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    Psilophyta To Sphenophyta

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    janinamariesarmiento
    Seedless vascular plants such as ferns, club mosses, horsetails transport water through vascular tissue. They differ in their structures - club mosses resemble miniature pine trees with scalelike leaves, horsetails have true leaves, stems and roots, and ferns can be creeping or have underground rhizomes. These plants reproduce via spores rather than seeds and their gametophytes and sporophytes can be independent. They were once much larger but many died out as the climate changed. Lycophytes and sphenophytes have specialized reproductive structures called strobili. Lycophytes like club mosses and spike mosses have scale or needle-like leaves and reproduce via spores. Hor

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    Psilophyta To Sphenophyta

    Uploaded by

    janinamariesarmiento
    1K views39 pages
    Seedless vascular plants such as ferns, club mosses, horsetails transport water through vascular tissue. They differ in their structures - club mosses resemble miniature pine trees with scalelike leaves, horsetails have true leaves, stems and roots, and ferns can be creeping or have underground rhizomes. These plants reproduce via spores rather than seeds and their gametophytes and sporophytes can be independent. They were once much larger but many died out as the climate changed. Lycophytes and sphenophytes have specialized reproductive structures called strobili. Lycophytes like club mosses and spike mosses have scale or needle-like leaves and reproduce via spores. Hor

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    Psilophyta to Sphenophyta

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    Seedless vascular plants such as ferns, club mosses, horsetails transport water through vascular tissue. They differ in their structures - club mosses resemble miniature pine trees with scalelike leaves, horsetails have true leaves, stems and roots, and ferns can be creeping or have underground rhizomes. These plants reproduce via spores rather than seeds and their gametophytes and sporophytes can be independent. They were once much larger but many died out as the climate changed. Lycophytes and sphenophytes have specialized reproductive structures called strobili. Lycophytes like club mosses and spike mosses have scale or needle-like leaves and reproduce via spores. Hor

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    1K views39 pages

    Psilophyta To Sphenophyta

    Uploaded by

    janinamariesarmiento
    Seedless vascular plants such as ferns, club mosses, horsetails transport water through vascular tissue. They differ in their structures - club mosses resemble miniature pine trees with scalelike leaves, horsetails have true leaves, stems and roots, and ferns can be creeping or have underground rhizomes. These plants reproduce via spores rather than seeds and their gametophytes and sporophytes can be independent. They were once much larger but many died out as the climate changed. Lycophytes and sphenophytes have specialized reproductive structures called strobili. Lycophytes like club mosses and spike mosses have scale or needle-like leaves and reproduce via spores. Hor

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 39
    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are that seedless vascular plants include ferns, club mosses and horsetails. They transport water through vascular tissue and reproduce via spores rather than seeds. Most are homosporous but some are heterosporous.

    The main characteristics of seedless vascular plants are that they have true roots, stems and leaves but reproduce via spores rather than seeds. They transport water through vascular tissue and are limited to moist environments as their sperm require water.

    Lycophyta, or club mosses, have needle-like or scale-like leaves and reproduce sexually underground. Sphenophyta, or horsetails, have jointed stems and leaves arranged in whorls. They reproduce similarly to lycophytes but horsetails were once larger tree-sized plants.

    Seedless Vascular Plants

    Comparing Spore-Bearing Vascular Plants

    Characteristics Lycophyta Sphenophyta Pterophyta


    Common Club Mosses Horsetails Ferns
    Organisms
    Water By vascular By vascular By vascular
    transportation tissue tissue tissue

    Structure Look like miniature True leaves, Creeping or


    pine stems, and roots underground
    trees; scalelike rhizomes (stems);
    leaves fronts (leaves);
    some have no
    roots or leaves
    Seedless vascular plants
    General Characteristics

    • Seedless vascular plants include ferns, whisk


    ferns, club mosses, and horsetails.
    • The plants do not produce seeds so, like
    bryophytes, they are dispersed (spread) by
    windblown spores.
    General Characteristics
    • Most species are homosporous, meaning they
    produce only one type of spore.
    • The gametophyte and sporophyte are
    independent.
    • They can produce a separate male or female
    gametophyte or bisexual gametophytes, the
    condition is known as homospory
    General Characteristics
    • Some are heterosporous, can produce two
    types of spores megaspore and microspore
    • Macrosporangia produces megaspore and
    microsporangia produces microspore.
    • Megaspore produces female gametophytes
    and microspore produces male gametophytes
    Seedless vascular plants

    • They are vascular plants and therefore have


    true roots, stems, and leaves.
    • The sperm are flagellated and require water
    for reproduction. These plants are therefore
    limited to moist areas.
    Seedless vascular plants
    • Many of the seedless vascular plants were
    once tree-sized.
    • During the carboniferous period (near the end
    of the Paleozoic), these plants were so
    abundant that in some areas, their remains
    accumulated faster than they decomposed.
    These accumulations produced our fossil
    fuels.
    Seedless vascular plants

