reference Material SRM 870 to evaluate columns using the following test conditions Mobile phase: 80 % methanol / 20 % buffer (v/v) (5 mmol/L potassium phosphate adjusted to pH 7) Flow rate: 2 mL/min Column temp: 23oC 2oC Inj. Vol.: 5 L
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USP Probes
Hydrophobicity / column retentiveness (capacity factor of ethylbenzene, H or Hy)
Chelation (tailing factor of quinizarin, C or CTF)
Activity toward bases (silanol activity) (capacity factor CA or CTA, and tailing factor of Amitriptyline, TA or TFA)
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USP Typical Results
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USP Shape Selectivity
SRM879a
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USP Shape Selectivity
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USP Quantitative Ranking Factor
BD
BD = surface coverage (mol/m2) %C = percent carbon loading of the bonded silica nC = number of carbon atoms in the bonded ligand MW = molecular weight of the bonded ligand SA = surface area of silica substrate (m2/g)
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USP Column Selection Database
Similar and orthogonal columns to HyPurity C18 according to the USP classification database
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PQRI / Hydrophobic Subtraction Model
The Impurities Working Group of the PQRI Drug Substance Technical Committee with Snyder and Dolan - Hydrophobic Subtraction Model. This model is very well characterized and widely reported in literature Reversed phase conditions: 50% acetonitrile / buffer; pH 2.8 and 7.0; 35oC
N.S. Wilson, M.D. Nelson, J.W. Dolan, L.R. Snyder, R.G. Wolcott, P.W. Carr, J. Chromatogr. A 961 (2002) 171-193.
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Hydrophobic Subtraction Model log = log k/kEB = H S* + bA + B + C
- relative retention (kEB) - hydrophobicity (H) - steric interaction (S*) - hydrogen-bond acidity (A) and basicity (B) - relative silanol ionization or cation-exchange capacity (C) at pH (2.8 and 7.0)
N.S. Wilson, M.D. Nelson, J.W. Dolan, L.R. Snyder, R.G. Wolcott, P.W. Carr, J. Chromatogr. A 961 (2002) 171-193.
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Hydrophobic Subtraction Model
N.S. Wilson, M.D. Nelson, J.W. Dolan, L.R. Snyder, R.G. Wolcott, P.W. Carr, J. Chromatogr. A 961 (2002).
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Hydrophobic Subtraction Model - Quantitative
Fs values below 3 are considered excellent matches Fs values below 5 are considered reasonable matches Fs values above 5 are considered poor matches.
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Commercially Available Databases
Tanaka / Euerby & Petersson Column Selector Database Column selection database based on the work of Euerby and Petersson: http://www.acdlabs.com/products/adh/chrom/chromproc/index.p hp#colsel
Note: in order to run this application you will also need to install the Freeware version of ACD Labs ChemSketch which can be downloaded here: http://www.acdlabs.com/resources/freeware/chemsketch/
USP & PQRI Databases Both the USP and PQRI databases can be found at the following location: http://www.usp.org/USPNF/columnsDB.html
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Summary
Key characteristics of commercially available stationary phases have been identified
Several groups are working to develop suitable chemical probes to characterise columns according to these key variables
No consensus on methodology currently and several different methods exist to quantify similarity or orthogonality PQRI / Euerby & Petersson / USP largest to smallest databases in terms of numbers of columns characterised Possible to collate results to key column characteristics for method development More easily identify similar or orthogonal columns Helps us to understand more than we get from some manufacturers literature
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