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IUPhysicsP201F2009
Assignment 5b

Due at 11:00pm on Sunday, October 5, 2008

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Problem 6.57
Description: Early test flights for the space shuttle used a "glider" (mass of 980 kg including pilot) that was
launched horizontally at 500 (km)/h from a height of 3500 m. The glider eventually landed at a speed of 200
(km)/h. (a) What would its landing speed...
Early test flights for the space shuttle used a "glider" (mass of 980 including pilot) that was launched horizontally
at 500 from a height of 3500 . The glider eventually landed at a speed of 200 .

Part A
What would its landing speed have been in the absence of air resistance?
Express your answer using two significant figures.

ANSWER:
=

Part B
What was the average force of air resistance exerted on it if it came in at a constant glide of 10 to the Earth?

ANSWER: =

Problem 6.88
Description: Some electric-power companies use water to store energy. Water is pumped by reversible turbine
pumps from a low to a high reservoir. (a) To store the energy produced in t hour by a P P * 10^6 (W) electric-power
plant, how many cubic meters of...
Some electric-power companies use water to store energy. Water is pumped by reversible turbine pumps from a low
to a high reservoir.

Part A

To store the energy produced in 3.0 hour by a 150 electric-power plant, how many cubic
meters of water will have to be pumped from the lower to the upper reservoir? Assume the upper reservoir is

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490 above the lower and we can neglect the small change in depths within each. Water has a mass of 1000
for every .

Express your answer using two significant figures.

ANSWER:
=

Problem 6.76
Description: An airplane pilot fell h after jumping from an aircraft without his parachute opening. He landed in a
snowbank, creating a crater d deep, but survived with only minor injuries. Assuming the pilot's mass was m and his
terminal velocity was v_terminal. ...
An airplane pilot fell 390 after jumping from an aircraft without his parachute opening. He landed in a snowbank,
creating a crater 1.5 deep, but survived with only minor injuries. Assuming the pilot's mass was 79 and his
terminal velocity was 39 .

Part A
Estimate the work done by the snow in bringing him to rest.
Express your answer using two significant figures.

ANSWER:
=

Part B
Estimate the magnitude of the average force exerted on him by the snow to stop him.
Express your answer using two significant figures.

ANSWER:
=

Part C
Estimate the work done on him by air resistance as he fell.
Express your answer using two significant figures.

ANSWER:
=

Problem 6.58
Description: (a) How long will it take a P motor to lift a m piano to a sixth-story window y above?

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Part A
How long will it take a 630 motor to lift a 335 piano to a sixth-story window 17.0 above?

ANSWER:
=

PSS 7.3: The Careless Roofer

Description: Young/Geller Problem-Solving Strategy 7.3 Conservation of energy with nonconservative forces is
illustrated.

Learning Goal: To practice Problem-Solving Strategy 7.3 Conservation of energy with nonconservative forces.
While a roofer is working on a roof that slants at = 36.0 above the horizontal, he accidentally nudges his
= 8.50 toolbox, causing it to start sliding downward, starting from rest. A frictional force of magnitude
= 22.0 acts on the toolbox as it slides. If the box starts = 4.25 from the lower edge of the roof, how fast
will the toolbox be moving just as it reaches the edge of the roof? Assume that the acceleration due to gravity is
= 9.80 .

Problem Solving Strategy 7.3 Conservation of energy with nonconservative forces

SET UP

1. Identify the system you will analyze, and decide on the initial and final states (positions and velocities) you
will use in solving the problem. Draw one or more sketches showing the initial and final states.
2. Define your coordinate system, particularly the zero points for gravitational and elastic potential energies
(the point at which ).
3. List the initial and final kinetic and potential energies ( , , , and ) and identify any
nonconservative forces. Write an expression for the work, , done by the nonconservative forces.

SOLVE

4. Use the general expression

for conservation of energy and solve to find the unknown quantity.

REFLECT

5. Does your answer make sense? Did friction slow the object down? Did any pushing forces speed the object
up? Can you explain any negative signs?

SET UP

Before writing any equations, organize your information and draw appropriate diagrams.

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Part A
The initial and final states of the toolbox are illustrated in the figure. Identify the initial speed of the toolbox and
the vertical distance through which the toolbox moves.

Hint A.1 Right-triangle trigonometry

Recall that the sides of a right angle triangle are related by the following:

, , and .

Enter the initial speed and the height symbolically in terms of the variables given in the problem
introduction, separated by a comma.

ANSWER: , =

After identifying the initial and final positions and velocities of the toolbox, you must define your coordinate
system. You can choose any coordinate system you wish. However, for this problem use the coordinate
system shown in the figure.

