NAME LAB TIME/DATE

Anatomy of the Digestive System

General Histological Plan of the Alimentary Canal
1. The general anatomical features of the alimentary canal are listed below. Fill in the table to complete the information.

Wall layer mucosa submucosa muscularis extern a serosa or adventitia

Subdivisions of the layer (if applicable) 1) epithelium; 2) lamina propria; 3) muscularis mucosa (not applicable) 1) circular layer 2) longitudinal layer (not applicable)

Major functions absorption secretion vascular supply for mucosa; protection churning; mixing; propulsion offood along the tract protection and anchoring for adventitia; reduction of friction for abdominal organs by serosa

Organs of the Alimentary Canal

2. The tubelike digestive system canal that extends from the mouth to the anus is known as the _a_l_im_e_n_ta_ry..:....canal or the gastrointestinal (GJ) tract.
It has a third (obliquely oriented) muscle layer. _

3. How is the muscularis extema of the stomach modified?

How does this modification relate to the function of the stomach?

Vigorous churning activity occurs here.

4. What transition in epithelial type exists at the gastroesophageal junction?

simple columnar (stomach)

Changes from stratified squamous (esophagus) to

How do the epithelia of these two organs relate to their specific functions?

The esophagus is subjected to constant abrasion and is better protectedfrom acid.

(stratified squamous is well adaptedfor this). The stomach has secretory (and some absorptive)functions

5. Differentiate between the colon and the large intestine.

miform appendix, rectum, and anal canal.

The large intestine includes the colon, but also includes the cecum, ver-

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6. Match the items in column B with the descriptive statements in column A.

ColumnA I.
y

ColumnB a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.
1.

structure that suspends the small intestine from the posterior body wall fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption large collections of lymphoid tissue found in the submucosa of the small intestine deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa that extend completely or partially around the circumference of the small intestine 5. regions that break down foodstuffs mechanically

anus appendix circular folds esophagus frenulum greater omentum hard palate haustra ileocecal valve large intestine lesser omentum mesentery

2. 3. 4.
v

w
q

6. 7.
k

mobile organ that manipulates food in the mouth and initiates swallowing conduit for both air and food 8. three structures continuous with and representing modifications of the peritoneum the "gullet"; no digestive/absorptive folds of the gastric mucosa sacculations of the large intestine projections of the plasma membrane of a mucosal epithelial cell valve at the junction of the small and large intestines primary region of food and water absorption membrane securing the tongue to the floor of the mouth absorbs water and forms feces area between the teeth and lips/cheeks wormlike sac that outpockets from the cecum function

f
d s h
m

9. 10. II. 12. 13. 14.

J. k. 1.

m. microvilli n. o. p. q. r. oral cavity parietal peritoneum Peyer's patches pharynx pyloric valve rugae small intestine soft palate stomach tongue vestibule villi visceral peritoneum
'------'

e
j x b v k

15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 2I.

initiates protein digestion structure attached to the lesser curvature of the stomach organ distal to the stomach valve controlling food movement from the stomach into the duodenum posterosuperior boundary of the oral cavity location of the hepatopancreatic atic secretions and bile pass sphincter through which pancres. t. u. v. w. x. y.

22. 23. 24.

25. 26. 27. 28.

serous lining of the abdominal cavity wall principal site for the synthesis of vitamin K by microorganisms region containing two sphincters through which feces are expelled from the body bone-supported anterosuperior boundary of the oral cavity

j a

z.

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7. Correctly identify all organs depicted in the diagram below.

Oral cavity proper

Parotid gland and duct

~----ir---Sublingual gland and ducts

Pharynx

Submandibular gland and duct

.~---------------------- -J~ __ Esophagus

Gallbladder

~::;;.;....---f-T
Liver----...!.~/ Hepatic duct __ Cystic duct Common bile duct Duodenum

Cardiac "gion oj the stomach.

