This document discusses speech production and the anatomy involved. It notes that the oral cavity modifies expiratory air flow to produce a variety of sounds. Speech sounds are produced by forcing air through the narrow gap of the vocal cords, whose position and tension are controlled by laryngeal muscles. The brain controls speech production through areas like Broca's area, which controls word formation, and Wernicke's area, which is involved in language understanding. Consonants are produced by controlling air release, while vowels are produced by varying oral resonator size. Factors like dental abnormalities or procedures can influence speech sounds by altering resonator volumes or structures that impede airflow.
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This document discusses speech production and the anatomy involved. It notes that the oral cavity modifies expiratory air flow to produce a variety of sounds. Speech sounds are produced by forcing air through the narrow gap of the vocal cords, whose position and tension are controlled by laryngeal muscles. The brain controls speech production through areas like Broca's area, which controls word formation, and Wernicke's area, which is involved in language understanding. Consonants are produced by controlling air release, while vowels are produced by varying oral resonator size. Factors like dental abnormalities or procedures can influence speech sounds by altering resonator volumes or structures that impede airflow.
This document discusses speech production and the anatomy involved. It notes that the oral cavity modifies expiratory air flow to produce a variety of sounds. Speech sounds are produced by forcing air through the narrow gap of the vocal cords, whose position and tension are controlled by laryngeal muscles. The brain controls speech production through areas like Broca's area, which controls word formation, and Wernicke's area, which is involved in language understanding. Consonants are produced by controlling air release, while vowels are produced by varying oral resonator size. Factors like dental abnormalities or procedures can influence speech sounds by altering resonator volumes or structures that impede airflow.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
This document discusses speech production and the anatomy involved. It notes that the oral cavity modifies expiratory air flow to produce a variety of sounds. Speech sounds are produced by forcing air through the narrow gap of the vocal cords, whose position and tension are controlled by laryngeal muscles. The brain controls speech production through areas like Broca's area, which controls word formation, and Wernicke's area, which is involved in language understanding. Consonants are produced by controlling air release, while vowels are produced by varying oral resonator size. Factors like dental abnormalities or procedures can influence speech sounds by altering resonator volumes or structures that impede airflow.
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SPEECH
Oral Physiology Dent 207
Speech
Oral cavity only assists in breathing when nasal breathing is insufficient Mouth controls & modifies expiratory air flow
Producing a variety of sounds
Generation of sound frequency
The production of intelligible speech sounds is a modification of expiration by
Forcing outflowing air through a narrow gap Bounded by structures of variable & controllable elasticity (vocal cords)
Position, length & tension of vocal cords are controlled by the laryngeal muscles
Neural control of speech
Vagus nerve
Recurrent laryngeal nerve External laryngeal nerve Brocas area, controlled by Wernickes area
Ultimate control from cerebral cortex
Speech production is controlled from the categorical hemisphere (left)
Lesions on the representational side (right) have no effect on speech
Brocas area
Just above the Sylvian fissure Controls actual word formation & necessary adjustment of respiration By activating appropriate muscle signaling in the motor cortex
Wernickes area
In the superior temporal gyrus Linked to the Brocas area by arcuate fasciculus Concerned with
Understanding of language (spoken or written) Generation of intelligible speech
Lesions affecting speech areas
Fluent aphasia
Wernickes area or arcuate fasciculus Patient can generate a mixture of recognizable & nonsense words that do not link together into intelligible speech
Errors of articulation
Brocas area
Sound vs. speech
Sound
Control of expiration Vocal cords A mixture of frequencies Stoppage of airflow Amplification of certain frequencies By muscular activity of oral & perioral regions
Speech - sound modified by
Loudness depends on force of expiration Bony conduction vs. airborne conduction Bony sinuses
Vocal sounds become intelligible speech
Two process
Selective amplification of particular frequencies
By variation of size of resonating chambers
Controlled release of expired air Phonation
Two terms
Production & selection of frequencies (vowels)
Patterning of air release (consonants)
Articulation
Males vs. females
Later puberty of males More time for growth of laryngeal cartilages Longer vocal cords Changes in puberty
Frequency in males drops by an octave Frequency in females drops by 2-3 tones
Trained for 50 Hz or 1000 Hz The lowest is 27 Hz Highest 4000 Hz
Resonators
Vestibular, laryngeal, pharyngeal resonators
Fixed in form Fixed in form Variation of sound depends on whether used or not Not used when air is directed through the mouth Unimportant Anterior, posterior Size affected by tongue position
Nasal, paranasal sinus resonator
Labial, vestibular resonator
Oral resonator separated by the tongue into
Resonators
Vowel sound
Two formant frequency for a vowel
A lower frequency amplified by posterior oral chamber A higher frequency amplified by anterior oral chamber Changes the relative size of anterior & posterior resonators Tongue posterior a Tongue further forward i Space between tongue & palate gives different qualities of the vowel
Position of the tongue
Soft palate seals off the nasal cavity in English vowels Nasal cavity remains continuous with oropharynx in some French vowels
Clicks & consonants
Controlling the release of the vibrating air Bringing oral structure together & then separating them
Clicks
Sound produced when air flows through a low pressure zone created when articulating structures are held together then separated over a small area
Consonants
Sound produced when airflow is stopped in initiation, ending & separation of vowel sounds Classified according
Anatomical location at which airflow is impeded Degree of impedance partial / complete
Bilabial, labiodental, linguodental Lingupalatal
Alveolar Prepalatal Velar Glottal
Bilabial consonants
Nasal sound - M Plosive sound B, P At mandibular rest position
Used to determine rest position in dental prosthetics
Incomplete stoppage of airflow
Rolled sound - R Lateral sound L Fricative sound
Leaving a slit or rounded opening Th, Z, V, Y, F, S, W, Y J, CH
Affricative sound (with sudden release)
Other factors
Volume of airflow
D vs. T that Thin
Voiced consonants strong
Unvoiced consonant weak
Influence of malocclusion & dental procedures on sounds
Alteration in the volume of oral & nasal resonators Position & size of structures impeding airflow during articulation