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Part B
Determine the initial and final kinetic energies, and .

Enter the initial and final kinetic energies of the toolbox symbolically in terms of the variables given in the
problem introduction separated by a comma.

ANSWER: , =

Part C
Determine the initial and final potential energies, and .

Enter the initial and final potential energies of the toolbox symbolically in terms of the variables given in the
problem introduction separated by a comma. Do not use the variable introduced in Part A.

ANSWER: , =

Part D
Determine the work done by any nonconservative forces acting on the toolbox.

Hint D.1 How to find the work done by a force

When an object undergoes a displacement with magnitude along a straight line, while a constant force
with magnitude , making an angle with (as illustrated), acts on the object, the work done by the force on
the object is given by

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Enter the work done by nonconservative forces symbolically in terms of the variables given in the problem
introduction.

ANSWER: =

SOLVE

Now that you have set up the problem, choose appropriate equations and solve for your unknowns.

Part E
Use the general expression for conservation of energy

to write an equation relating the initial and final kinetic and potential energies and the work done by friction.
Enter your equation symbolically using the variables given in the problem introduction. Do not use the
variable . Enter the left side of the equation and the right side of the equation separated by a comma. Do
not use an equal sign.

ANSWER: , =

The only unknown variable in this equation is . Use the values for the variables provided in the problem
introduction to solve for numerically.

Part F
What is the speed of the toolbox as it falls off the roof?

Enter your answer numerically in meters per second.

ANSWER:

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REFLECT

Think about whether your results make sense.

Part G
If the force if friction is removed, how would your answer change?

ANSWER: The speed would be slower.

The speed would be the same.
The speed would be faster.

Baby Bounce with a Hooke

Description: Application of Hooke's Law
One of the pioneers of modern science, Sir Robert Hooke (1635-1703), studied the elastic properties of springs and
formulated the law that bears his name. Hooke found the relationship among the force a spring exerts, , the distance
from equilibrium the end of the spring is displaced, , and a number called the spring constant (or, sometimes, the
force constant of the spring). According to Hooke, the force of the spring is directly proportional to its displacement
from equilibrium, or

In its scalar form, this equation is simply

The negative sign indicates that the force that the spring exerts and its displacement have opposite directions. The
value of depends on the geometry and the material of the spring; it can be easily determined experimentally using
this scalar equation.

Toy makers have always been interested in springs for the entertainment value of the motion they produce. One
well-known application is a baby bouncer,which consists of a harness seat for a toddler, attached to a spring. The
entire contraption hooks onto the top of a doorway.
The idea is for the baby to hang in the seat with his or
her feet just touching the ground so that a good push
up will get the baby bouncing, providing potentially
hours of entertainment.

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Part A
The following chart and accompanying graph depict an experiment to determine the spring constant for a baby
bouncer.

Displacement from Force exerted on

equilibrium, the spring,
( ) ( )

0 0
0.005 2.5
0.010 5.0
0.015 7.5
0.020 10

What is the spring constant of the spring being

tested for the baby bouncer?

Hint A.1 How to approach the problem

Look at the pattern in the data to determine what number must multiply the distance to achieve the force exerted
on the spring. Look at both the table and the graph.

Part A.2 Find the spring constant from the graph

The relationship between the displacement and force is linear. This set of data follows the form of ,
where is the slope of the line and is the y intercept. For all springs, the force is 0 when the displacement is 0
so . This leaves the slope of the line to determine the relationship between displacement and force. What is
the slope that you get from the graph?

Hint A.2.a Slope equation

Slope is given by the change in divided by the change in . In this case, .

Express your answer as a fraction in unsimplified form.

ANSWER:
=

All you need to do now is to convert the fraction to its decimal value.

Express your answer to two significant figures in newtons per meter.

ANSWER: =

Part B

One of the greatest difficulties with setting up the baby bouncer is determining the right height above the floor so
that the child can push off and bounce. Knowledge of physics can be really helpful here.

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If the spring constant , the baby has a mass , and the baby's legs reach a distance
from the bouncer, what should be the height of the "empty" bouncer above the floor?

Hint B.1 How to approach the problem

Use Hooke's law to determine the displacement of the spring from equilibrium given the force the spring must
exert to hold up the baby. The displacement must lower the baby toward the floor until the baby's feet can touch.

Hint B.2 Which force to use

The force the spring exerts is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the force exerted on it by the weight
of the baby.

Part B.3 Find the force exerted by the baby

The weight of the baby is equal to the force exerted on the spring. What is the weight of the baby?