,!%~~!rr,---~'(J(

Pyloric portion of the stomach

~~~~:.-T-+---------

I(left colic flexure)

Splenic flexure

S~~~~~~~~7i~~~t--4!-l-_

Pancreas with duct

Transverse colon

~~~~:;~;nJl~::--T--Rectum

Appendix

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261

8. You have studied the histological structure of a number of organs in this laboratory. Three of these are diagrammed below. Identify and correctly label each.

~w--lamina propria
-ei!3h-iI--~-

villi

1.i.4l-+\-l.:..i.f/q:;::::I=--

v ill i

gastric gland

'-==~=-i$~ ~.. -="""'::-I

intestinal gland duodenal gland

(a) stomach

(b)

ileum (distal small intestine)

(c) duodenum (proximal

small intestine)

Accessory Digestive Organs

9. Correctly label all structures provided with leader lines in the diagram of a molar below. (Note: Some of the terms in the key for question 10 may be helpful in this task.)

Enamel Dentin Crown Pulp cavity

Gingiva Neck { Peridontalligament

Bone

Root
II'W--#--F+-

Cementum Root canal

Blood vessels and nerves in pulp

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10. Use the key to identify each tooth area described below. _c
_b

Key: a.
b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j.

anatomical crown cementum clinical crown dentin enamel gingiva odontoblast periodontal ligament pulp root
_

1. visible portion of the tooth in situ 2. material covering the tooth root 3. hardest substance in the body 4. attaches the tooth to bone and surrounding alveolar structures
__

_e
_h
"",J,--'

5. portion of the tooth embedded in bone 6. forms the major portion of tooth structure; similar to bone 7. produces the dentin 8. site of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics 9. entire portion of the tooth covered with enamel
; the number of permanent teeth is _3_2

_d

--'g'---- __
___
_a

11. In the human, the number of deciduous teeth is _2_o__ 12. The dental formula for permanent teeth Explain what this means.
-r>;

IS

. 2123 2: 1:2:3

2 and 3 molars in each jaw (upper and lowerY/rom the median

There are 2 incisors,

1 canine, 2 premolars,

line posteriorly. 2,1,0,2 What is the dental formula for the deciduous teeth? 2,1,0,2
X_2 _

20 _

13. What teeth are the "wisdom teeth"? _T_h_e_n_u_m_b_e_r_3---,(_m_o_st-,p~o_s_te_r_io_r,-) _m_o_la_r_s.

14. Various types of glands form a part of the alimentary tube wall or duct their secretions into it. Match the glands listed in column B with the function/locations described in column A. ColumnA
_a

Column B a. b. c. duodenal glands gastric glands intestinal crypts liver pancreas salivary glands

1. 2.

produce(s) mucus; found in the submucosa of the small intestine produce(s) a product containing amylase that begins starch breakdown in the mouth produce(s) a whole spectrum of enzymes and an alkaline fluid that is secreted into the duodenum produce(s) bile that it secretes into the duodenum via the bile duct produce(s) HCI and pepsinogen found in the mucosa of the small intestine; produce(s) intestinal juice

L
_e

3.

d. e. f.

_d
_b

4. 5. 6.

15. Which of the salivary glands produces a secretion that is mainly serous? _P_a_,_'o_ti_d_.

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16. What is the role of the gallbladder?

To store and concentrate

bile made by the liver. _

17. Name three structures always found in the portal triad regions of the liver. _B_,_a_n_ch~of,--th_e_b_il_e_d_u..:..ct _ b_,_a_n_c_h_of"--h--'ep'--a_t_ic_a_r_t_e'-"-y and branch of hepatic portal vein

18. Where would you expect to find the Kupffer cells of the liver? _L_l_n_in-"g'--t_h_e_s_in_u_so_i_ds_. What is their function? Phagocytosis of debris and worn-out blood cells.

19. Why is the liver so dark red in the living animal? _B_ec_a_u_s_e_it_i_s_a_b_l_oo_d_re_s_e_rv_o_il_.

20. The pancreas has two major populations of secretory cells-those the digestive process? _A_c_i_na_r_ce_l_ls_.

in the islets and the acinar cells. Which population serves _

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