    • The earliest known vascular plants had a


    pattern of branching that increased the
    number of sporangia. 
    • Leaves of later plants probably evolved from
    webbing between the branches.
    Phylumm Psilophyta
    • Consits of 142 species
    • Most species is
    commonly known as
    Whisk ferns
    • Group consisting of
    two extant genera,
    Psilotum and
    Tmesipteris, in one
    family, Psilotaceae.
    Phylumm Psilophyta
    • These plants are
    primitive in
    structure: Psilotum
    lacks both roots
    and leaves and is Rhynia
    structurally similar - one of earliest
    to the fossil genus vascular plants
    (ca. 400 million years
    Rhynia. ago)
    - lacked roots
    Phylumm Psilophyta
    • Recent molecular systematic studies suggest
    that the family is actually related to primitive
    ferns.
    • Tmesipteris has a more complex morpholgy in
    that it has structures on the aerial shoot that
    are foliar.
    Phylumm Psilophyta
    • Both Psilotum and
    Tmesipteris have
    compound sporangia
    called synangia. In the
    case of Psilotum these
    are three-parted.
    Phylumm Psilophyta
    Phylumm Psilophyta
    • While Psilotum lacks true
    leaves, it possesses leaf-
    like extentions of the
    stem called enations.
    • Because these lack
    vasculature, they are not
    considered leaves.
    However, in Psilotum
    complanatum, a vascular
    trace occurs below the
    enations. The foliar
    structures of Tmesipteris
    are vascularized.
    Phylumm Psilophyta
    • The gametophytes of
    both genera are non-
    photosynthetic and live
    in association with a
    fungus.
    • In the case of Psilotum,
    the gametophyte of
    certain strains produce
    vascular tissue.
    Phylumm Psilophyta
    • While both genera have
    aerial branches arising
    from stems embedded
    in its substrate, they
    both lack roots. The
    rhizomes are infected
    with mycorrhizae.
    Phylum Lycophyta
    • Ancient Lycophytes
    • Appeared 390 million years ago
    (mya)
    • Grew to 30 m tall
    • Extremely abundant due to the Lycopodium
    moist warm environment
    • Most died out 280 may due to a
    new drier cooler environment
    • include Lycopodium and
    Selaginella

    Selaginella
    Phylum Lycophyta
    Modern Lycophytes
    • Much smaller than ancestors
    • Grow close to the ground
    • Found mainly in moist/damp forests
    • Can be found in deserts and mountains though
    • AKA the Club mosses and Spike mosses
    • because they look like the moss gametophytes—
    but they are NOT MOSSES!
    • Sporophyte generation is dominant
    Lycophyta Leaves and
    reproduction?
    • Leaves protect the reproductive cells
    • Leaves occur in spirals, whorls, pairs
    • Leaves form clusters called STROBILUS at the end
    of stems.
    Lycophyte Reproduction/Life Cycle:

    • Sporangium burst and release spores


    • Prothallus: gametophytes formed from
    spores; relatively small; lives in or on the soil;
    form both archegonia and antheridia;
    • In some lycophytes, 2 types of spores form
    Small spores: become male prothallus
    – Form antheridium
    Lycophyte Reproduction/Life Cycle:
    • Large spores: become female prothallus
    – Form archegonium
    • Sperm from the antheridiumswim through a
    film of water on the prothallus to the egg in
    an archegonium and fertilize the egg.
    • Then a sporophyte plant grows from the
    zygote.
    Lycopodium
    • genus of clubmosses, also known
    as ground pines, in the family
    Lycopodiaceae, a family of fern-
    allies (see Pteridophyta).

    • They are flowerless, vascular,


    terrestrial or epiphytic plants, with
    widely-branched, erect, prostrate
    or creeping stems, with small,
    simple, needle-like or scale-like
    leaves that cover the stem and
    branches thickly.
    Lycopodium
    • The fertile leaves are arranged
    in cone-like strobili.
    • Specialized leaves (sporophylls)
    bear reniform spore-cases (
    sporangia) in the axils, which
    contain spores of one kind only.
    These club-shaped capsules give
    the genus its name.
    Lycopodium
    • Lycopods reproduce sexually by spores.
    The plant has an underground sexual
    phase that produces gametes, and this
    alternates in the life cycle with the
    spore-producing plant.
    • The prothallium developed from the
    spore is a subterranean mass of tissue of
    considerable size and bears both the
    male and female organs (antheridium
    and archegonia).
    • However, it is more common that they
    are distributed vegetatively through
    above or below ground rhizomes.
    Lycopodium life cycle
    Selaginella
    • Spike Mosses
    • Especially abundant in tropics.
    • Branch more freely than ground
    pines.
    • Leaves have a ligule on upper
    surface.
    • Produce two different kinds of spores
    and gametophytes (heterospory).
    Selaginella life cycle
    Strobili
    Selaginella

    Cross section of the Selaginella stem


    Selaginella

    Cross section of strobili


    Selaginella

    Microsporangium and Megasporangia


    Selaginella

    Cross section of strobili


    Phylum Sphenophyta
    • Horsetails or Scouring rushes
    • Look like horsetails and contain silica
    that helped to scour dishes and
    utensils.
    • Ancient members were tree sized,
    today, they grow only to a maximum of
    1 m.
    Equisetum
    • Sphenophytes have jointed stems
    Phylum Sphenophyta
    • Leaves form strobillus at the tips
    of some stems
    • Most grow in marshes, stream
    banks; damp soil
    • Some grow in fields, roadsides; in
    drier areas
    • Reproduction very similar to
    lycophytes.
    Phylum Sphenophyta
    • The plant is essentially stem, it has a rhizome
    which puts out adventitious roots.
    • The leaves are a whorl of non-photosynthetic
    scales at each node. Some species produce lots of
    feathery branches.
    • Their cell walls contain silica which makes the
    stems coarse textured, and led to their use as a
    natural scouring pad for cook ware.
    • Spores are produced in strobili and although the
    plant is homosporous the gametophytes are
    unisexual.
    Phylum Sphenophyta
    Equisetum life cycle
    Thank you

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