Hint B.3.a Formula for weight

Recall that the weight of an object is given by

where is the mass of the object and is the acceleration due to gravity.

Express your answer in newtons to three significant figures.

ANSWER: =

Part B.4 Find the displacement of the spring

Use Hooke's law to determine how far the spring would stretch downward once the baby is placed in the seat.
How far does the bottom end of the spring move?
Express your answer in meters to two significant figures.

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ANSWER: =

To finish the problem, you must consider the length of the baby's legs.

Express your answer in meters to two significant figures.

ANSWER: =

A displacement of for the spring holding up a baby may not seem very large but you must consider
how small babies are. Also, once the baby begins jumping up and down, the extra energy allows the spring to
stretch further than 0.22 and a resonant frequency may be achieved. At resonance the bouncing may
become too violent, leading to a potentially dangerous situation for the little bouncer.

Circling Ball
Description: Find difference between tension in string for bottom and top of vertical circle. Tagged hints.
A ball of mass is attached to a string of length . It is being swung in a vertical circle with enough speed so that
the string remains taut throughout the ball's motion. Assume that the ball travels freely in this vertical circle with
negligible loss of total mechanical energy. At the top
and bottom of the vertical circle, the ball's speeds are
and , and the corresponding tensions in the string are
and . and have magnitudes and .

Part A
Find , the difference between the magnitude of the tension in the string at the bottom relative to that at the
top of the circle.

Hint A.1 How to approach this problem

Identify the forces that act on the ball as it moves along the circular path. Then, write equations for the sum of the
forces on the ball at the top and the bottom of the path. Next, use Newton's second law to relate these net forces to
the acceleration of the ball. Notice that the ball does not move with uniform speed so the acceleration of the ball
at the top of the circle is different from the acceleration at the bottom of the circle.

To finish the problem, you may want to use energy conservation to relate the speed of the ball at the bottom of the

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circle to the speed at the top.

Part A.2 Find the sum of forces at the bottom of the circle
What is the magnitude of the net force in the y direction acting on the ball at the bottom of the circle?
Express your answer in terms of the variables given in the problem. You may use to represent the
acceleration of gravity, 9.8 .

ANSWER: =

Part A.3 Find the acceleration at the bottom of the circle

Find , the magnitude of the vertical acceleration of the ball at the bottom of its circle.

Express your answer in terms of and possibly other given quantities.

ANSWER:
=

Part A.4 Find the tension at the bottom of the circle

Find the magnitude of the tension in the string when the ball is at the bottom of the circle.

Hint A.4.a What physical principle to use

Apply Newton's 2nd law in the y direction to obtain .

Express your answer in terms of , , , and the speed of the ball at the bottom of the circle.

ANSWER:
=

Part A.5 Find the sum of forces at the top of the circle
What is the magnitude of the net force in the y direction acting on the ball at the top of its circle?
Express your answer in terms of the variables given in the problem. You may use to represent the
acceleration of gravity, 9.8 .

ANSWER: =

Part A.6 Find the acceleration at the top of the circle

Find , the magnitude of the vertical acceleration of the ball at the top of its circle.

Express your answer in terms of and possibly other given quantities.

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ANSWER:
=

Part A.7 Find the tension at the top of the circle

Find the magnitude of the tension in the string when the ball is at the top of the circle.

Hint A.7.a Relationship to solution for

Follow the same steps you used to find (see Hint 3), noting carefully where various directions (signs) are
reversed.

Express your answer in terms of , , , and the speed of the ball at the top of the circle.

ANSWER:
=

Part A.8 Find the relationship between and

The total mechanical energy of the system is the same when the ball is at the top and bottom of the vertical circle.
Use conservation of energy to write an expression for in terms of .

Your answer may also include , , and .

ANSWER: =

Express the difference in tension in terms of and . The quantities and should not appear in your
final answer.

ANSWER: =

The method outlined in the hints is really the only practical way to do this problem. If done properly, finding
the difference between the tensions, , can be accomplished fairly simply and elegantly.

Workhorses on Erie Canal

Description: Compute the work done by one of two horses pulling a barge. Then compute the power provided by
the horse.
Two workhorses tow a barge along a straight canal. Each horse exerts a constant force of magnitude , and the tow
ropes make an angle with the direction of motion of the horses and the barge. Each horse is traveling at a constant
speed .

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Part A
How much work is done by each horse in a time ?

Hint A.1 Formula for work

For a constant force, the work done is the dot product of the force vector with the displacement vector (pointing
from the initial to the final position of the object),

Part A.2 Find the x component of the force

What is the (x) component of the force exerted by either horse (it's the same for both horses) along its
direction of travel?
Express your answer in terms of the quantities given in the problem introduction.

ANSWER: =

Part A.3 Find the distance traveled

Find the distance traveled by a horse during a time interval .

Express your answer in terms of the quantities given in the problem introduction.

ANSWER: =

Express the work in terms of the quantities given in the problem introduction.

ANSWER: =

Part B

How much power does each horse provide?

Hint B.1 Formula for power

Power is the time derivative of the work, .

Express your answer in terms of the quantities given in the problem introduction.

ANSWER: =

One way to compute the power provided by each horse is to first compute the work done by each horse during
a time interval (as in Part A), then take the time derivative. However, an easier way to compute the power
provided when a force acts on an object moving with velocity is to use the formula

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Fat: The Fuel of Migrating Birds

Description: Find the maximum distance a bird can fly without feeding, given the amount of fat consumed in the
flight and the bird's average speed and power consumption. Also, find how many grams of fat a hummingbird needs
to fly across the Gulf of Mexico without feeding.
Small birds can migrate over long distances without feeding, storing energy mostly as fat rather than carbohydrate.
Fat is a good form of energy storage because it provides
the most energy per unit mass: 1 gram of fat provides
about 9.4 (food) Calories, compared to 4.2 (food)
Calories per 1 gram of carbohydrate. Remember that
Calories associated with food, which are always
capitalized, are not exactly the same as calories used in
physics or chemistry, even though they have the same
name. More specifically, one food Calorie is equal to
1000 calories of mechanical work or 4186 joules.
Therefore, in this problem use the conversion factor
.

Part A
Consider a bird that flies at an average speed of 10.7 and releases energy from its body fat reserves at an
average rate of 3.70 (this rate represents the power consumption of the bird). Assume that the bird consumes
of fat to fly over a distance without stopping for feeding. How far will the bird fly before feeding again?

Hint A.1 How to approach the problem

From the average speed of the bird, you can calculate how far the bird can fly without stopping if you know the
duration of the flight. To determine the duration of the flight, first find the amount of energy available from
converting 4 grams of fat, and then use the definition of power.

Part A.2 Find the energy used during the flight

How much energy does the bird have available when it converts 4 grams of fat?

Hint A.2.a Converting fat into energy

As stated in the introduction of this problem,1 gram of fat provides about 9.4 (food) Calories. Also keep in mind

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that .

Express your answer in kilojoules.

ANSWER: =

Part A.3 Find the duration of the flight

If the bird consumes energy at a rate of 3.70 , how many hours can it fly using the energy supply provided
by 4 grams of fat?

Hint A.3.a Definition of power

The average power (measured in watts) is the ratio of the energy transformed in the time interval :

Note that power measures either the rate at which energy is transferred (or transformed) or the rate

at which work is performed.

Hint A.3.b Power: units

Power is measured in watts. One watt is equal to 1 joule per second (i.e., ).

Express your answer in hours.

ANSWER:
=

Part A.4 Find the distance in terms of average velocity

Which of the following expressions gives the distance traveled in the time interval at an average speed ?

ANSWER:

Now use this expression to find the distance traveled by the bird. Make sure that the units are consistent!

Express your answer in kilometers.

ANSWER:
=

Part B

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How many grams of carbohydrate would the bird have to consume to travel the same distance ?

Hint B.1 How to approach the problem

As stated in the introduction of this problem,1 gram of fat provides about 9.4 Calories, while 1 gram of
carbohydrate provides 4.2 Calories.

Express your answer in grams

ANSWER:
=

This is more than twice the amount of fat that was needed! In addition, to store 1 gram of carbohydrate (in the
form of glycogen, the most common form of animal carbohydrate) about 3 grams of water are needed.
Therefore, if energy were stored as carbohydrates, the bird would need to carry more than eight times the fuel
mass to perform the same migratory flight!

Part C
Field observations suggest that a migrating ruby-throated hummingbird can fly across the Gulf of Mexico on a
nonstop flight traveling a distance of about 800 . Assuming that the bird has an average speed of 40.0
and an average power consumption of 1.70 , how many grams of fat does a ruby-throated hummingbird
need to accomplish the nonstop flight across the Gulf of Mexico?

Hint C.1 How to approach the problem

In Part A you were given the amount of fat consumed over the entire flight and were asked to calculate the
distance traveled by the migrating bird. Now you need to solve the reverse problem. That is, given the distance
traveled, calculate the amount of energy required to perform the flight. Thus, apply the same method as the one
used in part A, only in reverse. From the information on distance and average speed, calculate the duration of the
nonstop flight. Then use your result and the given power consumption to determine the amount of energy required
for the flight. Finally, calculate how many grams are needed to provide that amount of energy.

Part C.2 Find the duration of the flight

How many hours will the ruby-throated hummingbird fly to travel a distance of 800 at an average speed of
40.0 ?

Express your answer in hours

ANSWER:
=

Part C.3 Find the energy required for the nonstop flight

Given that the hummingbird consumes energy at an average rate of 1.70 , how much energy will it require
during the nonstop flight over the Gulf of Mexico?

Hint C.3.a How to use power and time

Remember that power is energy transferred (or transformed) per unit time. Make sure you are using the correct
unit for time.

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Express your answer in joules.

ANSWER:
=

Now calculate how many grams of fat are required to provide this amount of energy. Recall that 1 gram of
fat provides 9.4 Calories of energy.

Express your answer in grams.

ANSWER:
=

Considering that in normal conditions the mass of a ruby-throated hummingbird is only 3 or 4 grams, the bird
will need to almost double its body mass to store enough fat to perform the nonstop flight.

Work on a Block Sliding Up a Frictionless Incline

Description: A box is pulled up a frictionless incline. Find the work done by gravity, the pulling force, and the
normal force. (version for algebra-based courses)
A block of weight = 35.0 sits on a frictionless inclined plane, which makes an angle = 32.0 with respect to
the horizontal, as shown in the figure. A force of magnitude = 18.5 , applied parallel to the incline, is just
sufficient to pull the block up the plane at constant
speed.

Part A
The block moves up an incline with constant speed. What is the total work done on the block by all forces as
the block moves a distance = 4.10 up the incline? Include only the work done after the block has started
moving at constant speed, not the work needed to start the block moving from rest.

Hint A.1 What physical principle to use

To find the total work done on the block, use the work-energy theorem, which relates the total work done to the

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initial and final kinetic energies:

Part A.2 Find the change in kinetic energy

What is the change in the kinetic energy of the block during this process? Keep in mind that that the block moves
at constant speed.

Hint A.2.a A formula for kinetic energy

The kinetic energy of an object is related to its mass and velocity by the formula

Express your answer numerically in joules.

ANSWER: =

Express your answer numerically in joules.

ANSWER: =

Part B
What is , the work done on the block by the force of gravity as the block moves a distance = 4.10 up
the incline?

Hint B.1 An equation for work done by a constant force

Recall that the equation for the work done by a constant force is given as , where is the angle
between the force vector and the displacement vector . Another way to express this relationship is through
the equation , where is the component of the force vector that lies in the same direction as the
displacement. When using this expression, you must be careful to determine the sign of the work done by the
force. If points in the same direction as , then is positive. If points in the opposite direction from ,
then is negative. The next two hints will help you find , the parallel component of the gravitational force.
Then you can find the work done by gravity using the general formula .

Hint B.2 Force diagram

The figure shows a diagram of the forces acting on the block.

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Part B.3 Find the component of the gravitational force parallel to the plane
What is , the magnitude of the component of the force of gravity along the inclined plane?

Hint B.3.a Vector components of the force of gravity

The force due to gravity, often called the weight, has components both parallel and perpendicular to the inclined
plane. Based on the force diagram in Hint B.2, the component of parallel to the inclined plane has magnitude
given by .

Express your answer numerically in newtons.

ANSWER: =

Hint B.4 Relative directions of force and motion

Keep in mind that work done by a force is positive if a force acts in the direction of motion, and is negative if the
force acts against the direction of motion.

Express your answer numerically in joules.

ANSWER: =

Part C
What is , the work done on the block by the applied force as the block moves a distance = 4.10 up the
incline?

Hint C.1 Equation for work done by a constant force

Use the same procedure as that presented in Hint B.1. The displacement is the same, but the force vector is
different.

Express your answer numerically in joules.

ANSWER: =

You may have noticed that . This is not a coincidence, of course. Can you see why? If yes, the
next part will be easy.

Part D

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What is , the work done on the block by the normal force as the block moves a distance = 4.10 up the
inclined plane?

Hint D.1 The parallel component of the normal force

The normal force and the block's displacement vector are perpendicular.

Express your answer numerically in joules.

ANSWER: =

Now consider this: . Also, and . Therefore, ,

or . It may have been easier to solve Part C first. Perhaps that is what you did.

Summary 0 of 10 items complete (0% avg. score)

0 of 10 points

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